MILLING AND BAKING QUALITY OF RESCUE-CADET RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION LINES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1333-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.G. KOSMOLAK ◽  
HUGH McKENZIE ◽  
RUBY I. LARSON
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Baking Quality ◽  
Flour Protein ◽  
Flour Yield ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Time Substitution ◽  
Grinding Time

Reciprocal disomic whole-chromosome substitution lines between the hard red spring wheat cultivars Cadet and Rescue were developed to investigate the effect of specific chromosomes on milling and baking quality. Quality measurements of the parents and reciprocal substitution lines on grain from randomized field trials for each of 3 yr were used to analyze aspects of the impact of specific chromosome substitutions on farinograph absorption, mixograph development time, flour protein content, flour yield, remix loaf volume and grinding time. Substitution of Rescue chromosomes of homoeologous groups 4 and 7 into Cadet had no effect on quality. Substitution of the corresponding Cadet chromosomes into Rescue had a major effect. Reciprocal chromosome effects in the direction of the donor parent were most striking for mixograph development time with chromosome 1A, farinograph absorption with 2A and 6B and grinding time with 1A, 1B and 6D. Transgressive reciprocal interaction in the direction of the recipient parent was observed for flour yield with chromosome 1A. Multiple effects of substituting chromosome 7A and 7D of Cadet into Rescue may be related to percentage of flour protein. These and other effects of chromosome substitution are reported and interpreted.

STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING BAKING QUALITY OF WHEAT CULTIVARS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. ORTH ◽  
R. J. BAKER ◽  
W. BUSHUK
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Baking Quality ◽  
Flour Yield ◽  
Glutenin Protein ◽  
Dough Development Time ◽  
Sedimentation Value

Simple correlations between a number of quality parameters, their heritabilities and an evaluation of the best combination of these parameters to predict loaf volume, were determined from data for 26 cultivars of spring wheat grown at four locations in Western Canada. Highly significant correlations between remix loaf volume and each of Zeleny sedimentation value, farinograph dough development time, farinograph mixing tolerance index, proportion of residue protein, and glutenin protein were obtained. Sedimentation value, 1000 kernel weight, mixing tolerance index, flour yield, farinograph absorption, and remix loaf volume all had high heritabilities over the four locations. Using the simple correlations as a guide, regression formulae yielding the best predictions of remix loaf volume were developed. Residue protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, and farinograph dough development time provided the most useful information for predicting baking quality by a single test.

EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ON BREAD WHEAT QUALITY IN WESTERN CANADA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BAKER ◽  
F. G. KOSMOLAK
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Flour Protein ◽  
Genotype Environment Interaction ◽  
Protein Flour ◽  
Flour Yield ◽  
Composite Samples

Means, variances and correlations were used in the assessment of the importance of environment and of genotype–environment interaction in determining eight traits which relate to milling and baking quality in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included two composite samples, representing different geographic areas within Western Canada, of 20–30 lines in each of four trials. Differences between environments were found in all traits. It was concluded that genotype–environment interaction was most important in determining mixograph development time, falling number and remix loaf volume, less important in determining farinograph absorption, and least important in determining flour protein, flour yield, grinding time and sedimentation value.

EVALUATION OF SCREENING TESTS FOR QUALITY OF BREAD WHEAT

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BAKER ◽  
A. B. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Flour Yield ◽  
Sedimentation Value

Eight tests designed to screen early generations of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em Thell., for breadmaking quality were evaluated. Sedimentation value, mixograph development time, centrifuge absorption and nitrogen content (in that order) were the most repeatable of the eight tests. Flour yield and starch damage were least repeatable. The heritability of mixograph development time was low because of a significant cultivar by year interaction. Nitrogen content, sedimentation value and centrifuge absorption were shown to contain all the information about loaf volume and farinograph absorption that was available in the set of eight tests. It was therefore concluded that nitrogen content, sedimentation value and centrifuge absorption are the most useful of the eight tests for purposes of plant breeding programs.

EARLY GENERATION SCREENING FOR BAKING POTENTIAL

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. KOSMOLAK ◽  
R. J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Wheat Quality ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
Flour Protein

Early generation screening tests for bread wheat quality, including flour protein and various mixograph measurements, and final evaluation measurements, including Remix Loaf Volume and Baking Strength Index, were obtained for 250 samples of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in various locations in 1974. Multiple regression analysis was used to study the relationships between prediction tests and final tests and to develop rules for predicting Remix Loaf Volume and Baking Strength Index. A linear function of flour protein content and mixograph development time was found to be most suitable for predicting Remix Loaf Volume while consideration of the relative magnitudes of these two characteristics was best for predicting Baking Strength Index. The rules developed from an analysis of the 1974 data were tested by applying them to data from 328 samples grown in 1975.

