QUALITY OF TIMOTHY, BROMEGRASS AND ORCHARDGRASS SILAGES AS INFLUENCED BY N FERTILIZATION, HARVEST AND ENSILING TREATMENT

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
MICHIO SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

The effects of two rates of nitrogen fertilization on the quality of silages, made of primary growth and aftermath of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were determined. Wilted and unwilted forage and unwilted forage that was treated with formic acid or formic acid plus formaldehyde were included. All grasses, and especially those fertilized with 132 kg N/ha, were low in water-soluble carbohydrates. The addition of formic acid resulted in good quality silages with low pH’s, ammonium-N and fermentation acid contents. Formaldehyde further reduced ammonium-N in the silages. Silages from wilted and unwilted forages without preservatives had higher pH’s, ammonium-N and fermentation acid contents than those with preservatives, but most of these silages were considered to be satisfactory quality. The quality of silages was influenced less by the rates of N or harvest dates than by the ensiling treatments.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer, cutting frequency, and companion legume on herbage production and quality of four grasses

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilization ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Simulated Grazing ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Carlton smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), Regar meadow bromegrass (B. biebersteinii Roem et Schult.), Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and Oregon commercial meadow foxtail (Alopercurus pratensis L.) were each grown alone or in binary mixture with Peace alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Dawn alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.), or Cree birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) for three production years under three management systems: two cuts with no nitrogen (N) fertilizer; two cuts with 150 kg ha−1 N fertilizer; and four cuts with 150 kg ha−1 N fertilizer. With two cuts per year and no N fertilizer, herbage productivity of each grass was greater when the grass was grown in association with alfalfa than when grown alone, with alsike clover, or with trefoil. With N fertilization, herbage productivity was reduced by cutting more than twice per year, the magnitude of the reduction being smooth bromegrass > meadow bromegrass > timothy > meadow foxtail; yields of smooth bromegrass were almost halved whereas those of meadow foxtail were virtually unaffected, and this effect was consistent for each companion legume treatment. Under conditions of non-limiting soil-N, herbage productivity and N concentration were controlled more by the adaptation of each grass, and its response to frequency of cutting, than by species composition of the seeding mixture. Without supplemental N fertilizer, alfalfa was the most suitable companion legume to enhance the agronomic performance of each of the four grasses. Key words: Forage, nitrogen, cutting frequency, simulated grazing, grass-legume mixtures

NITROGENASE ACTIVITY OF ALFALFA GROWN ALONE AND IN MIXTURE WITH GRASS UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-791
Author(s):  
H. A. BURITY ◽  
B. E. COULMAN ◽  
M. A. FARIS
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L ◽  
Nodule Tissue

A greenhouse experiment has shown that total nitrogenase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is not significantly affected when grown in association with timothy (Phleum pratense L.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) or orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) except after initial harvest when decreased alfalfa activity was associated with smooth bromegrass or orchardgrass. It was concluded that mixed cultures of alfalfa with timothy, smooth bromegrass or orchardgrass have no effect on alfalfa N2 fixation. The results also suggest the occurrence of N transference from alfalfa to associated grasses. It is speculated that this transfer is not primarily due to the death of roots and nodule tissue (after harvest), but involves some degree of N excretion during the period before initial harvest.Key words: Alfalfa-grass mixtures, N2-fixation, nodule activity, N-transference

COPPER, MOLYBDENUM AND SULFUR CONTENTS OF FORAGE CROPS AT KAPUSKASING, ONTARIO

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. LESSARD ◽  
M. HIDIROGLOU ◽  
R. B. CARSON ◽  
J. M. WAUTHY
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Each of the species birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) was grown in the field on 10 plots sampled at weekly intervals in rotation from June 13. Each plot was resampled after 6 weeks and all samples were analyzed for copper, molybdenum and sulfur. In most species, levels of Cu and Mo were highest in the early samplings and decreased with advancing maturity. Second-cut samples tended to be higher in Cu, Mo and S than first-cut samples. The S content was more uniform in the first cycle but increased considerably in the second cycle, especially in reed canarygrass. The ranges in Cu content were 7.4 to 14.1 ppm for birdsfoot trefoil and 3.7 to 11.4 ppm for the grasses. Mo ranged from 1.9 to 8.1 ppm in birdsfoot trefoil and from 1.0 to 6.5 ppm in the grasses. The overall range in S content was from 0.14 to 0.95%. The mineral composition of the crops is discussed in relation to the requirement of ruminants for these three elements.

scholarly journals Assessment of some parameters productivity and quality of populations Phleum pratense L. grown in conditions of Serbia

Genetika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Vesna Jankovic ◽  
Savo Vuckovic ◽  
Vojislav Mihailovic ◽  
Vera Popovic ◽  
Ljubisa Zivanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Autochthonous Population ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Phleum pratense (L.) is the important forage grass species in Serbia. The study was conducted on 20 autochthonous population of Phleum pratense (L.), originating from Western Serbia. Plant height, protein content and crude cellulose content had a high direct impact on yield. Populations of PP16, PP20, PP2 and PP9 had the significantly higher yield of the raw matter compared to all the tested population and the highest values for the other evaluated parameters, also. The average yield of crude biomass was positive statistically highly significantly correlated with plant height (r=0.87**), and positively significantly correlated with a content of crude proteins and positive non significant correlated with crude cellulose (r=0.42 ns). Based on obtained values and by the appropriate choice of selection methods, we conclude that we have excellent genotypes, PP16, PP20, PP2 and PP9 for a successful selection process in order to obtain new high yielding varieties of Phleum pratense.

