scholarly journals SEED TRANSMISSION OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID ACCUMULATION CAPACITY IN TALL FESCUE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. JONES ◽  
R. C. BUCKNER ◽  
P. B. BURRUS II
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Systemic Fungicide ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Epichloë Typhina ◽  
Loline Alkaloids

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (N-formyl loline and N-acetyl loline) and the endophytic fungus tentatively identified as Sphacelia typhina (Pers.) Sacc. (= Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and W. Gams), the imperfect stage of Epichloe typhina (Fr.) Tul., have both been suspected as etiological agents of summer syndrome in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). This syndrome is a toxicological disorder characterized by poor cattle growth with visible symptoms accentuated by high ambient temperatures. Alkaloid levels were measured with gas-liquid chromatography and presence or absence of the endophyte was determined by cytological observation. The endophyte was controlled by soil incorporation of the systemic fungicide benomyl. Variability was found among the 11 parental clones of the synthetic ’Kenhy’ for level of loline alkaloids. Loline alkaloids were present in seed of endophyte-infected panicles but absent in seed of endophyte-free panicles of the same clone. Progeny accumulated loline alkaloids only when their female parents were infected. These results suggest that the seed source is the critical factor for both the endophyte status of a plant and its capacity to accumulate loline alkaloids.Key words: Sphacelia typhina (Pers.) Sacc, Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and W. Gams, Epichloe typhina (Fr.) Tul., benomyl, ryegrass staggers

Herbicides for Killing Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Infected With Fescue Endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Seed Field

The importance of tall fescue as a pasture grass is diminished when infected with the fescue endophyte. The availability of fungus-free seed has necessitated the development of systems to kill the infected sod before interseeding fungus-free seed. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the response of fescue sod to foliar-applied herbicides as single and sequential applications during the fall and spring. Sequential applications of paraquat at 0.14, 0.28, and 0.56 kg ai/ha in September and October and glyphosate at 0.84 and 1.7 kg/ha applied as single or sequential applications in September and October resulted in more than 90% kill of the tall fescue sod. Spring treatments of paraquat and glyphosate were less effective than those applied in the fall. Dalapon, fluazifop-P, HOE-39866 [glufosinate (proposed name)], sethoxydim, and simazine did not effectively kill the sod.

Preferences of Japanese Beetle and Southern Masked Chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs Among Cool-Season Turfgrasses

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berry A. Crutchfield ◽  
Daniel A. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Choice Tests

Feeding preferences of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala lurida Bland, grubs for six common cool-season turfgrasses were evaluated in choice tests in the greenhouse. On the basis of larval distributions, Popillia japonica consistently preferred perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., over all other turfgrasses tested. In contrast, C. lurida showed no consistent pattern of preference. Presence of one grub species did not affect distribution of the other species. Grubs did not discriminate between tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., infected with the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams and endophyte-free tall fescue.

scholarly journals Effects of Environmental Heat and Intake of Tall Fescue Seed Infested with Acremonium Coenophialum on the Acid-Base Status of Young Bulls

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Mills Wallace ◽  
D. W. Vogt ◽  
R. J. Lipsey ◽  
G. B. Gamer ◽  
C. N. Cornell
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Metabolic Compensation ◽  
Acid Base Status

Effects of high environmental temperature and dietary intake of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea) seed containing the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum on bovine acid-base status were studied using 3 groups of bull calves (2 Simmental, 1 Angus). Experimental animals were housed in controlled-climate chambers and subjected to gradual increases in environmental temperature, first while being fed an endophyte-free diet and then while being fed a diet containing 17% endophyte-infested fescue seed. Marked acid-base disturbances were not observed in any animals. In general, Pco2, HCO3-, base excess, and arterial blood pH values were reduced in response to heat stress, both with endophyte-free and endophyte-containing diets. In most individuals anion gap increased. These results reflected metabolic compensation for mild chronic alveolar hyperventilation and retention of organic acids. These findings suggest that, under conditions similar to those found during the summer in central Missouri, normal cattle should not be at great risk of developing respiratory alkalosis or other severe acid-base disturbances as a result of heat stress and/or intake of tall fescue endophyte.