Cultivar and environmental effects on quality characters in wheat. II. Protein

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Panozzo ◽  
H. A. Eagles
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Dough Rheology ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Flour Protein ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Cultivar Variation ◽  
Dough Development Time

Glutenins and gliadins are the major components of the storage protein in wheat and make a significant contribution to dough rheology and baking quality. Qualitative differences in these proteins are known to be important for dough rheology, particularly for glutenins, but much less is known about quantitative differences, especially as influenced by field environment. Flour protein, the proportion of glutenin and gliadin in flour protein, loaf volume, and the dough rheological characters dough development time, dough breakdown, dough extensibility, and maximum dough resistance (Rmax) were determined for 7 cultivars grown in 15 diverse environments. The proportion of glutenin in flour protein was highly dependent on cultivar, whereas, although cultivar was still important, environmental variation was greater than cultivar variation for gliadin. Environmental variation was greater than cultivar variation for the dough rheological characters. Across environments, the proportion of gliadin increased with increasing flour protein, whereas the proportion of glutenin decreased. An index of accumulated temperatures above 30˚C during the first 14 days after anthesis explained a significant proportion of the increase in gliadin, and, to a lesser extent, the decrease in glutenin. Increasing Rmax and dough development time, and more rapid dough breakdown, were also associated with this index. The rate of increase of Rmax with the temperature index was greater for cultivars with the Glu-D1a allele than those with the Glu-D1d allele, suggesting that the relative performance of cultivars with different alleles at this locus depends on environment.

THE MILLING AND BAKING QUALITY OF FROSTED WHEAT OF THE 1928 CROP

1932 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Geddes ◽  
J. G. Malloch ◽  
R. K. Larmour
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Baking Quality ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
Flour Yield

Owing to limited rainfall following germination, combined with late heavy frosts, a large portion of the 1928 wheat crop of Western Canada contained many types of frost damage together with immature and green kernels. A survey of the crop was made in the three laboratories collaborating with the Associate Committee on Grain Research with the dual object of studying the Canadian grading system as applied to frosted wheat and of securing information on the relative effects of green, immature, and frosted kernels on milling and baking quality. The study is based on 228 samples grading from No. 1 Northern to No. 6.Physical examinations showed that the percentage of sound kernels progressively decreased with a decrease in grade, with a greater relative increase in the percentage of "heavy damage" in the lower grades. Test weight per bushel also decreased. Partial correlations showed that individually the various forms of damage had only a slight effect on reducing weight per bushel, heavily frosted and immature kernels having a greater influence than bran frosted kernels.On a regrading of the samples after storage over winter, 83.3% of the samples were unchanged in grade while 13.2% received a higher grade.The mean total flour yield decreased with grade, the variability in yield being much higher within the commercial grades. Owing to the tough and fibrous nature of the middlings there was approximately a 20% increase in the time required to mill a sample of No. 5 or No. 6 wheat as compared with the statutory grades. Bran frost, heavy frost, and immature kernels are negatively correlated with flour yield and are of approximately equal importance in their effects. Weight per measured bushel and the percentage of total sound kernels are the best single indices of flour yield.Baking quality was determined in the three laboratories using either a 55% patent or a straight grade flour and baking according to the simple, bromate, malt and blend formulas. While the simple formula gave incongruous results all the others revealed that the average baking quality as measured by loaf volume, crumb color and texture decreased with grade except in the instance of grade No. 4 which was superior to No. 3 Northern. Absorption markedly increased in the lower grades. The straight grade and patent flours gave the same relative results when baked by either the simple or the bromate formula.The average responses to the differential baking tests also decreased with wheat grade, the magnitude of the individual responses being correlated with protein content. Partial correlations calculated for the response to bromate showed that both protein content and percentage of sound kernels are positively correlated with this variable.The variability in baking quality within each grade increased with decreasing grade, owing in part to variations in the percentage of sound kernels, but chiefly to variations in protein content. Protein content of wheat is the best single measure of baking quality within each grade, but is not a reliable measure when comparisons are made between grades, owing to differences in protein quality. Partial correlations showed, as in the instance of milling quality, that the various classes of visible damage need not be considered individually with regard to their effects on baking quality.The results of this study indicate that weight per measured bushel and either the percentage of total sound or hard red vitreous kernels could be used to advantage as grading factors in the commercial grades. It is concluded that the grading system in use in 1928 was applied in an efficient manner and gave a satisfactory indication of the relative quality of the various grades with the exception of the anomalous relationship between No. 3 Northern and No. 4.The variability in baking quality within grades is excessively high, particularly in the lower grades. Although variations in protein content are chiefly responsible for the lack of uniformity within grades, some improvement may be effected by restricting the variability in the percentage of total sound or vitreous kernels allowable in the various grades. The revisions in the Canada Grain Act instituted in 1930 during the progress of the investigation, are in line with the results of this study and may be expected to bring about a greater uniformity in grade characteristics.

