Festucine, an alkaloid from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.): Chemistry of the functional groups

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
SG Yates ◽  
HL Tookey
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Positional Isomer ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid ◽  
Cyclic Ether ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Base ◽  
Chemical Evidence

The most abundant alkaloid of tall fescue hay, termed festucine by the authors, was isolated by preparative paper chromatography. The empirical formula of the free base is C8H14N2O, and the molecular weight is 154. One nitrogen of festucine is tertiary, the other secondary. The alkaloid also contains a cyclic ether which can be cleaved by treatment with hydrochloric acid at 160�. The chemical evidence for festucine is consistent with its structural formulation as a positional isomer of loline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid from the seed of a related grass (Lolium cuneatum Nevski).

Preferences of Japanese Beetle and Southern Masked Chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs Among Cool-Season Turfgrasses

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berry A. Crutchfield ◽  
Daniel A. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Choice Tests

Feeding preferences of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala lurida Bland, grubs for six common cool-season turfgrasses were evaluated in choice tests in the greenhouse. On the basis of larval distributions, Popillia japonica consistently preferred perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., over all other turfgrasses tested. In contrast, C. lurida showed no consistent pattern of preference. Presence of one grub species did not affect distribution of the other species. Grubs did not discriminate between tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., infected with the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams and endophyte-free tall fescue.

PERSISTENCE OF A RANGE OF GRASSES IN A CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
K. H. Dong ◽  
Z. L. Jin
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Hybrid Cultivar ◽  
Continental Climate

The possibility of growing grasses of higher quality than tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in a continental climate with cold winters, hot summers and low precipitation was investigated with and without irrigation at Taigu, Shanxi, China. Tall fescue was compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and a perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue hybrid cultivar in field swards, managed by cutting, during the year of sowing and in the three subsequent years. Tall fescue persisted satisfactorily throughout the experiment, even without irrigation. With irrigation, the other three grasses persisted satisfactorily to the end of the second harvest year and fairly satisfactorily to the end of the third harvest year. Without irrigation, the other three grasses had incomplete ground cover in the second harvest year and did not recover from the third winter.

Increasing endophyte alkaloid expression in tall fescue by selecting for increased endophyte hyphal density

2007 ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
M.G. Norriss ◽  
T.J. Frost-Smith ◽  
J.I.M. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Hyphal Density ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Breeding Pool ◽  
Hyphal Mass

Two AR542-endophyte infected tall fescue breeding pools were subjected to one cycle of selection for increased endophyte hyphal density. Hyphal density was assessed subjectively by microscopic examination of the leaf sheath. Levels of alkaloids produced by both the original and selected populations were subsequently measured during summer. Levels of lolines and peramine alkaloids increased significantly in one breeding pool (by 40% and 29%, respectively), with non-significant increases (by 24% and 2%) in the other breeding pool. The apparent correlation between observed hyphal density and levels of alkaloids supports the hypothesis that levels of lolines and peramine produced by fungal endophytes in their host grass are at least partly due to endophyte hyphal mass in the host sheath tissue. Measured lolines in one breeding pool were 21 times greater than the other, while sheath hyphal density was less. Possible explanations include contrasting patterns of hyphal colonisation beyond the sheath, and/or variation in the quantity of lolines produced per unit hyphal mass. Keywords: Neotyphodium coenophalium, endophyte, Festuca arundinacea, tall fescue, peramine, lolines, hyphal mass

scholarly journals SEED TRANSMISSION OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID ACCUMULATION CAPACITY IN TALL FESCUE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. JONES ◽  
R. C. BUCKNER ◽  
P. B. BURRUS II
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Systemic Fungicide ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Epichloë Typhina ◽  
Loline Alkaloids

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (N-formyl loline and N-acetyl loline) and the endophytic fungus tentatively identified as Sphacelia typhina (Pers.) Sacc. (= Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and W. Gams), the imperfect stage of Epichloe typhina (Fr.) Tul., have both been suspected as etiological agents of summer syndrome in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). This syndrome is a toxicological disorder characterized by poor cattle growth with visible symptoms accentuated by high ambient temperatures. Alkaloid levels were measured with gas-liquid chromatography and presence or absence of the endophyte was determined by cytological observation. The endophyte was controlled by soil incorporation of the systemic fungicide benomyl. Variability was found among the 11 parental clones of the synthetic ’Kenhy’ for level of loline alkaloids. Loline alkaloids were present in seed of endophyte-infected panicles but absent in seed of endophyte-free panicles of the same clone. Progeny accumulated loline alkaloids only when their female parents were infected. These results suggest that the seed source is the critical factor for both the endophyte status of a plant and its capacity to accumulate loline alkaloids.Key words: Sphacelia typhina (Pers.) Sacc, Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and W. Gams, Epichloe typhina (Fr.) Tul., benomyl, ryegrass staggers

