RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAF STAGES OF CEREAL CROPS OR GRASSY WEEDS AND DAYS FROM SEEDING

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1263-1267
Author(s):  
D.A. DEW
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Stage Development

Rate of leaf development was studied on three spring cereals and two grassy weeds for 4 yr. Plots were seeded on two dates in each of 3 yr and on only one in the fourth year. Leaf stage development was determined three times a week from emergence to flag leaf stage. The time to advance from one leaf stage to the next was found to be: 6.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.8 and 5.7 days, respectively, for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), wild oats (Avena fatua L.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). Time from seeding to emergence was found to be reasonably consistent within species and an estimate is given for the number of days from seeding when the spring cereals can be expected to reach a given leaf stage.

CONTROL OF GREEN FOXTAIL IN CEREALS WITH AC 206,784, ALONE AND IN MIXTURES WITH TRIALLATE FOR WILD OATS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1001
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
P. N. P. CHOW ◽  
J. H. HUNTER ◽  
K. J. KIRKLAND
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Green Foxtail

Control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) with AC 206,784 (2-chloro-N-isopropyl-2′,3′-acetoxylidide) was evaluated at four locations in western Canada. With soil applications, control was good at Lacombe in 1978 but poor at Lacombe and Regina during 1979. Control was good at Brandon and Scott in 1979. At two locations in 1979, soil surface (PE) applications were less effective for control of green foxtail than preplant-incorporated (PPI) treatments. PPI treatments to a depth of 5 cm were more effective than PPI to 10 cm. Soil applications of AC 206,784 did not control wild oats (Avena fatua L.) or injure wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions but did provide suppression of these species under greenhouse conditions. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tolerance to AC 206,784 was good. Treating the soil zone containing the emerging coleoptiles of green foxtail and wheat caused more injury that treating the root zone. Application of AC 206,784 as a tank-mixture with triallate did not affect its activity on green foxtail or influence triallate activity on wild oats. In field and greenhouse experiments, control of green foxtail with AC 206,784 applied at the two-leaf stage was variable; at the four-leaf stage it was poor.

HOE 23408, A NEW SELECTIVE HERBICIDE FOR WILD OATS AND GREEN FOXTAIL IN WHEAT AND BARLEY

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. FRIESEN ◽  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail

A series of field, growth chamber, and laboratory experiments showed that HOE 23408 [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy propionic acid methyl ester] as a post-emergence herbicide provided selective control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and green foxtail (Seteria viridis L. Beauv.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) equal to or better than barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) over a growth period extending from the 2- to 5-leaf stages in both weed species. Wheat was highly tolerant to HOE 23408 at all growth stages, while with barley there was some leaf mottling and suppression of both shoot and root development. The 6-row cultivars Gait, Bonanza and Conquest largely recovered from the effects, but the 2-row cultivar Betzes suffered significant yield reduction. HOE 23408 moved mainly in an acropetal direction when applied to different parts of the wild oats plant. Application made on or below the meristematic area of the stem apex caused necrosis and eventual death of the entire plant. Phytotoxicity following soil application was markedly less than with foliar application. Indications were that it was also more phytotoxic to the emerging weeds via shoot than via root contact. Although HOE 23408 is relatively insoluble in water, it leached to a limited extent in soils.

INFLUENCE OF STAGE OF APPLICATION OF GLYPHOSATE AND PARAQUAT WITH AND WITHOUT TWEEN 20 ON THE CONTROL OF ANNUAL GRASS SPECIES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
J. T. O’DONOVAN ◽  
G. M. WEISS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Confidence Bands ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats

