YIELD AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CRESTED WHEATGRASS AND RUSSIAN AND ALTAI WILD RYEGRASSES AS INFLUENCED BY N FERTILIZATION AND DATE OF FIRST CUTTING

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LAWRENCE ◽  
J. E. KNIPFEL
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Agropyron Desertorum ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The effects of three rates of N fertilizer and nine dates of initial harvest on the dry matter (DM) yield, recovery, organic matter digestibility (OMD), and yield of digestible organic matter (DOM) of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.), Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.), and Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) were studied on irrigated land for 2 yr. Russian wild ryegrass produced the highest yield in May, while the yield of crested wheatgrass equalled that of Russian wild ryegrass in June. Altai wild ryegrass yielded more dry matter than either Russian wild ryegrass or crested wheatgrass in July and August. Altai wild ryegrass showed the best recovery after cutting and produced the highest total DM yield. Crested wheatgrass had the lowest and Altai wild ryegrass the highest OMD. Nitrogen fertilizer application resulted in increased DM yield, increased OMD, and higher yield of DOM.

Prediction of silage dry matter digestibility from digestible organic matter digestibility

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 93-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.W.J. Keady ◽  
C.S. Mayne ◽  
D J Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
The Uk

Grass silage forms the basal forage for the majority of dairy and beef cattle during the winter indoor feeding period. However its feeding value, as determined by intake potential and digestibility can differ dramatically at farm level as indicated by the Hillsborough Feeding Information System (HFIS). For example, for 7000 silages which were offered to dairy and beef cattle during the 1999/2000 indoor feeding period in Ireland and analysed through the HFIS, dry matter digestibility (DMD) varied from 540 to 830 g/kg DM (Keady, 2000). Many models used to predict feed intake by dairy cattle include a digestibility component (Keady and Mayne, 2000). However some models use DMD whereas others use digestible organic matter digestibility (DOMD). Furthermore commercial laboratories in Ireland measure silage digestibility as DMD while in the UK it is measured as DOMD. To facilitate the use of different models to predict food intake by dairy cattle, often it is necessary to be able to predict DMD from DOMD or vice versa. The present study was undertaken to develop a relationship between DMD and DOMD to facilitate the use of different models for the prediction of food intake when digestibility is available only either as DMD or as DOMD.

A note on the storage of sodium hydroxide-treated whole-crop barley beneath grass and lucerne silage

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Moore ◽  
C. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbiological Examination ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

ABSTRACTOne hundred tonnes of spring-sown barley harvested as whole crop were treated on a commercial farm with pearl sodium hydroxide at 46 g/kg dry matter.The treated material was stored in a silage clamp beneath grass and lucerne silage. A thin layer of grass, cut and wilted to hay-making dry matter, was placed immediately on top of the barley to absorb any silage effluent.Monthly samples were taken for microbiological examination and chemical analysis throughout winter storage, while the material was fed to British Friesian dairy cows. There was no evidence of fermentation by clostridia in the whole-crop barley or wilted grass and there was no spoilage of the exposed feeding face. The treatment increased the in vitro organic matter digestibility and the in vitro digestible organic matter in the dry matter of the whole-crop barley. No excessive urination or other ill effects were observed in the stock.The method proved practical for the satisfactory storage and feeding of sodium hydroxide-treated whole-crop barley.

Intake and live-weight gain by British Friesian calves offered different ratios of dried grass and concentrates

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
The Third ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYFour experiments were carried out with calves offered pellets containing different ratios of cereal/protein concentrate and dried grass together with 10% chopped hay. Organic matter digestibility of total ration declined by 5·2 percentage units for each 25% increment of dried grass.Dry matter (DM) intake of the total ration increased as dried grass content increased from 0 to 50% which led to similar intakes of digestible organic matter (DOM) and daily gain. When pellets contained 75% dried grass, total DM intakes were reduced in two experiments, leading to DOM intakes and daily gains similar to that of calves offered pellets of dried grass only. In the third experiment, DM intake of pellets containing 75 % dried grass was greater than the intake of pellets containing 50 to 100 % dried grass. When equal quantities of DM were offered, DOM intakes and daily gains tended to decline linearly as dried grass content in the pellet increased. The replacement value of the dried grass for concentrate at equal levels of live-weight gain was 1·36: 1.

