THE EFFECT OF FLOODING PRETREATMENT ON COLD HARDINESS AND SURVIVAL OF WINTER CEREALS IN ICE ENCASEMENT

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Promotive Effect ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Positive Effect

Cold-hardened plants of Dover winter barley and Fredrick and Norstar winter wheats show a decreased cold hardiness when exposed to low temperature flooding of increased severity and increased duration. In both cases, this is accompanied by increased moisture content, and there are strong correlations between cold hardiness and crown water content. Fredrick and Norstar wheat plants show enhanced survival when ice-encased after flooding, as compared to nonflooded plants, but this promotive effect is not observed in Dover barley. Eight winter wheats and one winter rye cultivar show the response, but only one of three barley cultivars tested. The promotive effect on survival in ice encasement is produced by 2 and 4 wk prior flooding, but after 6 wk the flooding effect is lost in most cultivars. It is assumed that anaerobic processes initiated during flooding have an indirect survival-positive effect during subsequent ice encasement.

The increase in survival of winter cereal seedlings due to light exposure during ice encasement

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Cellular Oxygen

Exposure of cold-hardened seedlings of a range of winter cereals (11 winter wheats, 1 winter barley, and 1 winter rye) to a light intensity of 100 μE∙m−2∙s−1 during ice encasement at −1 °C markedly increased survival in comparison with that in dark ice encasement. Cold hardiness of 'Dover' winter barley and 'Fredrick' and 'Norstar' winter wheats was significantly greater after a short period of light ice encasement than dark ice encasement. Less ethanol and more CO2 accumulated in plant crowns in light than dark ice, and lactic acid accumulated in the early days of ice encasement but was little influenced by light. There was greater utilization of total nonstructural carbohydrate in the crown in dark, than in light, and greater utilization of total nonstructural carbohydrate in ice than in air at −1 °C. Considerably less oxygen was consumed by plants in light than in dark ice, while leaves in aqueous solutions at −1 °C evolved significant levels of O2 in light but consumed O2 in the dark. It is proposed that the changes in metabolic components in light are associated with low-temperature photosynthesis, which provides cellular oxygen and greater levels of energy in support of cell maintenance in plants during ice encasement.

THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON THE EXPRESSION OF TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH WINTERHARDINESS OF TWO WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. RICHARD HETHERINGTON ◽  
BRYAN D. McKERSIE ◽  
LISA C. KEELER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Relative Ranking ◽  
Acclimation Period ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Fredrick and Norstar, which differ in their winterhardiness potential, were compared with regard to the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) application, during acclimation, on the expression of four traits associated with winterhardiness — freezing, ice-encasement, and low temperature flooding tolerances and crown moisture content. Modified Hoagland’s nutrient solutions containing five levels of each nutrient were applied to the seedlings during a 5-wk acclimation period at 2 °C, and subsequently the crowns were tested for their ability to survive varying intensities of the stress treatments. Increasing the level of applied N from 0, caused a reduction in the level of all stress tolerances. Increased P did not significantly alter the expression of freezing tolerance, but tended to increase tolerance of the anaerobic stresses, icing and low temperature flooding, to an optimum. Increased K had minimal effects on stress tolerance at the levels tested. Increased levels of each nutrient increased crown moisture content. The cultivar Norstar was consistently more tolerant of freezing and icing stress than Fredrick and this relative ranking was not influenced by mineral nutrition. However, the relative ranking for low temperature flooding tolerance varied depending on the nutrients provided to the seedlings. The results suggest that environmental and growth regulatory factors which influence the uptake of mineral nutrients would be expected to influence crown moisture content, and the expression of stress tolerance.Key words: Freezing, ice-encasement, flooding

DEHARDENING OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE UNDER SPRING FIELD CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Changes in cold hardiness (LT50), fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content were measured on crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) taken from the field at weekly intervals in the spring of 1973 and 1974 at Saskatoon, Sask. In all trials, Frontier rye came out of the winter with superior cold hardiness and maintained a higher level of hardiness during most of the dehardening period. For cultivars of both species, rapid dehardening did not occur until the ground temperature at crown depth remained above 5 C for several days. Changes in crown moisture content tended to increase during dehardening. Over this same period crown dry weight increased for winter rye but did not show a consistent pattern of change for winter wheat. Two test sites were utilized in 1974. One site was protected by trees and the other was exposed. General patterns of dehardening were similar for these two sites, but cultivar winter field survival potentials were reflected only by LT50 ratings for the exposed test site. The influence of fall seeding date on spring dehardening was also investigated. Late-seeded wheat plots did not survive the winter in all trials. However, where there was winter survival, no differences in rate of dehardening due to seeding date were observed.

