ULTRASTRUCTURE AND MINERAL DISTRIBUTION IN HEAT-DAMAGED RAPESEED

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. MILLS ◽  
J. CHONG
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Abnormal Protein ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Aleurone Cells

Gross morphology, ultrastructure and distribution of minerals in sound and severely heat-damaged, elevator-stored rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) were studied by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Sound seeds had surface reticulations and a thick seed coat of five layers: epidermis, palisade, crushed parenchyma, aleurone and inner crushed parenchyma. The aleurone cells in the seed coat and the embryonic cells contained many lipid droplets and protein bodies among the cytoplasmic organelles. Severely heat-damaged seeds had a more compressed, electron-dense seed coat with much surface debris which obscured the reticulations; embryonic tissues appeared distorted and shrunken. Aleurone cells in the seed coat and most embryonic cells were necrotic and had large structureless areas and abnormal protein bodies. In the coat of sound seeds, calcium, potassium, sulphur, silicon, magnesium and phosphorus were found in decreasing order of proportional amounts. In cotyledonous tissue the sequence was phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, magnesium and silicon with phosphorus in highest relative proportion. In severely heat-damaged seeds, cotyledonous protein bodies had lower proportions of phosphorus and sulphur, while the seed coat had a higher proportion of phosphorus and lower calcium when compared to sound seeds.

scholarly journals Biochemical, histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of Centrolobium robustum (Fabaceae) seeds

Hoehnea ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Alberto Pinzón-Torres ◽  
Vanessa Rebouças dos Santos ◽  
Marlene Aparecida Schiavinato ◽  
Sara Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
External Layer ◽  
Ultrastructural Characterization ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannins ◽  
Different Tissues

Centrolobium robustum seed coat is made up of an external layer of macrosclereids and an internal layer of osteosclereids, followed by a layer of dead cells. The endosperm is closely united to the seed coat and is made up of up to three layers of living cells rich in lipid and protein bodies. All the embryonic cells that form the different tissues of the cotyledons and embryonic axis, including the apical meristematic tissues, are storage tissues since they accumulate mainly lipids and proteins, in the form of lipid and protein bodies, water-soluble polysaccharides, and starch. In the seed coat, lignin, simple phenols and hydrolysable tannins were chemically detected.

Morphology and Affinities of Ampelocissites Seeds (Vitaceae: Ampelopsis clade) from the Paleogene of Texas, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-482
Author(s):  
Steven R. Manchester
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fossil Seeds ◽  
Fossil Genus

Abstract—The type material on which the fossil genus name Ampelocissites was established in 1929 has been reexamined with the aid of X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) scanning and compared with seeds of extant taxa to assess the relationships of these fossils within the grape family, Vitaceae. The specimens were collected from a sandstone of late Paleocene or early Eocene age. Although originally inferred by Berry to be intermediate in morphology between Ampelocissus and Vitis, the newly revealed details of seed morphology indicate that these seeds represent instead the Ampelopsis clade. Digital cross sections show that the seed coat maintains its thickness over the external surfaces, but diminishes quickly in the ventral infolds. This feature, along with the elliptical chalaza and lack of an apical groove, indicate that Ampelocissites lytlensis Berry probably represents Ampelopsis or Nekemias (rather than Ampelocissus or Vitis) and that the generic name Ampelocissites may be useful for fossil seeds with morphology consistent with the Ampelopsis clade that lack sufficient characters to specify placement within one of these extant genera.

Thin-section, freeze-fracture, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis studies of the protein bodies of tomato seeds

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Spitzer ◽  
John N. A. Lott
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Edx Analysis

Protein bodies of dry seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) from radicle, hypocotyl, cotyledon, and endosperm tissue were extensively studied using thin-sectioning, freeze-fracturing and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. Protein bodies varied in size, were oval to circular in section, and generally consisted of a proteinaceous matrix, globoid crystal, and protein crystalloid components. Size, shape, and arrangements of globoid crystals and protein crystalloids varied even within the same cell. Globoid crystals were generally oval to circular in section. They were always surrounded by a proteinaceous matrix. In a given protein body the number present ranged from a few to numerous. A protein body generally contained only one protein crystalloid. In section, protein crystalloids were irregular or angular in shape. They were composed of substructural particles which formed lattice planes. EDX analysis of tomato seed globoid crystals revealed the presence of P, K, and Mg in all cases, a fact that is consistent with globoid crystals being phytin-rich. Rarely, small amounts of calcium were found along with P, K, and Mg in globoid crystals of each of the tissue regions considered. The distribution pattern of cells with Ca containing globoid crystals was random. Small amounts of Fe and Mn were also found in the globoid crystals of protein bodies from certain cell types. These two elements, unlike calcium, were specific in terms of their distribution. Globoid crystals from the protodermal cells often contained Mn and Fe. The globoid crystals from provascular tissue of radicle, hypocotyl, and cotyledon regions often contained Fe while globoid crystals in the first layer of large cells surrounding these provascular areas always contained Fe. Results from EDX analysis of the proteinaceous material from the protein bodies are presented and discussed as are variations in elemental content due to different fixations.

scholarly journals Activation of rape (Brassica napus L.) embryo during seed germination. V. The first zones of ultrastructural changes and their expansion

