INFLUENCE OF ETHEPHON ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. WALKER
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Treatment Quality ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Quality Deterioration ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Harvesting Technique ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
Grade Index

Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) was applied to flue-cured tobacco plants subjected to variations in cultural regime and harvesting technique to determine its influence on maturation, yield and quality. The response to ethephon treatment was evident in ripe or nearly ripe leaves after 3 days. Ethephon treatment usually caused a reduction in grade index and in content of reducing sugars, but yield and content of total alkaloids were largely unaffected by such treatment. Quality deterioration of leaves from low or middle stalk positions occurred during the curing process even though such leaves were harvested prior to the color change (yellowing) indicative of treatment effect. In spite of quality deterioration from ethephon treatment, cigarettes made from treated leaves were preferable to cigarettes made from untreated leaves. The potential of ethephon treatment would appear to be greatest for leaves at upper stalk positions, which are most likely to be damaged by frost. Such leaves responded to ethephon, if ripe or nearly so, without undergoing significant quality deterioration.

L’INFLUENCE DU STADE D’ECIMAGE ET DE LA DISTANCE DE PLANTATION SUR LES CARACTERISTIQUES AGRONOMIQUES ET CHIMIQUES DU TABAC A CIGARETTE

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109-1112
Author(s):  
MICHEL LAMARRE
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Chemical Characters ◽  
Planting Distance ◽  
Grade Index

The influence of the stage of topping and the planting distance as they influenced agronomic and chemical characters during the years 1974–1976 was studied on cigarette tobacco. The plants were spaced 41, 51 and 61 cm in the row, 122 cm between rows. The tobacco was topped at the early button stage, the button stage and at 25% flowering. A planting distance of 41 cm with early topping produced the best results, taking into consideration both agronomic and chemical factors. Early topping had no significant effect on yield, grade index, maturity index and percentage of reducing sugars. Late topping reduced revenue, percentage of nicotine, total alkaloids and total nitrogen. Close planting in the row increased yield and revenue while it decreased the level of total alkaloids and total nitrogen and had no significant effect on the other parameters studied.

INFLUENCE OF TRANSPLANTING DATE ON THE AGRONOMIC, CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM A. COURT ◽  
JOHN G. HENDEL ◽  
MICHAEL R. BINNS
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Grade Index ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A field experiment was conducted from 1983 to 1987 on a Fox loamy sand soil to study the effects of transplanting date on selected agronomic, physical, and chemical characteristics of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) grown in Ontario. Tobacco plants (cv. Delgold) were transplanted at 3- to 5-d intervals commencing at approximately the middle of May and continuing for seven to nine planting dates into June. Delaying transplanting decreased yield, returns, total alkaloids, hexane extracts, lamina weight and percent lamina. Delaying transplanting also increased the chlorophyll content of the leaf but had no effect on reducing sugars, and only reduced grade index late in the planting season.Key words: Tobacco (flue-cured), transplanting date, yield, quality, tobacco chemistry

scholarly journals ''Ripening'' Tobacco with the Ethylene-Releasing Agent 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Steffens ◽  
J.G. Alphin ◽  
Z.T. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Green Colour ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Untreated Leaf

AbstractTreatment of flue-cured tobacco with the ethylene releasing agent 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) caused mature leaves to lose their green colour and turn yellow. The treated leaves appeared to go through a partial "yellowing'' or "colouring" phase prior to harvest. Treated leaves at harvest contained greater amounts of reducing sugars and lower levels of starch, relative to comparable untreated leaves. At the end of the curing process, comparisons between treated and untreated leaf showed that only small differences existed in total nitrogen, total alkaloids, starch, and reducing sugars. Statistically, protein of leaf treated with CEPA was significantly lower as compared to untreated leaf. For all yellowing times, dollar values per hundred weight of cured leaf from treated plants were higher than from untreated plants, but the average weight per leaf from treated plants was lower. During the curing process, leaf treated with CEPA can probably be subjected to shorter periods of yellowing or colouring than untreated leaf. If further work with "ripening'' chemicals such as CEPA show that they can be used to hasten yellowing or ripen tobacco successfully, as well as to reduce the time required for curing the crop, economic advantages are likely to accrue. It is to be hoped that such chemicals may help reduce the labour and investment required for crop production, and at the same time improve crop quality

Effects Attributed to Maleic Hydrazide when used for Chemical Sucker Control on Bright Tobacco

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Seltmann
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Group I ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Group Ii