SOLUBLE PROTEINS AND COLD HARDINESS OF TWO WOODY SPECIES

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Craker ◽  
L. V. Gusta ◽  
C. J. Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns

A simplified, highly reproducible procedure is outlined for the extraction and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of acidic soluble proteins from apple bark and arborvitae foliage. The procedure includes low temperature maceration, short extraction time, and an extraction solution which contains polyol and phenolic complexers, a reducing agent, and a non-ionic surfactant. Electrophoretic patterns, total nitrogen, moisture content, minimum survival temperatures, and environmental and morphological changes were examined during the natural dehardening of apple and the controlled hardening of arborvitae. Qualitative protein changes, as evidenced by the appearance and disappearance of specific bands, occurred at times when changes in hardiness were taking place.

EFFECT OF SOIL WATER CONTENT ON THE WINTER SURVIVAL OF WINTER WHEAT, RYE AND TRITICALE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
YVES CLOUTIER ◽  
ANDRÉ COMEAU ◽  
MICHÈLE BERNIER-CARDOU ◽  
DENIS A. ANGERS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Wilting Point

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of soil moisture on the survival of three winter cereal species. Treatments were applied by watering and weighing the soil to the desired water content. Plants were overwintered in a plastic greenhouse in 1988 and in 1989, in which the air was not heated, but the soil was slightly heated on cold days to avoid very low temperatures. Soil temperature did not fall below −16 °C. Soil temperature rate of change was dependent on moisture content. Puma winter rye and Otrastajuskaja 38 winter wheat were the hardiest, followed by Wintri winter triticale and Norstar winter wheat. Harus winter wheat was less hardy, and Champlein winter wheat was totally winter killed. The highest survival rate was obtained at moderate to high soil moisture content. The soil contained 44% water at field capacity and 19% at the wilting point. The drier the soil in the range 13–23%, the greater the mortality indicating a negative effect of long-term drought on plant survival. By contrast, the wettest treatments: 58% and partial ice encasement, did not reduce survival. However, total ice encasement killed 50–75% of the plants depending on the cultivar. There was an interaction between cultivar and moisture treatment. The data suggest that a moisture level intermediate between the wilting point and field capacity should be sought in studies of cold hardiness.Key words: Moisture, winterkill, ice encasement, wheat, rye, triticale

scholarly journals Experiments on the use of some chloronitrobenzene and organic mercury compounds for the control of low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals

1958 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-263
Author(s):  
E. A. Jamalainen
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Organic Mercury ◽  
Mercury Compounds ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Seed Dressing ◽  
Made In

The cause of damage from low-temperature parasitic fungi during overwintering was in the experiments with winter rye mainly Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces., in the experiments with winter wheat both F. nivale and the Typhula spp. fungi, T. itoana Imai and T. idahoensis Remsb. The pentachloronitrobenzene compounds PCNB and the organic mercury compounds phenylmercuryacetate (PMA) and phenylmercurysalicylate (PMS) were effective against both the Fusarium and the Typhula fungi in the experiments in which the treatments of the seedlings had been performed in November under weather conditions normal for South Finland. The effect of treatments performed correspondingly earlier in October was slighter. In experiments made in South Finland in the winter 1955—56 and in the winter 1957—58, when low-temperature parasitic fungi appeared in abundance, the increases in yield due to treatment of the seedlings with PCNB and with the mercury compounds PMA and PMS performed in November were very considerable; winter rye (7 tests) 12—122 per cent, winter wheat (4 tests) 31—735 per cent, and winter barley (one test) 124 per cent. – In the experiments made in 1956—57 in South Finland no increase in yield was obtained through treatment of the seedlings because low-temperature fungi did not appear. The mercury compounds PMA and PMS when applied on the stands in autumn were more effective against low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals than the PCNB preparations. The effect of zineb and hexachloronitrobenzene (HCNB) preparations in controlling low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals by treating the stands in autumn was found to be much slighter than the effect of PCNB and of the organic mercury fungicides. The amount of active ingredient in the PCNB preparations was in most experiments 5 kg per hectare. In the two PMA preparations used in the experiments the amount of active ingredient was 125 and 425 kg per hectare, the corresponding amounts of Hg were 75 and 212.5 g per hectare. The amount of active ingredient in the two PMS preparations was 235 and 470 g per hectare, the corresponding amounts of Hg were 110.5 and 221 g per hectare. In the experiment on seed dressing with winter rye in 1955—56 it was ascertained that in addition to the organic mercury preparations also the thiram preparation was effective against Fusarium mould. In seed dressing experiments in Finland considerable increases in yield especially of winter rye have been obtained by using organic mercury compounds when the seed has been normally germinating and not infested by mould. This shows that the small amount of mercury that accompanies the seed into the soil is effective in controlling the low-temperature fungi during the winter.