Performance of sheep systems grazing perennial pastures. 3. Fertility, fecundity and lamb survival

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Susan M. Robertson ◽  
Michael A. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Farm Profit ◽  
Lamb Survival ◽  
In Pregnancy

Management system has the potential to alter the reproductive output of sheep flocks and thereby farm profit. A study was conducted between 2006 and 2010 to evaluate the reproductive performance of four management systems with differing combinations of time of lambing, stocking rate and ram breed, while grazing at a similar midwinter stocking rate (dry-sheep equivalents per hectare of 8, 10.2, 13, 11.2 and 11.2 in the successive seasons 2006–2010). Three systems, winter lambing Merino (WLM), split lambing (SL) and later lambing (LL), grazed replicated farmlets comprising pastures that were 20% lucerne (Medicago sativa), 20% tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and 60% phalaris (Phalaris aquatica). A fourth system (high lucerne (HL)) grazed farmlets of 40% lucerne, 15% tall fescue and 45% phalaris. All systems used Merino ewes: in WLM mated to Merino rams, lambing in July; in SL half of the ewes lambing to terminal-breed rams in July, the other half lambing to Merino rams in September; and in LL and HL lambed in September, half to terminal-breed and half to Merino rams. The number of lambs weaned per ewe joined was 10% higher (P < 0.05) in the WLM system (0.99 ± 0.03) than in the September-lambing systems LL and HL, largely a result of a higher number of fetuses per ewe and despite lower (P < 0.05) lamb survival to marking in some years. The SL system weaned a similar (P > 0.05) number of lambs per ewe (0.95 ± 0.03) to all other systems. However, the number of lambs weaned per hectare was least in WLM (4.6 ± 0.2), lower than in the HL and LL systems by 2.7 lambs/ha because of a lower stocking rate. The ranking of systems for fetal number and lamb survival was not consistent among years. Spring-lambing systems produced more lambs per hectare because of a higher stocking rate but fewer lambs per ewe than the WLM system. System differences in pregnancy rate, fecundity and lamb survival were not consistent between years.

The Kidney and Fibrinolysis

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 026-032 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Normal Urine ◽  
Renal Origin ◽  
Molecular Exclusion Chromatography

SummaryMolecular exclusion chromatography was performed on samples of urine from normal and aminonucleoside nephrotic rats. Normal urine contained 2 peaks of urokinase activity, one having a molecular weight of 22,000 and the other around 200,000. Nephrotic urine contained three peaks of activity with MW’s 126,000, 60,000 and 30,000. Plasma activator determined from euglobulin precipitate had a MW. in excess of 200,000. The results indicate that in the normal animal, plasma plasminogen activator does not escape into the urine in substantial quantities but under the conditions of extreme proteinuria there may be some loss through the kidney. The alteration in urokinase output in nephrotic animals indicates a greatly disordered renal fibrinolytic enzyme system.The findings of this study largely support the hypothesis that plasma plasminogen activator of renal origin and urinary plasminogen activator (urokinase) are different molecular species.

Rapid Isolation of High Molecular Weight Urokinase from Native Human Urine

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (03) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Huber ◽  
Johannes Kirchheimer ◽  
Bernd R Binder
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Apparent Homogeneity ◽  
Sequential Adsorption

SummaryUrokinase (UK) could be purified to apparent homogeneity starting from crude urine by sequential adsorption and elution of the enzyme to gelatine-Sepharose and agmatine-Sepharose followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The purified product exhibited characteristics of the high molecular weight urokinase (HMW-UK) but did contain two distinct entities, one of which exhibited a two chain structure as reported for the HMW-UK while the other one exhibited an apparent single chain structure. The purification described is rapid and simple and results in an enzyme with probably no major alterations. Yields are high enough to obtain purified enzymes for characterization of UK from individual donors.

Isolation and identification of plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with tall fescue

2009 ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Monk ◽  
E. Gerard ◽  
S. Young ◽  
K. Widdup ◽  
M. O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a useful alternative to ryegrass in New Zealand pasture but it is slow to establish. Naturally occurring beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere can improve plant growth and health through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms. Keywords: rhizosphere, endorhiza, auxin, siderophore, P-solubilisation

THE PERFORMANCE OF S170 TALL FESCUE IN CANTERBURY

1974 ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
B.R. Watkin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Selection Of

AN Aberystwyth selection of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), known as S170, was sown with certified New Zealand white clover (Trifolium repens) and re' clover (T. pratense) and compared under sheep grazing with other grass/clover pastures at the Grasslands Division Regional Station at Lincoln (Watkin, 1975) .

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