FROST DAMAGE IN FLOWERS AND IMMATURE FRUITS OF Amelanchier alnifolia NUTT. (MALOIDEAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. RANDALL OLSON ◽  
TAYLOR A. STEEVES
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Inferior Ovary ◽  
Tissue Degeneration ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Histological Damage ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Spring Frosts

Flower buds, blossoms, and immature fruits from wild populations of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. (Maloideae) were examined for histological damage resulting from naturally occurring spring frosts. Floral tissues become vulnerable to frost injury at anthesis. Tissue degeneration appears to be restricted to what has been interpreted as carpel in the typical pomoid, inferior ovary. An understanding of certain phenological and ovarian tissue susceptibilities may contribute to the evaluation of new cultivars with the potential for circumventing the threat of cold injury.Key words: Fruit, carpel, inferior ovary, Amelanchier alnifolia

Inheritance and correlations of frost injury, growth, flowering, and cone characteristics in white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Nienstaedt
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Ottawa River ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Growth Initiation ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
The Impact

White spruce progenies from the Lake States (61) and from the Ottawa River Valley, Ontario (31), were tested in north-central Wisconsin. Transplants were raised in nurseries in Wisconsin and Ontario and planted in 1969 in an open field after thorough weed control. Observations in the Wisconsin nursery and in the field between 1971 and 1979 are reported. They included heights, frost damage, spring vegetative growth phenology, strobili production, and three cone characteristics. The discussion concentrates on the relationships between heights and the other measured characteristics. Frost damage proved difficult to assess. In the year of frost, damage is severe, a 50% growth reduction, and the fastest growing trees are most severely damaged. However, in environments with only occasional late spring frosts, permanent damage is negligible. Spring growth initiation was not correlated significantly with total height growth or frost damage. Breeding of late-flushing genotypes that can avoid frost damage is questionable in spite of the high heritability for flushing. Female strobili production was substantial at age 10 years, male production was not. Even so, generation turnovers of 10–15 years may be possible. The impact of fecundity on growth potential is discussed as it relates to multigeneration breeding.

scholarly journals Winter frost injury of buds on one-year-old grapevine shoots of Vitis vinifera cultivars and interspecific hybrids in Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Lisek
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Vitis Labruscana ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
One Year

Winter frost injury of buds on one-year-old grapevine shoots ofVitis viniferacultivars and interspecific hybrids in PolandFollowing the winter of 2009/2010, an assessment of frost damage was carried out on the vines of 40 wine cultivars and 32 table grape cultivars grown in central Poland (Skierniewice, latitude 51° 57' N, longitude 20° 08' E). The minimum winter temperature of -28.1°C was recorded on 26 January 2010. Cultivars were assigned to five classes of different frost tolerance, according to information on the percentage of frozen buds: very resistant (below 1.9%), resistant (2 - 24.9%), medium susceptible (25 - 74.9%), susceptible (75 - 95.9%) and very susceptible (above 96%). The numbers of wine and table cultivars in each class were as follows: very resistant - 5 (wine) and 3 (table), resistant - 2 and 5, medium susceptible - 15 and 10, susceptible - 13 and 9 and very susceptible - 5 and 5. The most tolerant were the ‘Alwood’, ‘Delaware’, ‘Fredonia’ and ‘Zilga’ interspecific hybrids of theVitis labruscanagroup; the ‘Aurore’, ‘Marechal Foch’ and ‘Leon Millot’ hybrids originating fromV. vinifera, V. rupestris, V. ripariaandV. lincecumiiand ‘Sibera’ originating fromV. viniferaandV. amurensis.More than 96% of buds froze on the vines of some interspecific hybrids (‘Arkadia’, ‘Fanny’, ‘Kodrianka’ and ‘Lilla’). ‘Ortega’, ‘Nektar’, ‘Cserszegi Fueszeres’, ‘Riesling’ and ‘Chasselas Dore’ from theV. viniferacultivars showed the best tolerance to frost damage (42.5-62% of frozen buds). The buds of theV. viniferacultivars ‘Acolon’, ‘Dakapo’ and ‘Favorit’ all froze. Plant parts covered with soil and snow were not exposed to significant damage, even in the case of susceptible cultivars.