Experiments were conducted in the field at Lacombe in 1980 and 1981 to determine the influence of leaf stage at application (one to six-leaf) on the effectiveness of glyphosate at 0.21 kg/ha and paraquat at 0.28 kg/ha with or without Tween 20 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween is a trademark of ICI Amercas Inc.) for control of three annual grass species. Visual estimates of percent control were taken 3 wk after the last herbicide application. Curvilinear regression analysis of the data using linear plus quadratic effects produced a significant fit (P < 0.01) for determining percent control for a given leaf stage. Ninety percent control was selected as the minimum acceptable level, and the most restrictive leaf stage of application ranges to achieve this level of control over both years were determined. For glyphosate the ranges were 1 to >6-leaf for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 3 to >6-leaf for wild oats (Avena fatua L.). For glyphosate plus Tween 20, the ranges were 1 to >6-leaf for barley and wheat and 2 to >6-leaf for wild oats. For paraquat, the leaf stage ranges were 2 to 4.5-leaf for barley and wheat, and 2 to 5-leaf for oats (Avena sativa L.). For paraquat plus Tween 20, the ranges for barley, wheat and oats were 2- to 5-leaf, 2- to 4.5-leaf and 1.5- to 4.5-leaf, respectively. The data are presented so that any acceptable level of control may be selected, confidence bands [Formula: see text] may be included and the leaf stage range to obtain the selected level of control may be determined.Key words: Glyphosate, paraquat, surfactant, leaf stage, zero tillage

PROPANIL FOR CONTROL OF GREEN FOXTAIL IN WHEAT AND BARLEY

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES H. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Excellent Control

In a series of field and greenhouse experiments, propanil (3′, 4′-dichloropropionalide) as a postemergent herbicide provided excellent control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Although some initial chlorosis occurred, wheat and barley recovered quickly and were considered tolerant to propanil at up to 1 kg/ha applied over a growth period extending from the 2- to 8-leaf stages of the green foxtail. Propanil at rates greater than 1 kg/ha resulted in considerable chlorosis and leaf tip burn, and although grain yields were not reduced, crop tolerance was visually assessed as unsatisfactory. Control of green foxtail was satisfactory with 1 kg/ha at the 2- to 4-leaf stages but not at later stages. Control was significantly better when the spray pressure at application was 310 kPa compared to 207 kPa. Analysis indicated that at the 2 and 4 kg/ha rate of propanil the residues in wheat and barley disappeared very quickly. At harvest, wheat grain contained 0.09 ppm of propanil.

EFFECTS OF COMBINED APPLICATIONS OF TRIALLATE OR TRIFLURALIN WITH SOLUTION NITROGEN ON WHEAT, WILD OATS AND GREEN FOXTAIL

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. MOYER ◽  
R. D. DRYDEN
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail

Tank mixtures of solution nitrogen, triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)diisopropyl-thiocarbamate] and/or trifluralin [α,α,α,-trifluro-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine] were evaluated for the control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and/or green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Neepawa to solution nitrogen applied alone or in combination with triallate and/or trifluralin were evaluated. Good control of wild oats and green foxtail was obtained with a tank mixture of solution nitrogen, trifluralin at 1.38 kg/ha, and triallate at 1.65 kg/ha. Tank mixtures of triallate at 1.65 kg/ha with solution nitrogen controlled wild oats. Trifluralin at 1.38 kg/ha with solution nitrogen controlled wild oats and green foxtail. Control of green foxtail and wild oats resulted in increased wheat yields, higher nitrogen content in wheat grain, and a more efficient use of applied nitrogen fertilizer. The response of wheat to nitrogen was similar when nitrogen was applied in tank mixes with herbicides or with water to hand-weeded plots.

EFFECT OF BARBAN AND FLAMPROP METHYL WITH SOLUTION NITROGEN ON WHEAT, WILD OATS AND GREEN FOXTAIL

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. MOYER ◽  
R. D. DRYDEN ◽  
P. N. P. CHOW
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Initial Injury ◽  
Hand Weeding

Postemergent sprays of barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m chlorocarbanilate) at the 2-leaf stage of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and flamprop methyl [methyl N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-aminopropionate] at the 3-leaf stage in water or solution nitrogen fertilizer gave moderate to good control of wild oats and significant increases of 21 and 30%, respectively, in yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Neepawa’). Barban and flamprop methyl had no apparent effect on nitrogen content of wheat grain. When wild oats were controlled with herbicides the decrease in plant competition permitted increased growth of green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.). Solution nitrogen and hand-weeding treatments increased nitrogen in the wheat grain significantly. Large increases in numbers and dry matter yields of wild oats resulted in relatively low crop yields from solution nitrogen, e.g. non-significant with barban and a 9% increase in the flamprop methyl experiment. Either herbicide applied with solution nitrogen produced an initial injury to plant leaves. However, wheat recovered rapidly and there was no indication of reduced growth at harvest. No effect was observed when herbicides were applied separately from solution nitrogen.

