EFFECTS OF HARVEST SCHEDULES AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELDS, QUALITY, AND GROUND COVER OF BROMEGRASS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-259
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Considerable Reduction ◽  
Total N

Dry matter (DM) and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) yields of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) were greater for schedule with harvest at full heading whereas percentage total N and percentage IVDDM were greater for heads emerging schedule. Applied N increased DM production from 26.2 to 4.3 kg DM/kg N. Total N concentrations of tissue and N yields had linear responses to applied N. There was a considerable reduction in the ground cover by bromegrass that was not influenced by rates of N or harvest schedule.

EFFECT OF DEFOLIATING TIMOTHY CULTIVARS DURING PRIMARY GROWTH ON YIELD, QUALITY AND PERSISTENCE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total N ◽  
Primary Growth

A forage system based on timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars of different maturities is recommended in Atlantic Canada. Early and later maturing cultivars are grown to spread the harvesting of timothy, at optimal primary growth maturities, to about 3 wk. At some locations the resulting harvest period has been considerably shorter and for this reason the timothy system was examined in a 4-yr field study. Four timothies, representing very early, early, midseason, and late cultivars, were cut at five dates with primary growth stages ranging from vegetative to full heading. Regrowth was cut about 45 days after cut 1. Total dry matter yield and total N concentration of combined cuts 1 and 2 were generally influenced by cutting schedules but not by cultivars. The in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was dependent on both cutting schedule and cultivar. The early-maturing cultivar Clair reached its peak IVDMD earlier than later maturing Champ, Itasca, or Bounty. At termination of the field study, there were fewer timothy tillers per square metre and ground cover by timothy was slightly less for those cuts taken during stem elongation. The results suggest that three out of four cultivars were of similar maturity and had similar total N and IVDMD. We conclude that the currently recommended timothy cultivars in Atlantic Canada do not provide a sufficient range in maturity for the average growing season in the region to warrant multiple cultivars on individual farms. At present, timothy stands may be cut prior to and during stem elongation to lengthen the harvest period.Key words: Timothy, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total nitrogen

scholarly journals Production and quality of Tifton 85 pastures overseeded with black oat: effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 2071
Author(s):  
João De Assis Farias Filho ◽  
Fabiana Luiza Matielo de Paula ◽  
Adalberto Luiz de Paula ◽  
Wagner Paris ◽  
Fabrício Ghinzelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dead Material

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the bromatological quality, forage production, and botanical and structural composition of Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) pastures overseeded with black oat (Avena strigosa). Four treatments were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme (irrigated and non-irrigated × fertilized and non-fertilized), with three replicates, in a completely randomized design. In irrigated paddocks, the irrigation system was activated when the soil matric potential reached a value equal to, or higher than, 10 kPa and 135 kg N ha-1 was applied to fertilized paddocks, divided into four applications. The forage mass pre- and post-grazing, total forage production, and the botanical, structural, and bromatological composition of the pastures were evaluated. No interaction was observed between the irrigation and nitrogen fertilization factors for any of the variables and no significant differences were observed in forage mass between pre- and post-grazing or in Tifton leaf and stem percentages. Nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect on forage production, which was 2626.41 kg dry matter (DM) ha-1 higher in fertilized pastures than in unfertilized pastures. In addition, fertilization resulted in a lower percentage of dead material (6.66%), higher percentage of oat leaves (30.84%), higher leaf:stem ratio (1:45), higher crude protein content (24.13%), lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (64.57%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (32.86%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.01%) than in unfertilized pastures. The use of irrigation did not influence total forage production, however, it resulted in pastures with lower NDF (65.97%) and ADF (33.54%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.48%) than unirrigated pastures. Nitrogen fertilization produced improvements in pasture structure, associated with higher dry matter yield and bromatological quality, while irrigation only produced pastures with lower fiber content and greater digestibility.

