The increase in survival of winter cereal seedlings due to light exposure during ice encasement

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Cellular Oxygen

Exposure of cold-hardened seedlings of a range of winter cereals (11 winter wheats, 1 winter barley, and 1 winter rye) to a light intensity of 100 μE∙m−2∙s−1 during ice encasement at −1 °C markedly increased survival in comparison with that in dark ice encasement. Cold hardiness of 'Dover' winter barley and 'Fredrick' and 'Norstar' winter wheats was significantly greater after a short period of light ice encasement than dark ice encasement. Less ethanol and more CO2 accumulated in plant crowns in light than dark ice, and lactic acid accumulated in the early days of ice encasement but was little influenced by light. There was greater utilization of total nonstructural carbohydrate in the crown in dark, than in light, and greater utilization of total nonstructural carbohydrate in ice than in air at −1 °C. Considerably less oxygen was consumed by plants in light than in dark ice, while leaves in aqueous solutions at −1 °C evolved significant levels of O2 in light but consumed O2 in the dark. It is proposed that the changes in metabolic components in light are associated with low-temperature photosynthesis, which provides cellular oxygen and greater levels of energy in support of cell maintenance in plants during ice encasement.

THE EFFECT OF FLOODING PRETREATMENT ON COLD HARDINESS AND SURVIVAL OF WINTER CEREALS IN ICE ENCASEMENT

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Promotive Effect ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Positive Effect

Cold-hardened plants of Dover winter barley and Fredrick and Norstar winter wheats show a decreased cold hardiness when exposed to low temperature flooding of increased severity and increased duration. In both cases, this is accompanied by increased moisture content, and there are strong correlations between cold hardiness and crown water content. Fredrick and Norstar wheat plants show enhanced survival when ice-encased after flooding, as compared to nonflooded plants, but this promotive effect is not observed in Dover barley. Eight winter wheats and one winter rye cultivar show the response, but only one of three barley cultivars tested. The promotive effect on survival in ice encasement is produced by 2 and 4 wk prior flooding, but after 6 wk the flooding effect is lost in most cultivars. It is assumed that anaerobic processes initiated during flooding have an indirect survival-positive effect during subsequent ice encasement.

scholarly journals Aroma Profile, Microbial and Chemical Quality of Ensiled Green Forages Mixtures of Winter Cereals and Italian Ryegrass

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Worku ◽  
Tamás Tóth ◽  
Szilvia Orosz ◽  
Hedvig Fébel ◽  
László Kacsala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Aroma Profile ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Mold And Yeast

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aroma profile, microbial and chemical quality of winter cereals (triticale, oats, barley and wheat) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four commercial mixtures (mixture A (40% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 30% of two cultivars of winter oats + 20% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture B (50% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 40% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture C (55% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 45% of two cultivars of winter oat), mixture D (40% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 30% of two cultivars of winter oat + 15% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 10% of winter barley + 5% of winter wheat)) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Mixture C had higher (p < 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures (mixture D) had better aroma profile as compared to winter cereal mixtures (mixture A and B). However, the cereal mixtures (mixture A and B) had better aroma quality than mixture C silage. Otherwise, the EN technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages.

USE OF CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS FOR WINTER CEREAL COLD HARDINESS EVALUATION: CONTROLLED FREEZE TESTS AND TISSUE WATER CONTENT AS PREDICTION TESTS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. BRULE-BABEL ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Tissue Water Content ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Controlled Environments

Field survival is the most commonly employed method of evaluating the winter hardiness of cereals. However, the inherent difficulties with field trials have stimulated a continued interest in the use of controlled environments and prediction tests for the evaluation of cold hardiness. In the present studies, cold hardiness expression of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars acclimated in controlled environments was found to be similar to that reported for field conditions in Saskatchewan, Canada. LT50 and tissue water content measurements on wheat and rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars acclimated in controlled environments were highly correlated with cultivar field survival ability. Investigation of the relationship between field survival and tissue water content during cold acclimation in controlled environments indicated that, to be effective as a screening method for cold hardiness, measurements of tissue water content should be made on fully acclimated plants for which the acclimation conditions have been rigorously controlled. Level of acclimation was not as critical for cold hardiness screening when LT50 measurements were utilized; however, maximum resolution also required fully acclimated plants. Although a strong relationship (r = −0.80 to −0.89) was found to exist with field survival potential, an inability to detect small, but important, differences without excessive replication would generally restrict the use of LT50 and tissue water content to situations where large homogeneous plant populations were available and only coarse screens for cold hardiness were required.Key words: Cold acclimation, winter wheat, winter rye, cold hardiness, water content, replication