scholarly journals A complete chromosome substitution mapping panel reveals genome-wide epistasis in Arabidopsis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cris L. Wijnen ◽  
Ramon Botet ◽  
José van de Belt ◽  
Laurens Deurhof ◽  
Hans de Jong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
High Power ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Single Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Mapping Panel ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Impact

AbstractChromosome substitution lines (CSLs) are tentatively supreme resources to investigate non-allelic genetic interactions. However, the difficulty of generating such lines in most species largely yielded imperfect CSL panels, prohibiting a systematic dissection of epistasis. Here, we present the development and use of a unique and complete panel of CSLs in Arabidopsis thaliana, allowing the full factorial analysis of epistatic interactions. A first comparison of reciprocal single chromosome substitutions revealed a dependency of QTL detection on different genetic backgrounds. The subsequent analysis of the complete panel of CSLs enabled the mapping of the genetic interactors and identified multiple two- and three-way interactions for different traits. Some of the detected epistatic effects were as large as any observed main effect, illustrating the impact of epistasis on quantitative trait variation. We, therefore, have demonstrated the high power of detection and mapping of genome-wide epistasis, confirming the assumed supremacy of comprehensive CSL sets.One sentence summaryDevelopment of a complete panel of chromosome substitution lines enables high power mapping of epistatic interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana.

scholarly journals Effects of Interspecific Chromosome Substitution in Upland Cotton on Cottonseed Macronutrients

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1158
Author(s):  
Nacer Bellaloui ◽  
Sukumar Saha ◽  
Jennifer L. Tonos ◽  
Jodi A. Scheffler ◽  
Johnie N. Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Upland Cotton ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Macronutrient Content ◽  
Chromosome Arm

Nutrients, including macronutrients such as Ca, P, K, and Mg, are essential for crop production and seed quality, and for human and animal nutrition and health. Macronutrient deficiencies in soil lead to poor crop nutritional qualities and a low level of macronutrients in cottonseed meal-based products, leading to malnutrition. Therefore, the discovery of novel germplasm with a high level of macronutrients or significant variability in the macronutrient content of crop seeds is critical. To our knowledge, there is no information available on the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on cottonseed macronutrient content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on the variability and content of the cottonseed macronutrients Ca, K, Mg, N, P, and S in chromosome substitution lines (CS). Nine chromosome substitution lines were grown in two-field experiments at two locations in 2013 in South Carolina, USA, and in 2014 in Mississippi, USA. The controls used were TM-1, the recurrent parent of the CS line, and the cultivar AM UA48. The results showed major variability in macronutrients among CS lines and between CS lines and controls. For example, in South Carolina, the mean values showed that five CS lines (CS-T02, CS-T04, CS-T08sh, CS-B02, and CS-B04) had higher Ca level in seed than controls. Ca levels in these CS lines varied from 1.88 to 2.63 g kg−1 compared with 1.81 and 1.72 g kg−1 for TM-1 and AMUA48, respectively, with CS-T04 having the highest Ca concentration. CS-M08sh exhibited the highest K concentration (14.50 g kg−1), an increase of 29% and 49% over TM-1 and AM UA48, respectively. Other CS lines had higher Mg, P, and S than the controls. A similar trend was found at the MS location. This research demonstrated that chromosome substitution resulted in higher seed macronutrients in some CS lines, and these CS lines with a higher content of macronutrients can be used as a genetic tool towards the identification of desired seed nutrition traits. Also, the CS lines with higher desired macronutrients can be used as parents to breed for improved nutritional quality in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., through improvement by the interspecific introgression of desired seed nutrient traits such as Ca, K, P, S, and N. The positive and significant (p ≤ 0.0001) correlation of P with Ca, P with Mg, S with P, and S with N will aid in understanding the relationships between nutrients to improve the fertilizer management program and maintain higher cottonseed nutrient content.

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