A COMPARISON OF COLD HARDINESS AND ICE ENCASEMENT TOLERANCE OF TIMOTHY GRASS AND WINTER WHEAT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
B. E. GUDLEIFSSON
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Low Temperature Growth ◽  
Timothy Grass ◽  
Ice Encasement

In the falls of 1979 and 1980 Salvo timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) showed cold hardiness similar to Norstar winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) but significantly greater hardiness than Fredrick winter wheat. Ice tolerance of Salvo, with LI50 values of 29 and 45 days in the 2 yr, was more than twice that of the wheats. In controlled environments, seedlings of three timothy cultivars showed relatively low cold hardiness, but about threefold greater ice tolerance than the wheats. An Icelandic timothy cultivar, Korpa, showed greater ice tolerance than the Norwegian Engmo, and the Canadian cultivar Salvo. Fredrick wheat, and Korpa timothy cold hardened at a similar rate for 4 wk, but Korpa continued to harden to − 18 °C up to 6 wk of low temperature growth. Korpa rapidly attained a high tolerance to ice encasement in 2 wk of low temperature growth while Fredrick attained relatively low ice tolerance reaching a maximum at 3 wk of growth. There is little association between cold and ice tolerance in timothy, and there is a major difference in the ice tolerances of timothy and winter wheat. This high ice tolerance is likely to be a major cause of the superior survival of timothy in conditions of high winter stress. Key. words: Triticum, Phleum, acclimation, resistance, low temperature, frost

scholarly journals EFEK PERLAKUAN LOW TEMPERATURE LONG TIME BLANCHING TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK CABAI KERING

Agrika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Nunik Lestari ◽  
Ratnawaty Fadilah ◽  
Andi Muhammad Akram Mukhlis ◽  
Samsuar Samsuar
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Drying Characteristics ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Positive Effect

ABSTRAKProses pretreatment sebelum cabai dikeringkan berperan penting untuk menghasilkan cabai kering dengan kualitas lebih baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efek pretreatment LTLT blanching sebelum proses pengeringan terhadap karakteristik pengeringan dan kualitas cabai kering. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan 12 perlakuan, yaitu pengeringan dengan pretreatment LTLT blanching pada suhu 60, 70, dan 80 oC masing-masing selama 10, 15, dan 20 menit, lalu pengeringan dengan pretreatment HTST blanching pada suhu 100 oC selama 10 detik, pengeringan tanpa pretreatment blanching di dalam alat pengering ERK, serta pengeringan tanpa pretreatment blanching di bawah sinar matahari secara langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh positif pretreatment LTLT blanching dapat mempercepat laju pengeringan, menghasilkan cabai kering dengan kadar air rendah sesuai standar SNI, menghasilkan warna cabai kering yang menarik, serta memiliki kandungan vitamin C lebih tinggi dibanding cabai kering tanpa pretreatment blanching. Secara keseluruhan, perlakuan pretreatment LTLT blanching pada suhu 80 oC selama 20 menit adalah perlakuan terbaik dari penelitian ini dengan kadar air akhir 8.17%, laju pengeringan yang tercepat, kandungan vitamin C sebesar 0.96%, dan warna yang menarik. ABSTRACTThe pretreatment before drying chilies plays an important role to produce better quality of dried chilies. This study aims to determine the pretreatment effect of LTLT blanching before the drying process on the drying characteristics and quality of dried chilies. This research was carried out with 12 treatments, namely drying with LTLT blanching pretreatment at 60, 70, and 80 oC for 10, 15, and 20 minutes respectively, then drying with HTST blanching pretreatment at 100 oC for 10 seconds, drying without pretreatment blanching in the ERK dryer, and drying without pretreatment blanching in direct sunlight. The results show the positive effect of LTLT blanching pretreatment which can accelerate the drying rate, produce dry chilies with low water content according to SNI standards, produce an attractive dried chilies color, and have a higher vitamin C than dried chilies without blanching pretreatment. Overall, pretreatment with LTLT blanching at 80 oC for 20 minutes is the best treatment in this study with a final moisture content of 8.17%, the fastest drying rate, a vitamin C content of 0.96%, and an attractive color. 