CHANGES IN SURVIVAL OF WINTER CEREALS DUE TO ICE COVER AND OTHER SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1141-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Protected Plants

The survival of winter cereal cultivars of contrasting cold hardiness was determined after various modifications of the winter environment at two locations in 3 yr at Ottawa, Ontario. Artificially produced ice covers reduced survival in all cases, and the severest damage was associated with high soil moisture at the time of ice formation. Maintenance of soil temperatures close to zero by replacement of an insulating snow cover over ice increased average survival by about 10% compared with non-insulated plots. Naturally formed ice covers were less damaging than those artificially produced, and in one case formation of an ice cover protected plants from very low air temperatures, resulting in greater survival than in control plots. Total removal of snow in January was severely damaging, while accumulation of snow at a snowfence allowed increased survival of all cultivars. The correlation between cold hardiness and survival in ice treatments was significant, but one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar showed better survival than comparable wheats in a number of ice-stressed treatments, while not showing superiority in unstressed or controlled environment conditions.

Response of forage yield and yield components to planting date and silage/pasture management in spring seeded winter cereal/spring oat cropping systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. C. Dick ◽  
E. A. de St. Remy
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Tiller Density

Spring-planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals in a silage/fall pasture system have been shown to extend the grazing season in the Parkland of the Canadian prairies. Experiments were conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to determine the effects of planting date on yield and yield components of spring-seeded spring oat (Avena sativa L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.). The cereals were grown as monocrops or as binary mixtures of the oat and winter cereals. Treatments were planted in early May and mid-June and harvested twice for forage. The initial harvest for early and late planting dates occurred when oat reached the early-milk and heading stages, respectively. Regrowth was harvested in mid- to late September. The planting date x treatment interaction did not affect (P ≤ 0.05) annual yield (initial + regrowth) even though oat was harvested at different developmental stages. Averaged over treatments, late planting reduced annual yield by 42%. The annual yields ranked: mixtures = oat monocrop > winter cereals. Late planting date reduced the initial yield of all treatments, but the winter monocrops were reduced less than oat. Oat dominated the initial yield of all mixtures. Although oat tiller density was lower in the mixtures than monocropped oat at the initial cut, oat constituted a greater proportion of the mixture than would have been expected from the seeding ratio (1:1). A larger tiller weight in the oat mixture vs. the monocrop may have compensated for low tiller density in the mixture. Mixture regrowth yields tended to be greater in late-planted treatments and were dominated by the winter cereals. Although the winter cereal component of the mixture had more tillers at the regrowth cut, they still had lower yields when compared with their respective monocrops. Thus, late planting reduced annual yields of mixtures and monocrops, but did not limit regrowth of winter cereals in mixtures given equal regrowth periods. Key words: Oat, winter rye, winter wheat, winter triticale, forage yield, tillering

EFFECT OF SOIL WATER CONTENT ON THE WINTER SURVIVAL OF WINTER WHEAT, RYE AND TRITICALE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
YVES CLOUTIER ◽  
ANDRÉ COMEAU ◽  
MICHÈLE BERNIER-CARDOU ◽  
DENIS A. ANGERS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Wilting Point

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of soil moisture on the survival of three winter cereal species. Treatments were applied by watering and weighing the soil to the desired water content. Plants were overwintered in a plastic greenhouse in 1988 and in 1989, in which the air was not heated, but the soil was slightly heated on cold days to avoid very low temperatures. Soil temperature did not fall below −16 °C. Soil temperature rate of change was dependent on moisture content. Puma winter rye and Otrastajuskaja 38 winter wheat were the hardiest, followed by Wintri winter triticale and Norstar winter wheat. Harus winter wheat was less hardy, and Champlein winter wheat was totally winter killed. The highest survival rate was obtained at moderate to high soil moisture content. The soil contained 44% water at field capacity and 19% at the wilting point. The drier the soil in the range 13–23%, the greater the mortality indicating a negative effect of long-term drought on plant survival. By contrast, the wettest treatments: 58% and partial ice encasement, did not reduce survival. However, total ice encasement killed 50–75% of the plants depending on the cultivar. There was an interaction between cultivar and moisture treatment. The data suggest that a moisture level intermediate between the wilting point and field capacity should be sought in studies of cold hardiness.Key words: Moisture, winterkill, ice encasement, wheat, rye, triticale