AbstractThe effect of maleic hydrazide (MH) per se on bright tobacco was determined by comparing plants treated with MH to those without MH under conditions of good chemical sucker control. Sequential applications of each of five contact-type agents with MH one week later (Group I) were compared to dual applications of each of the same contact agents (Group II). In Group II suckers missed during applications were individually wetted to ensure excellent control. Sucker control was measured as 95 % for Group I and assumed to be 99 % for Group II. There were no agronomic differences between Groups I and II. In the visual warehouse appraisal, there was only a statistical difference for thin-bodied tobaccos between the two groups and a trend for slightly more heavy-bodied tobaccos in Group I. The chemical and physical analyses showed that filling value at 13 % moisture and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) measured at 60 % relative humidity were significantly lower in Group I than Group II. The result for EMC was questioned. Actual values for total alkaloids, total volatile bases minus nicotine, total ash, and alkalinity number of water-soluble ash were lower and reducing sugars were higher where MH was used. Except for EMC, the findings in this study reflected those established in studies where MH-treated and normally hand-suckered tobaccos were compared, but the differences here were generally not as great.

scholarly journals Effects of ethephon treatment at pre-harvest stage on leave color, growth time, and sesame seed yield and quality (Sesamum indicum L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Tuyen T. X Vo
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Sesame Seed ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Seed Color ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The effect of ethephon spray on leaves at pre-harvest stage to accelerate the ripening process of capsules and sesame defoliation was studied. Sesame plant was treated with ethephon at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm when the capsules on plant began to mature, the seeds turned black. The results showed that ethephon treatment caused yellowing of leaves, accelerated defoliation and the growth time of sesame plants was shortened from 5 to 6 days compared to the control sample. In addition, the ethephon concentration of 50 and 100 ppm caused yellowing of leaves with chlorophyll index measured at 3 days after treatment was 13.5 and 12.7, respectively. At ethephone concentration of 200-500 ppm caused complete yellowing and defoliation of leaves in 3 days after treatment. The leaves of control sample were still green and had chlorophyll index of 22.2. Treatment of ethephon with concentrations of 50-300 ppm did not reduce the yield and lipid content in the seeds compared to the control sample, but from 400 ppm or more caused cracking of capsules, reducing yield and lipid content in the seeds. Ethephon treatment did not affect the number of capsules/plant, number of seeds/capsule, weight of 1000 seeds, protein content and seed color.

PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK DAN ANORGANIK ZA DAN SP 36 TERHADAP HASIL DAN MUTU TEMBAKAU TEMANGGUNG PADA TANAH ANDISOL

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
DJAJADI DJAJADI ◽  
M. SHOLEH ◽  
NUNUNG SUDIBYO
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Stable Manure ◽  
Grade Index

Effect of organic (biogrcen) and inorganic fetilizers (ammonium sulphate and SP36) on the yield and quality of the temanggung tobacco in andosol soil was studied at Galapansari - Temanggung, from Februai to December 2001. The organic and inorganic fetilizers were formulated in 10 packages, namely : (1) 570 kg ammonium sulphate (AS) ♦ 100 kg SP36; (2) the recommended rate for temanggung tobacco (20 000 kg stable manure 500 kg AS + 100 kg SP36; (3) 5 000 kg organic fetilizer (OF); (4) 7 500 kg OF; (5) 8 500 kg OF; (6) 10 000 kg OF; (7) 12 500 kg OF; (8) 14 500 kg OF; (9) 7 500 kg OF + 3 500 kg sUble manure (SM); (10) 7 500 kg OF + 4 500 kg SM. All the rates of fetilizers were based on one hectare planted area (16 500 plants) The expeiment was designed as a randomized block in four replicates. Results showed that organic fertilizer waa more effective than stable manure in improving die growth, yield and quality of temanggung tobacco. A the rate of 5 000 kg was sufficient to produce high ( 6 313 kg fresh or 800 kg sliced died leaves), grade index (51.68) and crop index (55.31). Key words : Organic fetilizer, ammonium sulfate, SP36, temanggung tobacco, andisol

DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE OF TWO VARIETIES OF CIGAR TOBACCO TO VARIATIONS IN PLANT POPULATION AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-269
Author(s):  
F. H. White
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Yellow Leaf ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Grade Index ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The effect of spacing and nitrogen fertilizer levels on some agronomic, physical, and chemical characteristics of two varieties of cigar tobacco were compared over a 3-year period.At each of two nitrogen fertilizer levels, the variety Pennsylvania Broadleaf, irrespective of plant spacing, produced higher yields and returns per acre, more leaves per plant and weight per leaf, but a higher percentage of midrib and yellow trash leaf than the variety Resistant Havana 211. Although the differences between the varieties at each nitrogen level were relatively unaffected by plant spacing, the 20-in. spacing caused a decrease in yield, crop returns, and percentage of yellow leaf and an increase in weight per leaf and percentage of filler leaf from that obtained with the 16-in. spacing. An increase in nitrogen fertilizer from 24 to 60 lb per acre had little effect on Resistant Havana 211 other than to increase the weight per leaf. The additional nitrogen with Pennsylvania Broadleaf, however, increased the yield, crop returns, weight per leaf, and percentage of filler leaf. The variation in rate of nitrogen fertilizer had little effect on grade index, number of leaves per plant, and percentages of nicotine, nornicotine, and total alkaloids in both varieties.The combination of 16-in. spacing with 60 lb of nitrogen was superior to other combinations of 16- or 20-in. spacing with 24 or 60 lb of nitrogen per acre for the production of cigar filler leaf in each of two varieties.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL GRADES OF CANADIAN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Elliot ◽  
E. C. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

A study was made of the chemical composition of 21 commercial grades of Canadian flue-cured tobacco, selected from a 50-acre crop of Hicks variety in 1955. Arbitrary prices were assigned to the various grades of tobacco. Correlation coefficients between the chemical values and the assigned grade prices were calculated. Ethanol extracts, total sugars, reducing sugars, and hygroscopicity gave significant positive correlations; total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, total alkaloids, nicotine, calcium, and magnesium gave negative correlations. These coefficients indicated that quality measured by these laboratory methods conformed with leaf-graded quality. Correlation coefficients were not significant between grade quality and petroleum ether extract, sucrose, starch, ash, silica, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, sulphur, burn, or pH.

RESPONSE OF CIGAR TOBACCO TO DIFFERENT DATES OF PLANTING AND SPACING

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-308
Author(s):  
V. KOZUMPLIK ◽  
P. P. LUKOSEVICIUS
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Planting Distance ◽  
Grade Index

Response of cigar tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in morphological, agronomic and chemical characteristics to date of planting and planting distance was studied during 1971–73. A cultivar and a breeding line of cigar tobacco were transplanted outdoors on 26 May, 9 (or 12) June and 23 June. The tobacco was spaced 36, 41 and 46 cm in rows that were 97 cm apart. The best results were obtained when cigar tobacco was transplanted not later than 9 June, and the plants were spaced 41 cm in the rows that were 97 cm apart. The highest number of leaves per plant, cured-leaf yield, percentage of nicotine and total alkaloids were obtained from the tobacco transplanted on the first or second date in 3 yr. In 2 yr, the later tobacco had the tallest plants, the largest leaves, the highest percent filler leaf, grade and crop index. Earlier-transplanted tobacco was harvested earlier, although the period to flower decreased with later date of planting. On the average, the tobacco spaced 41 cm was taller and had a shorter period to flower, and higher yield and crop index than that spaced 36 cm or 46 cm. Grade index, percent filler leaf, nicotine and total alkaloids were affected significantly by the distance in 1 yr only.

Note. Physico-chemical characteristics of sucrose syrup used for the osmotic dehydration of apples (Golden delicious) / Nota. Características físico-químicas de jarabe de sacarosa empleado en la dehidratación osmótica de manzanas (Golden delicious)

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Valdez-Fragoso ◽  
J. Welti-Chanes ◽  
F. Giroux
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Osmotic Dehydration ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Water Release ◽  
Sucrose Hydrolysis ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Fruit Purée

Compositional changes of 60 °Brix sucrose syrups employed in the osmotic dehydration of apple were evaluated. Fruit blanching favored water release from fruit and lixiviation of reducing sugars and organic acids. The fruit syrup system's equilibrium was reached at 90 min for blanched fruit and at 180 min for non-blanched fruit. The evaluation of the changes in reducing sugars concentration in the syrup-apple pureé mixtures and in the syrup used for the osmotic processes, demonstrated that there was no sucrose hydrolysis. Changes in syrup electrical conductivity were closely related to the increase of solids lixiviated from fruit to syrup, different from sugars. Blanching had beneficial ef fects on syrup-fruit purée mixtures, producing an important reduction in color change; however, this was not observed in the fruit piece system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document