RESPONSE OF ORCHARD GRASS TO MULTIPLE HARVESTS AND RATES OF NITROGEN IN POST-SEEDING YEARS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-770
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
MICHIO SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Total N ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
N Rates

Frode orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was fertilized with 99–495 kg N/ha/yr in three equal applications and harvested three or four times per season over a 3-yr period to determine the productivity, quality of forage and persistence of stands. The application of N resulted in significant (P =.001) linear and quadratic increases in dry matter (DM) yields. Higher DM yields were obtained with the 3-harvest system while the yield distribution within the season was more uniform for the 4-harvest system. Total N concentrations of orchard grass increased linearly with the N rates. Total N yields were dependent on the rates of applied N with the recovery of applied N ranging from 39 to 70% at 99–297 kg N/ha/yr, respectively. The in vitro disappearance of DM was slightly reduced by the high N rates in the 1st and 2nd harvests. The nitrate-N concentrations were highest in the early and late summer ranging from.11 to.29% at 297–495 kg N/ha/yr, respectively. The persistence of orchard grass was better under the 4- than the 3- harvest system.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilization in the growth phase of 'Chardonnay' and 'Pinot Noir' vines and nitrogen forms in sandy soil of the Pampa Biome

Revista CERES ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Lorensini ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ceretta ◽  
Lessandro De Conti ◽  
Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira ◽  
Max Kleber Laurentino Dantas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Pampa Biome

ABSTRACT Information on nitrogen fertilization in growing vines is still a very limited subject, especially for crops on sandy soils in the Pampa Biome in Rio Grande do Sul, where viticulture has expanded considerably in the last decade. This study aimed to assess the impact of N doses on growth of young plants of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir vines and N forms present in sandy soil in the Pampa Biome. The experiment was conducted from October 2011 to December 2012 in a vineyard in Santana do Livramento, in Southern Rio Grande do Sul State, in soil with 82 g kg-1 clay in the 0-20 cm layer. Vines of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir varieties were subjected to applications of 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg N ha-1 year-1. Total N in leaves, SPAD readings, stem diameter, plant height, and dry matter of the pruned material were evaluated in two growth cycles and three times. Soil samples were collected at 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths at four crop growth stages, in which N-NH4 +, N-NO3 -, and total N were analyzed and the mineral N was calculated. The N levels applied to young vines, although they did not provide relevant changes in the N-NH4 +, N-NO3 -, and mineral N contents in the soil, were able to increase the N content in the leaves, increasing plant vigor. because the reason is that there was an increase in stem diameter, plant height, and dry matter of pruned material in most evaluation periods. These parameters suggest better growth patterns and uniformity of young grapevines with possible positive effects in anticipation of production, demonstrating the importance of nitrogen fertilization strategies to the growing vines in the sandy soil conditions of the Pampa Biome.

INCREASE IN YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF NATIVE BLUEBUNCH WHEATGRASS FROM NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mason ◽  
J. E. Miltimore
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Poa Secunda ◽  
Acre Yield ◽  
Bluebunch Wheatgrass ◽  
Agropyron Spicatum

A native, bluebunch wheatgrass stand on a Brown soil in the South Okanagan district of British Columbia with a mean precipitation of 11 inches has shown striking response to nitrogen fertilization. With applications of ammonium nitrate broadcast annually at rates of 0 to 60 lb. of actual nitrogen per acre, yield was increased from 640 to 1060 lb. of dry matter in 1957 and from 678 to 1725 lb in 1958. Protein content increased from 3.9 to 6.2 per cent and protein production per acre from 27 to 107 lb. Ground cover of Agropyron spicatum increased from 4.6 to 6.8 per cent, of Poa secunda from 2.0 to 2.7 per cent. The number of culms of Agropyron spicatum per hundred-point sample increased from 9.8 to 188.2.

SEEDING YEAR YIELDS AND QUALITY OF ORCHARD GRASS AS INFLUENCED BY N RATES AND HARVEST SYSTEMS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-431
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
MICHIO SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Total N ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
N Rates

Frode orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was seeded at 20 kg/ha without a companion crop in 1971 and 1972. Nitrogen was applied at 37–185 kg/ha at seeding and after the first harvest, and the stands were subjected to three harvest systems. Total dry matter (DM) yields increased up to 74 kg N/ha/application. Systems with the latest first harvest and longest regrowth intervals produced highest DM yields. Early seeding was important for the production of high DM yields. Late fall harvest in October resulted in poor winter survival. The total N concentrations of orchard grass ranged from 2.58 to 4.40%, with small or no increases beyond 111 kg N/ha/application. In vitro disappearance of DM was not affected by N rates but varied from 60.7 to 69.8% with the highest readings for the early or short regrowth interval harvests. Nitrate-N concentrations of orchard grass were < 0.15% at 37 kg N/ha/application. At or above 74 kg N/ha/application, nitrate-N usually exceeded 0.15% level which might be potentially toxic to livestock consuming the forage.

