FACTORS INFLUENCING 1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE ACTIVITY AS AN ANTIDOTE TO BARBAN IN OATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1005-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. THIESSEN ◽  
G. R. STEPHENSON ◽  
G. W. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Growth Room

NA (1,8-naphthalic anhydride), a seed-applied herbicide antidote, significantly reduced barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) injury to oats (Avena sativa L.) in both growth room and field studies. However, at the application rate of 0.75% by seed weight, recovery from barban injury in oats was incomplete under some conditions. Despite pretreatment with NA, the cultivars Rodney, Garry, or Stormont oats did not recover from postemergence barban applications (0.42 kg/ha) while seven other cultivars recovered completely from barban injury. The effectiveness of NA as a barban antidote was consistent at low, normal, or high fertility levels. At 0.75% by seed weight, NA was highly effective as a barban antidote in oats grown in light sandy soils but was much less effective in silty clay soils. NA phytotoxicity to oats was noted when NA-treated oat seed was stored for long periods of time prior to planting. Much of the variation in preventing barban injury was overcome with formulations or methods that facilitated NA applications to oat seed at rates as high as 1.5% by seed weight.

Control of Wild Oats in Oats by Barban Plus Antidote

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 546-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Y. Chang ◽  
G. R. Stephenson ◽  
G. W. Anderson ◽  
J. D. Bandeen
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Oat Seeds

Growth room and field studies indicated that coating the seeds of oats (Avena sativaL.) with NA (1,8-naphthalic anhydride) at rates of 0.5 to 1% by seed weight significantly reduced the phytotoxicity of barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate) applied to the foliage at rates up to 1.2 kg/ha. Complete protection was obtained when barban was applied at 0.4 kg/ha, the highest rate recommended for the control of wild oats (Avena fatuaL.) in cereal crops. Treatment of oat seeds with this antidote did not reduce the herbicidal effect of barban on wild oats grown in the same soil. Thus, coating oat seeds with the antidote may allow the use of barban for the selective control of wild oats in oat crops. NA seed treatment also slightly reduced oat injury from diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate] and triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate].

scholarly journals A New Method to Recycle Dairy Waste for the Nutrition of Wheat Plants

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 840
Author(s):  
Saif Alharbi ◽  
Ali Majrashi ◽  
Adel M. Ghoneim ◽  
Esmat F. Ali ◽  
Abdullah S. Modahish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Dairy Waste ◽  
Dairy Wastes

Dairy products are vital components of human food, however, they are rapidly spoiled due to their high content of organic matter which encourages the growth of decomposing microbes. The recycling of dairy wastes is an ideal solution to preserve the environment, as it is in line with the principles of sustainable agriculture. In this experiment, an organic fertilizer was extracted from dairy wastes and was used for the nutrition of wheat grown on sandy soils under two-year field studies. The application rate of the extracted organic fertilizer was 8 ton ha−1. Moreover, the same rates of N, P, and K were added from inorganic fertilizers. The extracted organic fertilizer significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the wheat growth and increased chlorophyll by 11% and 16% in the first and second season, respectively, in comparison to the inorganic fertilization. The extracted organic fertilizer significantly minimized the soil pH from an initial value of 8.00 to 7.05. The tested organic fertilizer increased the uptake of N, P, and K by 55%, 49%, and 51% above the inorganic nutrition, respectively. The wheat straw and grain yield increased by 16% and 29% as a result of the addition of the organic fertilizer extracted from dairy wastes. The dairy wastes organic fertilizer caused a notable improvement in the soil quality. The extracted organic fertilizer was able to supply wheat with its nutrient requirements as it showed a remarkable superiority over the mineral fertilization. The disposal of expired dairy waste can be managed in a way that preserves the environment by converting it to organic fertilizers. Laboratory and field experiments have proven the efficiency of the extracted organic fertilizer in nutrition of wheat plants in sandy soils with low fertility.