scholarly journals Digestion of timothy silage and hay in reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
R. Moen ◽  
M. A. Olsen ◽  
Ø. E. Haga ◽  
W. Sørmo ◽  
T. H. Aagnes Utsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Energy Deficiency

Leafy timothy (Phleum pratense) silage (S), silage mixed with molasses (SM) and hay (H) were fed to nine male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves in winter to investigate rumen function and digestion. Three calves were given S with 18.5% dry matter (DM), three were given SM (21.9% DM) and three were given H (85.0% DM). The content of water soluble carbohydrates (in % of DM) was 8.2% in S, 16.0% in SM and 8.5% in H. Median (range) daily DM food intake per kg BM was 12.9 (9-2-14.4) g in calves fed S, 19.0 (19-0-21.9) g in calves fed SM and 21.0 (19.2¬21.1) g in calves fed H. In vivo digestion of S and SM DM ranged from 78.5-83.1% compared to only 69-9-72.9% in calves fed H. In vitro DM digestion (IVDMD) of cellulose (median) incubated for 48 hours in rumen fluid was, however, significantly (F = 0.05) lower in calves fed S (24.4%) compared to calves fed SM (42.2%). Median IVDMD of cellulose (48 hours) in calves fed H was 36.4%. Total concentration of VFA (range) in the rumen fluid from reindeer fed H (99.7-113.6 mM) and was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to animals fed S (57.7-85.9 mM) or SM (51.4-72.0 mM). Likewise, the pH of the rumen fluid (range) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in reindeer fed H (6.40-6.78) compared to animals fed S (6.97-7.30) or SM (6.79-7.27). Based on this study it is concluded that leafy timothy preserved as hay seems to be more suitable as emergency feed compared to silage. Supplementation of molasses to silage seems to stimulate food intake and ruminal cellulose digestion in reindeer. The lower intake of S compared to SM or H by reindeer may be explained by ruminal energy deficiency.

SEED YIELD RESPONSES OF THREE GRASSES TO POST-HARVEST STUBBLE REMOVAL

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. FULKERSON
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

The effect of post-harvest stubble removal dates upon the succeeding year’s seed yield of timothy (Phleum pratense L. ’Climax’), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. ’Frode’), and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss. ’Saratoga’) was investigated over four harvest years. The stubble was removed each year on 15 Aug., 15 Sept., 15 Oct., 15 Aug. and 15 Sept., 10 Apr., or left uncut. The experiments were conducted under conditions of adequate soil fertility. No stubble removal treatments increased the seed production of timothy. Orchardgrass seed yields were increased by all fall removal treatments but responded best to the 15 Aug. removal. Bromegrass responded to all stubble removal treatments but produced its highest seed yield from the 15 Oct. treatment. Seed yields declined with successive years until year 5 when timothy, and particularly orchardgrass, produced a yield increase. The interaction for years × stubble removal dates was significant only for bromegrass seed yield. Seed yield was highly correlated with panicle number in all species, with weight of seed in 25 panicles in timothy and bromegrass, and with 200-seed weight in timothy.

The influence of an inoculant/enzyme preparation as an additive for grass silage offered in combination with three levels of concentrate supplementation on performance of lactating dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Smith ◽  
A. R. Henderson ◽  
J. D. Oldham ◽  
D. A. Whitaker ◽  
K. Aitchison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation

AbstractThree silages were prepared from the primary growth of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward (dry matter (DM) 175 g/kg; crude protein 142 g/kg DM; water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) 243 g/kg DM). Herbage was wilted for 24 h and then treated with either an inoculant/enzyme preparation (Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidilactici), formic acid applied at 4·2 lit (Add F, BP Chemicals) or no additive. Time series analysis of laboratory silages revealed that different patterns of fermentation had been achieved: formic acid treatment resulted in high levels of residual WSC and low levels of lactic acid, indicative of an inhibited fermentation, whilst treatment with the inoculant/enzyme preparation resulted in high levels of lactic acid with a low level of residual sugars, as expected with an enhanced fermentation. Analysis of the material ‘as fed’ showed that losses in the WSC content of the formic acid-treated silage had occurred in the clamp. Secondary fermentation of lactic to acetic acid was apparent in the untreated silage, but not in the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage. Digestibility, as determined using Greyface wether lambs, was marginally higher for both additive treatments when compared with the untreated silage. An evaluation of the silages for milk production was carried out at three levels of concentrate supplementation using 18 Ayrshire × British Friesian cows in a replicated 3×3 Latin-square design experiment. Treatment with formic acid resulted in significantly higher DM intakes, but this was not reflected in milk energy output. Cows offered the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage partitioned energy away from milk production toward body tissue deposition (average milk yields 19·9, 19·9 and 15·2 kg/day, and weight gain 0·26, 0·38 and 0·81 kg/day for the untreated, formic acid and inoculant/enzyme-treated silages respectively). The reason for this is not clear, but it is postulated that microbial capture of degraded nitrogen may have been impaired with the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage, resulting in an imbalance in metabolizable protein: metabolizable energy.

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