THE PRODUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AS INFLUENCED BY TIME OF IRRIGATION AND TIME AND RATE OF N FERTILIZATION

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1179-1189
Author(s):  
T. LAWRENCE ◽  
G. E. WINKLEMAN ◽  
F. G. WARDER ◽  
H. C. KORVEN
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
N Content ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
P Content

The effects of five times of irrigation, two times of N-fertilizer application and four rates of N-fertilizer application on the seed yield, dry matter yield, N, P, NO3-N, Ca, Mg, and K content and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.), were studied from 1974 to 1977. No clear-cut methods to maximize the seed yield on irrigated land were found. Highest dry matter yields were obtained from grass given three irrigations and 400 kg N/ha per year. Spring applications of N fertilizer resulted in forage with a higher N content than fall applications. The N content of the forage increased with increasing levels of N fertilizer, whereas the P content of the forage was reduced by N fertilizer applications. Toxic levels of nitrates can be expected from spring applications of 400 kg N/ha. This danger was reduced if N fertilizer was applied in the fall. The Ca, Mg and K content increased with increasing levels of N fertilizer. The K/(Ca+Mg) ratio indicated that there was little danger of grass tetany problems in animals fed fertilized Altai wild ryegrass.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RUSSIAN AND ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AND CRESTED WHEATGRASS AS INFLUENCED BY N FERTILIZATION AND DATE OF HARVEST

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LAWRENCE ◽  
G. E. WINKLEMAN ◽  
F. G. WARDER
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Agropyron Desertorum

The effects of three rates of N fertilizer and nine fortnightly dates of initial harvest on the N, P, Ca, Mg and K concentrations and the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio of Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.), Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum Fisch. Schult.) were studied on irrigated land for 2 yr. The N, P, K and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios declined with increasing maturity. The N, P, and K concentrations tended to increase with N fertilization, while N fertilization appeared to have little influence on percent Ca, percent Mg and the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio. Altai wild ryegrass had a higher N, P, Ca, Mg, K and K/(Ca + Mg) ratio than RWR which, in turn, was higher than CWG. Crested wheatgrass utilized prior to early June, RWR utilized prior to late June, and AWR utilized prior to early July had the suggested minimum level for lactating beef cows of 1.60% N. Only samples cut during May equalled the suggested minimum of 0.32% P. Supplementation with N and P may be required with rations or pastures using these grasses in June or later. The percent K was adequate on all sampling dates. The K/(Ca + Mg) ratio for CWG did not exceed the suggested maximum of 2.2, but the ratio for AWR and RWR was above this maximum for May, June and part of July, indicating there may be some danger of grass tetany with these grasses during the May-June period and supplementation with Mg and/or Ca may be required for good performance.

Value of lucerne cobs for milk production

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. E. Archibald ◽  
E. F. Thomson ◽  
R. C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Basal Ration

SUMMARYThree changeover experiments, each with 16 milking cows, were conducted to evaluate the effects of stage of growth of lucerne, level of feeding of lucerne or ryegrass and level of inclusion of barley. The artificially dried and processed forages were in the form of cobs and given to cows in addition to a basal ration of hay. Late-cut lucerne (organic matter digestibility, OMD, 55%) promoted significantly lower milk yields than early-cut lucerne (68% OMD). When offered ad libitum in two meals each day both forages were eaten in quantities of about 13 kg dry matter. Ryegrass cobs (79% OMD) produced more milk than lucerne cobs (59% OMD) but gave similar milk yields per unit of digestible organic matter. Production rations supplying similar amounts of digestible organic matter and composed of different proportions of lucerne cobs and rolled barley gave similar milk yields. It is concluded that the relative milk-producing value of processed forages depends on their content of digestible organic matter. However, their bulk may limit their value and the inclusion of cereal with the dried forage may be worth while.

scholarly journals Population improvement and synthetic cultivar production in forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Thiocyanate Ion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Population Improvement ◽  
Field Transplant

AbstractExperimental results are brought together to demonstrate that forage kale population improvement involving full-sib and selfed families can be done on an annual cycle, followed by production of a synthetic cultivar. Furthermore, this new breeding method compares favourably with the two successful methods used to date, namely triple-cross hybrid cultivars from inbreeding and crossbreeding programmes and open-pollinated cultivars from population improvement programmes. The key findings were that natural vernalization of kale in south east Scotland occurred by mid-December so that plants could be pollinated in a glasshouse with heating and lighting by the end of February and seed harvested by the end of May. The resulting full-sib or selfed families could be assessed in a field transplant trial in the same year, from June to November, thus completing an annual cycle. Self-pollination resulted in shorter plants with lower fresh-weight, dry-matter and digestible organic-matter yields, and undesirably higher contents of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide, the haemolytic anaemia factor, and the goitrogenic thiocyanate ion. As a consequence of digestible organic-matter yield being reduced by as much as 22%, the estimated optimum number of selfed parents in a synthetic cultivar was four to eight. Synthetic cultivars are expected to yield as well as triple-cross hybrids as there was no reduction in yield when the latter were open-pollinated.