Response of Oat (Avena sativa) Varieties and Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) to Thifensulfuron plus Tribenuron

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Fischer ◽  
R. Gordon Harvey ◽  
Edward S. Oplinger ◽  
Timothy S. Maloney
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Test Selection ◽  
Grain Yields

Field studies evaluated wild radish control in oat with thifensulfuron plus tribenuron in 1995 and 1997. Thifensulfuron plus tribenuron at 16 or 21 g ai/ha controlled wild radish completely in both years. In tolerance studies conducted in 1995 and 1996, thifensulfuron plus tribenuron reduced vigor of ‘Bay,’ ‘Belle,’ ‘Dane,’ ‘Ensiler,’ ‘Gem,’ ‘Horicon,’ ‘Ogle,’ ‘Porter,’ and ‘Prairie’ oat varieties and Wisconsin test selection oat ‘X6396-1’ up to 25% 7 d after treatment (DAT), but all chlorotic symptoms had disappeared 28 DAT. Thifensulfuron plus tribenuron reduced oat height 13 to 19% in 1995 and 21 to 24% in 1996 7 DAT. Bay, Belle, Dane, Ensiler, Horicon, Prairie, and X6396-1 recovered from height reductions by 28 DAT in 1995; however, in 1996 only Horicon and Porter recovered. Thifensulfuron plus tribenuron did not reduce 1995 grain yields, but 1996 Bay and Porter grain yields were reduced 29 and 15%, respectively. Dane and Prairie seed weights were reduced 7 and 14%, respectively, in 1995, whereas no seed weight reduction occurred in 1996.

Sorghum Growth as Affected by Annual Applications of Atrazine

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Burnside ◽  
R. S. Moomaw
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Loam Soil

Soil carryover of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] following annual applications to a sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] monoculture was studied by assessing sorghum yield factors as well as yields of a subsequent bioassay crop of oats (Avena sativaL.). Atrazine applications of 3.4 kg/ha or more increased sorghum injury and rates of 4.5 kg/ha and more increased seed weight and decreased sorghum stand. Sorghum recovered from early atrazine injury and stand loss and generally maintained yields. Rates of 2.2 kg/ha did not reduce sorghum yields even with repeated annual usage. There appears to be little hazard of reducing sorghum yields due to atrazine carryover in the soil from annual atrazine applications at normal rates to a clay loam or silty clay loam soil in eastern Nebraska. However, atrazine carryover will have to be a consideration if the grower plans to rotate to a susceptible crop such as oats.

scholarly journals Reproduction and biomarker responses of Eisenia fetida after exposure to imidacloprid in biochar-amended soil

Biochar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngitheni Winnie-Kate Nyoka ◽  
Ozekeke Ogbeide ◽  
Patricks Voua Otomo
Keyword(s):  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Amended Soil

AbstractTerrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by pesticide pollution resulting from extensive use of pesticides, and due to the lack of regulatory measures in the developing world, there is a need for affordable means to lessen environmental effects. This study aimed to investigate the impact of biochar amendment on the toxicity of imidacloprid to life-cycle parameters and biomarker responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. E. fetida was exposed to 10% biochar-amended and non-amended OECD artificial soils spiked with 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3 mg imidacloprid/kg for 28 days. An LC50 of 2.7 mg/kg was only computed in the non-amended soil but not in the biochar-amended soil due to insignificant mortality. The EC50 calculated in the non-amended soil (0.92 mg/kg) for reproduction (fertility) was lower than the one computed in the biochar amended (0.98 mg/kg), indicating a decrease in toxicity in the biochar-amended substrate. Significant weight loss was observed at the two highest imidacloprid treatments in the non-amended soil and only at the highest treatment in the biochar-amended substrate, further highlighting the beneficial effects of biochar. Catalase activity decreased significantly at the two highest concentrations of non-amended soil. Yet, in the amended soil, the activity remained high, especially in the highest concentration, where it was significantly higher than the controls. This indicated more severe oxidative stress in the absence of biochar. In all non-amended treatments, there was a significant acetylcholinesterase inhibition, while lower inhibition percentages were observed in the biochar-amended soil. In most endpoints, the addition of biochar alleviated the toxic effects of imidacloprid, which shows that biochar has the potential to be useful in soil remediation. However, there is still a need for field studies to identify the most effective application rate of biochar for land application.

scholarly journals Prediction of leaching and groundwater contamination by pesticides

2006 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1081-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Kördel ◽  
Michael Klein
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Macropore Flow ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Present Information ◽  
Silty Soils

Herein, we describe how pesticide leaching is assessed in Europe in order to fulfill EU Directive 91/414. The assessment schemes were developed to protect groundwater from unacceptable effects caused by pesticide use. They presently focus on chromatographic flow processes, which are dominant in sandy soils. Nevertheless, important regions in Europe are characterized by structured soils where transport through macropores is most relevant.Comparison of parallel field studies with isoproturon performed in sandy and silty soils showed that maximum concentration in the structured soil at a soil depth of 1 m may exceed respective concentrations in sandy soils by a factor of 60. Similar results were obtained by lysimeter studies using silty soil cores with maximum concentration of 40 μg/l at the soil bottom. These results demonstrate that preferential flow is more the rule than the exception in well-structured fine-textured soils, and pesticide losses via macropore flow may exceed losses via matrix transport considerably. All present information available for macropore flow suggest the need for greater regional assessments. Other recommendations include analysis of the influence of different soil management practices on the formation of macropores.