INTERACTION BETWEEN DIFENZOQUAT AND PROPANIL OR PROPANIL/MCPA COMBINATIONS FOR WILD OAT AND GREEN FOXTAIL CONTROL IN BARLEY

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. SHARMA ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Chemical Change ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Marked Inhibition ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Separation Of Components

Tank mixtures of difenzoquat and propanil or propanil/MCPA were evaluated for the control of wild oats (Avena factua L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) in a single spray operation. Both propanil and propanil/MCPA reduced the efficacy of difenzoquat on wild oats, but the efficacy of propanil or propanil/MCPA on green foxtail was not adversely affected. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tolerance to the tank mixture was lower than to either of the components of the mixture. Uptake of 14C-difenzoquat by wild oats was reduced markedly in the presense of propanil and propanil/MCPA. If the herbicides were applied separately, the reduction in uptake depended on the extent of overlap of droplets of the two spray preparations on the leaf surface. There was no evidence of a chemical change in difenzoquat in the tank mixes, but the observed separation of components of the mixture soon after mixing may be partly responsible for the reduced uptake. We conclude that the marked inhibition of difenzoquat uptake in the presence of propanil or propanil/MCPA plays an important role in bringing about the antagonism between these herbicides.

GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION OF YIELD IN CEREAL CROPS IN NORTHWESTERN CANADA

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. De PAUW ◽  
D. G. FARIS ◽  
C. J. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Ge Interaction ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Genotype Environment Interaction ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Frost Free Period ◽  
Main Effects

Three cultivars of each crop, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), were grown for 4 yr at five locations north of the 55th parallel in northwestern Canada. There were highly significant differences among all main effects and interactions. Galt barley produced the highest seed yield followed by Centennial barley, Random oats and Harmon oats. Victory oats, Olli barley, Neepawa wheat and Pitic 62 wheat yielded similarly to each other while Thatcher wheat was significantly lower yielding. Mean environment yields ranged from 2080 to 5610 kg/ha. The genotype-environment (GE) interaction of species and cultivars was sufficiently complicated that it could not be characterized by one or two statistics (e.g., stability variances or regression coefficients). However, variability in frost-free period among years and locations contributed to the GE interaction because, for example, some cultivars yielded well (e.g., Pitic 62) only in those year-location environments with a relatively long frost-free period while other early maturing cultivars (e.g., Olli) performed well even in a short frost-free period environment.

Factors Affecting the Herbicidal Activity of TCA on Green Foxtail

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul N. P. Chow
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
High Light ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Green Foxtail

Growth of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) was effectively controlled in the greenhouse by applying the sodium salt of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a postemergence treatment, when a rate of 0.84 kg/ha was used; when application preceded the two-leaf stage; and when 2.54 mm of water were available daily for moving TCA into the soil. There were significant interactions of TCA rate with light intensity, temperature, and source of seeds on the response of green foxtail. Seedhead production was curtailed at rates of 0.56 kg/ha or above when plants were grown under high light intensities (19,250 to 22,000 lux) and at moderate temperatures (20 to 22 C). Rates of 1.68 kg/ha or more were required to stop heading of foxtail grown at high temperature (27 C).

Selectivity of Dichlofop Methyl Among Wheat, Barley, Wild Oat (Arena fatua) and Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis)

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 382-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. Todd ◽  
E.H. Stobbe
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Species Sensitivity ◽  
Methyl Propionate ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Green Foxtail

The selectivity of {2-[4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] methyl propionate}, (hereinafter referred to as dichlofop methyl), among wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa’), barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Bonanza’), wild oat (Avena fatuaL.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.) was investigated. On an ED50basis, barley, wild oat, and green foxtail were 2, 190, and 1,090 times more sensitive, respectively, to foliar-applied dichlofop methyl at the two-leaf stage than was wheat. Selectivity decreased with increasing maturity of the plant material with the ratio of selectivity between barley and wild oat decreasing from 55 at the two-leaf stage to three at the four-leaf-plus-one-tiller stage. Greater spray retention and more rapid penetration of dichlofop methyl partially explained the susceptibility of green foxtail, but did not explain selectivity between wheat, wild oat, and barley. Root uptake of14C-dichlofop methyl by the four species was proportional to the amount of solution absorbed during the treatment period and to the concentration of dichlofop methyl in the treatment solution but was not related to species sensitivity to this herbicide.

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