Performance of growing lambs fed Acremonium coenophialum infested tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) hay

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Chestnut ◽  
J.K. Bernard ◽  
J.B. Harstin ◽  
B.B. Reddick
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum

Herbage allowance and intake of cattle

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Dougherty ◽  
L. M. Lauriault ◽  
P. L. Cornelius ◽  
N. W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Angus Heifers

SummaryRates of intake of herbage and grazing time of beef cattle are essential components of simulation models of grassland agroecosystems. We studied the effects of herbage allowance on rates of intake and ingestive behaviour of twelve 2-year-old Angus heifers (Bos taurus)(364 ± 12 kg) grazing pastures of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). A balanced change-over design and a novel tethering technique were used to estimate direct, residual and permanent effects of three herbage allowances on intake per bite, rate of biting and rate of intake. Herbage dry matter (D.M.) allowances, which were established by varying tether lengths, were 5, 9 and 13 kg (1·4, 2·5 and 3·6 kg/100 kg of live weight) and made available in circular plots of 15, 27 and 38 m2, respectively, for a single measured 2 h grazing session each day. Heifers grazing Kenhy tall fescue swards, composed of vegetative tillers and free from the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum, with herbage D.M. masses (> 5 cm) of 2000 kg/ha and D.M. allowances of 9 and 13 kg/2 h per heifer, ingested D.M. at 1·9 kg/h by taking bites averaging 800 mg D.M. at 38 bites/min. Allowances of 5 kg/2 h per heifer slowed the rate of intake to 1·3 kg/h by limiting D.M. intake per bite to 654 mg and biting rate to 35/min. Rate of D.M. intake of cattle grazing vegetative temperate grass swards appears to be ca. 0.5% of live weight per hour when allowance and availability of herbage are not limiting.

Ultrastructure of Acremonium coenophialum, Acremonium lolii, and Epichloe typhina endophytes in host and nonhost Festuca and Lolium species of grasses

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2357-2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Siegel ◽  
U. Järlfors ◽  
G. C. M. Latch ◽  
M. C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Epichloë Typhina ◽  
Plant Grown

Ultrastructural studies were made of Acremonium fungal endophytes of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass and two isolates of Epichloe typhina. Hyphae of these fungi were observed in leaf sheaths of their natural host plant grown from infected seed and in artificially inoculated nonhost Festuca and Lolium species of grasses. Hyphae were also studied from fungal colonies grown on cellophane on potato dextrose agar. Crystalline inclusions were found in all endophyte–host combinations with the exceptions of E. typhina from perennial ryegrass in its own host and in a nonhost tall fescue, and Acremonium coenophialum in a nonhost perennial ryegrass. Tubular complexes were seen only in Acremonium lolii when growing in both host and in a non-host tall fescue. Three structures not seen before in endophytes (bundles of microtubules, 55 to 60 nm diameter "tubes," and bilayered cell walls) were found in E. typhina growing only in perennial ryegrass, its natural host. None of the distinguishing ultrastructural components described were found in hyphae grown in culture. Our observations suggest that endophytes express specific ultrastructural features only when they are grown in the grasses. However, it was not readily discernible what function the components serve and what role, if any, the natural versus the nonhost grass plays in the expression of endophyte ultrastructure.

Festucine, an alkaloid from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.): Chemistry of the functional groups

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
SG Yates ◽  
HL Tookey
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Positional Isomer ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid ◽  
Cyclic Ether ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Base ◽  
Chemical Evidence

The most abundant alkaloid of tall fescue hay, termed festucine by the authors, was isolated by preparative paper chromatography. The empirical formula of the free base is C8H14N2O, and the molecular weight is 154. One nitrogen of festucine is tertiary, the other secondary. The alkaloid also contains a cyclic ether which can be cleaved by treatment with hydrochloric acid at 160�. The chemical evidence for festucine is consistent with its structural formulation as a positional isomer of loline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid from the seed of a related grass (Lolium cuneatum Nevski).

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