Growth-room and field studies with seed tubers treated with ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) during storage

2006 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Pruski ◽  
R. K. Prange ◽  
B. J. Daniels-Lake ◽  
J. Nowak ◽  
T. Astatkie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Seed Tubers ◽  
Growth Room

scholarly journals Factors influencing the sodium content of meadow grass.

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-47
Author(s):  
C.H. Menkens
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Soil K Status ◽  
Mg Content

Sodium content of grass was largely determined by Na content and K number of the soil. At a given Na content of soil, the Na content of grass decreased with increasing K number of the soil but the decrease was small where K number was >30. Na content of grass increased with increasing soil Na; the increase was higher at low- than at high soil-K status. K fertilizing lowered grass Na at low soil-K status. Soil-Na content can be used in the Netherlands as a basis for Na-fertilizer recommendations, since K number has generally reached a level at which it has an almost constant effect on Na content of grass. Influences of the K and Na status of the soil on the Na content of grass can be expressed as the ratios (15 X K number)/(Na2O+6) for sandy soils and (25X K number)/(Na2O + 14) for clay soils, the numerator at K numbers > 30 being the same as that at K number=30. With increasing ratios, the Na content of grass decreases. The influence on herbage -Na level of a given amount of Na in K fertilizers is correlated to these ratios. The influence of N fertilizers on Na content of grass was not clear and the influence of Mg fertilizers was negligible. Chile nitrate and Nad affected the Na of grass similarly, but Chile nitrate differed from NaCl in decreasing the Ca content; both fertilizers slightly lowered the Mg content of grass. Herbs and clovers contained more Na than grass does. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Effects of repeated phosphorus fertilisation on field crops in Finland 2.Sufficient phosphorus application rates on silty and sandy soils

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAARELA ◽  
H. HUHTA ◽  
P. VIRKAJÄRVI
Keyword(s):  
Relative Yield ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
P Application ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilisation ◽  
Annual Application

In order to update fertilisation recommendations for Finnish silty and sandy soils, the effects of repeated phosphorus (P) fertilisation on the yields of cereals, grasses and other crops were measured at ten sites for 9 to 18 years. Results of some earlier studies were also used in examining the relationships of the yield responses to applied P and to the soil test values measured by the Finnish ammonium acetate method (PAc). Significant effects of P fertilisation were observed at all sites that had low or medium PAc values; in the case of potatoes, even at sites with fairly high values. The mean relative yield without applied P divided by yield with 60 or 45 kg P ha-1 of the ten sites was 81% (mean PAc 11.6 mg dm-3) varying from 55% at the PAc value of 4.7 mg dm-3 to 100% at the highest PAc values. In order to achieve a relative yield of 97%, which is considered the optimum for cereals and leys, the required mean annual application of P in the later parts of the experiments was 25 kg ha-1 (variation 0-42 kg ha-1). On the six soils that had low or medium PAc values (4.5-9.1 mg dm-3, mean 8.0 mg dm-3), relative yield was 97% at the P application rate of 35 kg ha-1 (variation 22-42 kg ha-1), while 11 kg P ha-1 (variation 0-25 kg ha-1) sufficed on the four soils that had higher PAc values (mean 20.8 mg dm-3, variation 11.7-35.2 mg dm-3). Reasons for the poor availability of P in silty and sandy soils were discussed.;

Triticum tauschii: reaction to the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici)

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Eastwood ◽  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
M Hannah
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Green Tissue ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Reactions of 398 accessions of Triticum tawchii to the take-all fungus [Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt] were assessed. Nineteen accessions were selected for more detailed studies. T. tauschii accessions were identified that had less tissue blackening and more remaining green tissue when challenged by the fungus than the susceptible T. aestivum cv. Condor. However, tissue blackening in the T. tauschii accessions was much greater than that in Avena sativa cv. New Zealand Cape. Synthetic allohexaploid wheats produced from different Triticum turgidum var. durum (genome AABB) accessions and accessions of T. tauschii (genome DD) which had low tissue blackening or high remaining green tissue had more tissue blackening and less remaining green tissue than the T. tauschii parents. The potential of this material for breeding take-all resistant wheats together with experimental methods to minimize the possible confounding effects of seed weight, seed source and genetic effects are discussed.

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