scholarly journals Mixed sugarcane and elephant grass silages with or without bacterial inoculant

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jucilene Cavali ◽  
Odilon Gomes Pereira ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Marlos Oliveira Porto ◽  
Francisco Eden Paiva Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Total N

The effects of different ratios of sugarcane and elephant grass (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0% of the natural basis) were assessed on the chemical composition and losses in silages treated with a bacterial inoculant, using laboratory silos. A 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (with and without inoculant and five elephant grass ratios) in a randomized blocks design with three replications was used. Interaction was observed in the sugarcane and elephant grass ratio × bacterial inoculant for crude protein (CP) and pH. The other variables were influenced only by the increasing proportions of elephant grass. The contents of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ashes and protein, acid detergent fiber, insoluble protein in acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose and lignin in the silages increased linearly with the proportions of elephant grass. The water soluble carbohydrate contents and dry matter in vitro digestibility of the silages decreased linearly with the increase in the proportion of elephant grass. The mean value of ammonia nitrogen in relation to total N was 7.0% (% of DM). The CP values of the inoculated and non-inoculated silage fitted linear models. The highest CP content was observed in the silage treated with inoculant. The pH values of the silages, with and without inoculant, fitted quadratic and linear models, respectively. The lactic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid contents were not influenced by the elephant grass ratios, while the acetic acid content, for the non-inoculated silages, and ethanol decreased linearly with the increase in elephant grass. The ratio of 25% sugarcane and 75% elephant grass improves the nutritional value and increases the silage DM recovery, because of the lower effluent and gas productions. The homofermentative bacterial inoculant does not affect the sugarcane silage.

EFFECTS OF RATES OF N AND REGROWTH INTERVALS ON YIELDS AND QUALITY OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS GROWN AS A SUMMER ANNUAL

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
F. W. CALDER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Total N ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Suitable System

Italian ryegrass (IRG) (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Lemtal) was grown on a sandy loam and/or on a fine sandy loam in 1974, 1975, and 1976. IRG was fertilized three times each year with 40, 80, or 120 kg N/ha/application and harvested at 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-wk intervals starting in July. Dry matter (DM) yield increased with the rate of applied N. Four-week harvest intervals generally resulted in the greatest DM yields ranging from 4.32 to 7.11 t/ha. Droughty conditions in 1975 reduced the growth and resulted in small DM yields particularly on sandy loam. The mean total N concentrations of IRG ranged from 2.40 to 3.68% and was approximately proportional to applied N. Longer regrowth intervals decreased total N concentrations by. 12–.56% units per week. Applied N did not influence the in vitro disappearance of DM (IVDDM), whereas longer regrowth intervals reduced IVDDM in 1975. The harvest system with a 4-wk regrowth interval and 80 kg N/ha/apphcation resulted in satisfactory DM, N, and digestible DM yields and appeared to be a suitable system for IRG grown as a summer annual.

VARIABILITY FOR IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF CRESTED WHEATGRASS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. COULMAN ◽  
R. P. KNOWLES
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Testing ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

Significant differences in in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) were found between plants of diploid Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and tetraploid A. desertorum (Fisch.) Schult. Narrow-sense heritabilities for IVDOM ranged from 0.36 to 0.76. IVDOM showed no relationship to plant height, forage yield and lodging percentage, but was significantly correlated with leaf percentage. Diploid strains were more palatable than tetraploids and were significantly superior in IVDOM. A sharp decline in in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) occurred from heading to the end of anthesis with little decline thereafter. Approximately 1 wk prior to anthesis, the IVDDM of crested wheatgrass was similar to that of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), but at subsequent stages crested wheatgrass was inferior. It was concluded that limited progress in breeding for quality in crested wheatgrass was possible using in vitro testing.

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