Dynamics of nitrogen and dry-matter partitioning and accumulation in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) in relation to extractable soil inorganic nitrogen

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Bowen ◽  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
P. M. A. Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Spring Planting ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic

The effects of six rates of N fertilization (0, 125, 250, 375, 500 and 625 kg N ha−1) on the dynamics of N utilization relative to extractable inorganic N in the soil profile were determined for broccoli in three growing seasons. The amount of pre-existing extractable inorganic N in the soil was lowest for the spring planting, followed by the early-summer then late-summer plantings. During the first 2 wk after transplanting, plant dry-matter (DM) and N accumulation rates were low, and because of the mineralization of soil organic N the extractable soil inorganic N increased over that added as fertilizer, especially in the top 30 cm. From 4 wk after transplanting until harvest, DM and N accumulation in the plants was rapid and corresponded to a rapid depletion of extractable inorganic N from the soil. At high N-fertilization rates, leaf and stem DM and N accumulations at harvest were similar among the three plantings. However, the rates of accumulation in the two summer plantings were higher before and lower after inflorescence initiation than those in the spring planting. Under N treatments of 0 and 125 kg ha−1, total N in leaf tissue and the rate of leaf DM accumulation decreased while inflorescences developed. There was little extractable inorganic soil-N during inflorescence development in plots receiving no N fertilizer, yet inflorescence dry weights and N contents were ≥50 and ≥30%, respectively, of the maxima achieved with N fertilization. These results indicate that substantial N is translocated from leaves to support broccoli inflorescence growth under conditions of low soil-N availability. Key words: N translocation, N fertilizer

Wartime changes in the winter diet of dairy cows in the Eastern Counties of England

1946 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-225
Author(s):  
G. H. N. Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Ration ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Modest Increase ◽  
Winter Diet ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Products

The general characteristics of a group of thirtynine herds of dairy cows in the Eastern Counties of England, and the method of obtaining information about their diet during the winters 1938–9 to 1942–3 inclusive, are briefly described.The first three winters of the war show a continuous decline in starch equivalent and protein equivalent per cow, followed by a recovery during winter 1942–3.Comparing winter 1942–3 with winter 1938–9: Consumption per cow of concentrates declined by one-third, reductions in proprietary compounds and mixtures and in maize and wheat products being outstanding.The more important increases were in oats, straw and succulent foods, notably mangolds, sugar-beet tops and kale.Hay retained its important place with little overall change; a modest increase in silage was restricted to a few herds.The crude weight of the average daily ration increased from 44 to 61 lb., but its dry matter only from 21·0 to 22·6 lb.The residue: total dry matter less digestible organic matter—increased from 7·2 to 8·4 lb. per cow daily. Reference is made to changes in palatability.

scholarly journals Development of yield and nutritive value of timothy in primary growth and regrowth in northern growing conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. NISSINEN ◽  
P. KALLIAINEN ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The development of the yield and nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) both in the primary growth and in the regrowth were studied at MTT Plant Production Research, a unit of MTT Agrifood Research Finland, in Rovaniemi (66°35´N) in 1999–2001. The dry matter yield and leaf:stem ratio were measured from the crop samples, and the contents of crude protein and organic matter digestibility of both whole plant samples and leaf and stem fractions were analysed. In primary growth, the most rapid increase of dry matter, 220–240 kg ha-1 per day, was measured around the beginning of the heading stage. There was a very strong positive correlation between the proportion of stems and the amount of dry matter in the primary yield. The daily growth rate of the regrowth was less than half of that of the primary growth. The fastest decrease, 1 percentage unit per day, in crude protein content was measured at the pasture stage (4–5-leaf stage). During the entire sampling period, the average daily decline in crude protein content in the primary growth of timothy was 0.65 percentage units. The main cause for the rapid decline in crude protein content was the high proportion of stem matter and its low protein content. In the regrowth, during the last four weeks before the harvest, the average daily decline in crude protein content was 0.28 percentage units.The average decline in organic matter digestibility from early pasture stage to late silage stage was 0.9 percentage units per day. The most remarkable change was noticed at the growth stage of timothy when about the half of stems were heading and it was then that the digestibility decreased by more than one percentage unit per day. The rapid decline in organic matter digestibility was due to the low digestibility of stem matter. The daily change in forage digestibility in the regrowth was very small, on average 0.11%.;

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