scholarly journals Relationship between low-temperature tolerance and vernalization response in wheat and rye

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Fowler ◽  
A. E. Limin ◽  
Shi-Ying Wang ◽  
R. W. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Vernalization Response ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Winter Cereals

Vernalization response and low-temperature acclimation are survival mechanisms that cereals have evolved to cope with low-temperature stress. Both responses have similar optimum temperature ranges for induction, and they are controlled by genetic systems that are interrelated. It has also been suggested that the completion of vernalization is responsible for the gradual loss in low-temperature tolerance observed in winter cereals maintained for long periods of time at temperatures in the optimum range for low-temperature acclimation. In the present study, two experiments were conducted with the objective of clarifying the relationship between vernalization response and low-temperature tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.). The plants of all cultivars began to low-temperature acclimate at a rapid rate when exposed to a constant 4 °C. The rate of change in low-temperature tolerance then gradually slowed and eventually started to decline, producing a curvilinear relationship between low-temperature tolerance and stage of acclimation. A close relationship was observed between the time to vernalization saturation and the start of the decline in low-temperature tolerance of cultivars held at 4 °C. However, cereal plants retained at least a partial ability to low-temperature acclimate following exposure to warm temperatures after vernalization saturation, indicating that vernalization saturation does not result in a "switching off" of the low-temperature tolerance genes. The possibility that vernalization genes have a more subtle regulatory role in the expression of low-temperature tolerance genes could not be ruled out, and future avenues for investigation are discussed. Key words: Cold hardiness, winter hardiness, cold resistance, low-temperature acclimation, deacclimation, vernalization, wheat, rye

USE OF AGRO-RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF GRAY FOREST SOILS OF UPPER VOLGA REGION

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Upper Volga ◽  
Gray Forest Soils ◽  
Winter Cereals

The results of long-term research on the influence of main indicators on their agro-resource potential are summarized on gray forest soils of the upper Volga region. For the conditions of the Vladimir Opolie, the probable yield of biomass and the main products of field crops were calculated at different coefficients ofphotosynthetic active radiation (FAR) use. Calculations of the main product yields are made taking into account the distribution of biomass to by-products and crop-root residues. For field crops of the studied crop rotations, the coefficients of precipitation utilization are estimated. They varied from 44 to 71%, depending on the crop rotation culture. On the slope of the southern exposure when cultivating winter cereals and perennial grasses, the main moisture losses were observed in the spring during snowmelt, when growing spring crops and potatoes, they were close in the autumn and spring periods. The sizes of moisture use by crops depending on the fertilizer systems for the creation of 1 C of grain units (g.u.) and from sub-arable layers are determined. In comparison with the liming background, the use of organic fertilizers reduced the water consumption coefficient from 9.6 to 8.5 mm/C g.u., their combination with a single dose of NPK - up to 7.3, and with a double dose - up to 6.8 mm / C g.u. Based on the amount of moisture used by crops, their possible yields are calculated. In spring crops, the amount of precipitation consumed (326-356 mm) corresponds to the use of 2.7-3% of the FAR and provides 54-60 C/ha of grain, in winter rye and wheat - about 4% of the FAR (yield 71-80 C/ha). In perennial grasses for 2 mowing, the moisture consumed is enough to use about 3% of the FAR., in potatoes -1.5%.

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