POTENTIAL FOR WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTION IN SASKATCHEWAN

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA ◽  
K. E. BOWREN ◽  
W. L. CROWLE ◽  
E. D. MALLOUGH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Gray Soil

Winter cereal trials consisting of 10 cultivars representing cold hardiness potentials ranging up to the hardiness of Frontier winter rye were seeded at test sites throughout Saskatchewan for 2 yr. At most sites in the Brown soil zone only winter rye survived without extensive winter damage. At sites in the Black and Gray soil zones, winter survival was sufficient to provide agronomic data for several winter wheat cultivars. Considerable yield compensation took place in stands exhibiting partial winterkill, and as a result hardier cultivars did not always demonstrate a yield advantage.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DEHARDENING AND REHARDENING OF WINTER CEREALS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. GUSTA ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Cold-hardened crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) readily dehardened upon exposure to warm temperatures. Crowns dehardened at a faster rate at 20 C than at 10 and 15 C. Dehardened plants were capable of rehardening in a short period of time upon exposure to cold-acclimating conditions. In all the dehardening studies, there was a high positive correlation between cold survival and water content of the crowns. Plants collected in the fall and stored at −2.5 C maintained the same level of hardiness for 17 wk.

Annual forage production from spring-planted winter cereal monocrops and mixtures with spring barley

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Juskiw ◽  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
J. H. Helm
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Biomass Yields

Spring-planted winter cereals grown as monocrops or in mixture with spring cereals maintain yield and quality into late summer and fall, and can be used to replace or complement perennial pasture. Our objectives were to determine the response to clipping of spring-planted winter cereals, and to determine the effects of seeding rates and ratios of spring to winter cereals on this response. Monocrops of winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) cv. Pika and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cv. Musketeer and mixtures of these cereals with the spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Noble were evaluated. Tests were conducted from 1991 to 1993 at Botha and Lacombe, AB. Mixtures of spring:winter cereals were 0:100, 25:25, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 75:75 and 100:100 (Lacombe only), where the ratio of components represented the percentage of the base seeding rate of 250 seeds m−2. Biomass yields for triticale treatments (5.5 t ha−1 at Botha and 6.3 t ha−1 at Lacombe for the May to October growing season) were generally as high as for the rye treatments (5.9 t ha−1 at Botha and Lacombe); however, at Lacombe, spring regrowth after overwintering for triticale treatments was only 0.6 t ha−1 compared with 1.0 t ha−1 for rye treatments (LSD0.05 = 0.17). As little as 25% spring barley in a mixture ensured good early-season biomass yields, but more than 50% reduced late-season biomass yields. All treatments produced good-quality forage with protein >20%, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) <45% and acid detergent fibre (ADF) <30%. Nitrate contents were frequently >0.5% at both sites in 1991 and 1992, especially for those treatments with spring barley. Key words: Winter triticale, winter rye, annual forage, biomass, forage quality

EVOLUTION OF POLYAMINES IN WINTER CEREAL AND FORAGE SPECIES UNDER FIELD COLD ACCLIMATION IN QUEBEC

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NADEAU ◽  
R. PAQUIN
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Cold tolerance (LT50) and level of polyamines were measured in crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in two Quebec locations widely different in climates. Putrescine increased in winter cereals and timothy during cold hardening and showed a major peak at the end of winter at both locations (Saint-Hyacinthe and La Pocatière). There was a significant correlation between putrescine levels and cold tolerance during fall. However, in alfalfa, putrescine increased only at the end of winter and, like other species, decreased rapidly as plants underwent spring deacclimation. Levels of spermine and cadaverine remained low and showed little variation during winter. Spermidine levels were higher than spermine but remained stable during fall and winter. No significant correlation was observed between spermine, spermidine and cadaverine levels and cold hardiness.Key words: Polyamines, winter cereals, forage species, cold hardening

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