The relationship between multiple leaders and mechanical and frost damage to the apical meristem of Scots pine seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Leaders

The responses of young Scots pine seedlings to mechanical apical meristem damage before and after 4 nights exposure to minimum night temperatures of −2.2 and −6.7 °C in controlled environment growth chambers were compared with control seedlings that were subjected or not to apical meristem damage and exposed to a minimum night temperature of 12 °C. The feeding damage caused by Lygus bugs was simulated by piercing the apical meristem of young pine seedlings with a hypodermic syringe needle and injecting a small drop of distilled water into the wound. At −6.7 °C increased numbers of dead seedlings were found. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders greatly increased after piercing, and about half of the seedlings subjected to the apical meristem damage had multiple leaders. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders and the number of leader shoots per seedling did not differ among seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before or after the frost exposure. Short and twisted primary needles occurred in the basal parts of the new shoots in the seedlings with multiple leaders. Seedlings with necrotic needles were most often found after exposure to the night temperature of −6.7 °C. Shoot dry weight and length were significantly lower in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage after frost exposure than in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before frost exposure or to no frost exposure. The results suggest that an increased reduction in growth is to be expected if Lygus bug attacks occur on pine seedlings that already suffer from frost injury.

scholarly journals The effect of spring frosts on the nectar production and the bee visitation of fruit trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
I. Amtmann ◽  
F. Bakcsa ◽  
J. Iváncsics ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Spring Frosts

Fruit tree species suffered very strong spring frosts in 1997 in Hungary. This caused partial or total damages at buds and flowers depending on site and time of blooming. It was demonstrated at a number of experiments that frost and cold weather also strongly affected the nectar production of surviving flowers. No or very little amount of nectar was measured in flowers first of all of early blooming fruit tree species (apricot) but also of pear and apple in some places. In spite of this fact intensive honeybee visitation was detected in the flowers of fruit trees that suffered partial frost damage only at those sites where honeybee colonies were placed in or at the experimental plantations and the lack of sufficient amount of nectar did not affected bee behaviour seriously on fruit flowers. This means that bad nectar production failed to affect bee visitation of fruit trees definitely. The reason for this was the fact that not only fruit trees but another early bee plants (wild plants, too) suffered frost damage. Accordingly, in lack of forage bees intensively searched for food at blooming fruit trees with some living flowers. Consequently, there was an acceptable yield at those plantations where bud and flower damage was not complete. Accordingly, intensive bee visitation (that is moving additional bee colonies to overpopulate fruit orchards with honeybees) can be an effective tool to decrease or eliminate the detrimental effect of spring frost on the yield of fruit trees where bud or fruit damage is not too high.  

Spring frost damage to placental tissues in lowbush blueberry flower buds

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Randall ◽  
Olson and Leonard J. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Commercial Yield ◽  
Spring Frosts

Closed flower buds and flowers at full bloom of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. were collected from the field and histologically examined after severe spring frosts. Prior to anthesis, blackened ovarian placentae in closed buds were the only damaged tissues evident; placental damage may interfere with both seed and fruit set. Undetected frost damaged placentae may contribute to losses in commercial yield. Key words: Vaccinium, frost damage, placenta

scholarly journals A case of severe frost damage prior to budbreak in young conifers in Northeastern Ontario: Consequence of climate change?

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Gordon J Kayahara ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang ◽  
James A Rice
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
Understory Trees

In spring 2007, young planted and natural conifers suffered extensive needle and bud injury near Hearst and Kapuskasing in northeastern Ontario. Damage was observed on all species of conifers up to 20 years old and 8 m in height. Taller trees, especially those in the overstory, and young understory trees protected by a closed canopy had less damage. The damage was caused by earlier than normal loss of cold hardiness followed by late spring frosts according to damage observations, weather station data, and calculated thermal time requirements for budbreak and cold hardiness of conifers. During May 19 to 21, 2007, minimum temperatures were recorded between -8°C and -9°C, and before this period, temperatures were warm enough to induce early dehardening and loss of trees' cold hardiness. According to the historical weather data for Kapuskasing, estimated budbreak time has become earlier since 1918 and freezing temperatures during budbreak and shoot elongation (between growing degree days 100 and June 15) have become more frequent since 1980. If the trend towards earlier budbreak is due to climate change, then the type of frost damage we observed in northeastern Ontario in 2007 could become more common. We discuss implications of such events and suggest research needed to understand the risk of frost damage with climatic warming and to reduce damage. Key words: conifer frost damage, mature needle and bud (or needle/bud) mortality, early dehardening and budbreak (or dehardening/budbreak), climatic warming

Experimental pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus for the schistosome-bearing snail Biomphalaria glabrata

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh W. Ducklow ◽  
Hector M. Tarraza Jr. ◽  
Ralph Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Experimental Pathogenicity ◽  
Significant Mortality

The bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus was found to be pathogenic for the schistosome intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata (Say). When administered topically, a nonenteritis- associated strain of the bacterium had an LD50 (median lethal dose) of 6.8 × 107 cells per snail. A 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extract from V. parahaemolyticus was found to kill B. glabrata. Sublethal effects of V. parahaemolyticus include shell deterioration and increased heart rate. Both albino aquarium populations and naturally occurring Puerto Rican wild populations of B. glabrata are susceptible to V. parahaemolyticus. This bacterium provides a useful model for the study of pathogens and biological control of schistosome vector snails, since it causes significant mortality and is recognized as a pathogen of other invertebrates.

scholarly journals Freeze Susceptibility of Fruit Buds in 67 Apple cultivars in Hungary

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Made In

Frost damage is one of the most important risks of apple production. Outstanding importance has been attributed to the frost resistance of flower-buds as decisive sites of fruit production. Browning of plants parts and tissues exposed to natural weather adversities are considered as effects of frost. In Hungary, frost damage on flower buds of both the market and new cultivars has not been assessed earlier. Observations referring to the consequences of frost damages of over four critical years, marked by their peculiar winter and spring frost hazards. Parallel observations have been made in four sites of the growing area in the Great-Plain region. 67 apple cultivars have been assessed. Each cultivar was represented by 3 trees, which were sampled at about 1-1.5 m height over ground, where the buds or inflorescences were picked for the purpose to assess the injury. The buds and flowers are cut longitudinally and rated visually according to the extent of browning of the organs and tissues. Susceptibility of different organs of the flower (pistils and anthers) were rated separately. According to our results, most resistant to spring frosts are the following cultivars: 'Gloster', 'Granny Smith' and appreciable tolerance is attributed in 'Gala' and 'Jonathan' with derivatives. Preliminary results that among the scab resistant cultivars, `Baujade', 'Rewena', 'Liberty', `Resi' and 'Renora' are rather frost resistant. Information, lacking hitherto, is obtained upon 'Reka' and 'Reglindis' as for their increased susceptibility.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Orange Peel on PCNA and FSH-R Gene Expression in Histological Damage and Oxidative Stress Due to Ovarian Torsion in Adult Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
Seyedeh-Roza Tafrishi Nejad ◽  
Arash Khaki ◽  
Shamci Abbasalizadeh ◽  
Majid Shokoohi ◽  
Nava Ainehchi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Ovarian Torsion ◽  
R Gene ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Histological Damage

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of orange peel on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSH-R) gene expression in histological injuries and acid stress caused by ovarian torsion in adult rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 adult female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. In group 1 (Sham), the abdominal wall was cut without applying torsion and in group 2, ovarian torsion was performed for 2 hours, followed by detorsion for 2 weeks. The hydro-alcoholic extract of orange peel was added to their diet for two weeks in group 3, followed by ovarian torsion for 2 hours and detorsion for 2 hours. Group 4 received the orange peel extract for two weeks and after then ovarian resection for the evaluation of histological damage and blood sampling to examine the serum level of antioxidant enzymes, as well as the expression of PCNA and FSH-R genes in the ovarian tissue. Results: Histological changes in the ovary tissue of rats showed that torsion and detorsion have destructive effects on the ovarian tissue, and torsion/detorsion led to a reduction in the expression of PCNA and FSH-R (P < 0.05). Based on biochemical and hormonal results, the ovarian torsion resulted in an imbalance in the oxidative stress markers and hormone profile of rats. Finally, the administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of orange peel due to its high antioxidant properties improves these effects. Conclusions: In general, administering an appropriate dose of the hydroalcoholic extract of orange peel for two consecutive weeks in the diet had a protective effect on the ovarian tissue at the risk of torsion/detorsion.

scholarly journals Detemination of the time of pruning regarding the ability of developing flower buds and their frost tolerance in sweet cherry varieties

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Vaszily
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Nutritional Condition ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Planting Design ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Spring Frosts

In sweet cherry growing, intense technology is introduced as the up to date development. Among the elements of the technology are the choice of variety, planting design and pruning are the main elements. The methods, intensity and the timing of pruning are largely dependent from the growing habits of the varieties, the light demand of the parts of different age and their tendency of getting bald on the aging zones. One of the main limiting factors of production, the frost damages are outstanding. In choosing the site of plantation, we must avoid the places, where spring frosts used to occur, the next moment is the role of the variety and the technology applied. In Hungary, the late or spring frosts are considered, however, the winter frosts may also cause heavy losses, which depend also on the health and nutritional condition of the trees when being exposed to temperature minima. Our present study is based on a 9-year-old plantation trained to slender spindle as well as to free spindle crown. We observed the development of fruiting structures and their frost damage also in relation with the timing of the pruning operations during the winter or summer, and compared also the varieties with each other.

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