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieczysław Karaś
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Basal Part ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Embryo Axis ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Basal Zone

In the germinating rape embryo the columella and basal part of hypocotyl undergo earliest activation. Its first ultrastructural symptom is the appearance of numerous ER vesicles after 3-6 h of seed swelling. Their number is the highest in the external layers of the columella and decreases in basipetal direction. Dermatogen cells in the basal zone of the hypocotyl contain the greatest amount of ER structures, whereas decreasing amounts are found in both directions along the embryo axis and centripetally. Further changes in the ER spread in a similar order. The vesicles merge and form a tubular and plate-like ER. Then, they disappear and are replaced by tubular and vesicular forms. The changes in the ER are gradually followed by ultrastructural symptoms of activation of mitochondria, plastids and dictyosomes. The highest number of ER structures and other organelles accumulate in root cells shortly before piercing of the seed coat. After germination their amount decreases and remains almost stable.

scholarly journals Soil Development under Continuous Agriculture at the Morrow Plots Experimental Fields from X-ray Diffraction Profile Modelling

Soil Systems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Bakker ◽  
Fabien Hubert ◽  
Michelle M. Wander ◽  
Bruno Lanson
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Profile ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Mixed Layers

Impact of continuous cropping on clay mineralogy was assessed on a collection of unfertilized soil samples from the Morrow Plots experimental fields covering 110 years of long crop rotations. Evolution of mineralogy was quantitatively determined by fitting X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns from four size fractions (50–2, 2–0.2, 0.2–0.05 and <0.05 µm) of the surface horizon (0–20 cm). The mineralogy of the three clay subfractions (2–0.2 µm, 0.2–0.05 µm and <0.05 µm) consists mainly of coexisting illite-smectite-chlorite whose compositions range from discrete illite (in the 2–0.2 µm subfraction) to discrete smectite (in the <0.05 µm subfraction). Mixed layers of similar compositions were used to fit XRD data from all clay subfractions. With decreasing size fractions, both the size of the coherent scattering domains and the proportion of illite-rich mixed layers decrease, thus accounting for the higher cation exchange measured in the <0.05 µm subfraction compared to other clay subfractions. The analysis of fine clay subfractions (<0.2 µm or lower) provided key information and constraints to a complete and accurate description of the bulk <2 µm fraction. Additional constraints derived from chemical treatments (K-saturation and heating) proved to be especially useful to propose a reliable structure model for these fine clay subfractions because of their weakly modulated diffraction signature. Mineralogy of all subfractions considered is essentially stable over the studied period (1904–2014), with the relative proportion of the different clay layer types (illite, smectite, kaolinite, chlorite) showing no significant evolution in the bulk <2 µm fraction. A century of continuous cropping thus results essentially in an increase of fine clay particles (<0.05 µm) and a decrease of the 0.2–0.05 µm subfraction, indicative of clay mineral dissolution and consistent with observed increase of cation exchange capacity with time. The relative proportion of the bulk <2 µm fraction is nearly constant over the studied period, indicative of minimal export of clay phases.

Electrospun Microbial-Encapsulated Composite-Based Plasticized Seed Coat for Rhizosphere Stabilization and Sustainable Production of Canola (Brassica napus L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (18) ◽  
pp. 5085-5095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Ali Khan ◽  
Farasat Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Raffi ◽  
Fauzia Yusuf Hafeez
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Sustainable Production ◽  
Brassica Napus L

Sulfur Content of Paper Electrophoretic Fractions In Human Serum

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 626-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Natelson ◽  
Rodney Stellate
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Abnormal Protein ◽  
Sulfur Distribution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Protein Staining

Abstract Instrumentation is described for scanning paper electrophoretic strips for the sulfur distribution of the fractionated serum proteins with the vacuum X-ray spectrometer. Paper electrophoretic patterns of serum proteins scanned by X-ray spectrometry for sulfur content of the various fractions and by protein staining are compared. For 26 blood donors, the mean percentages of sulfur found in the different fractions were: albumin, 1.64; and globulins: alpha1, 0.63; alpha2, 1.10; beta, 1.14; and gamma, 0.98. The procedure was then applied to the serum of patients with diseases of the liver and of the kidney, various types of malignancies, and other diseases. The percentage of sulfur in abnormal fractions varies widely. This permits, in some cases, detection of abnormal peaks which would otherwise be missed by protein staining alone. This technic should be of value in the identification and classification of abnormal protein fractions, when combined with studies by the ultracentrifuge and immuno-electrophoresis.

Protein bodies in Datura stramonium seeds: structure and mineral nutrient composition

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2545-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Maldonado ◽  
John N. A. Lott
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Endosperm Protein

The structure of protein bodies in the endosperm and embryo of Datura stramonium was studied with a variety of light-and electron-microscopic techniques. Protein bodies had one to several globoid crystals and one or two protein crystalloids in the proteinaceous matrix. Although the embryo protein bodies rarely had more than two globoid crystals, the endosperm protein bodies had varying sizes and numbers of globoid crystals, even within the same cell. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of globoid crystals revealed the presence of P, K, and Mg in all cases. Traces of Fe, Mn, and Zn were also found in globoid crystals of protein bodies from certain cell types. The distribution patterns of these three elements were quite specific; for example, Mn traces were found only in the globoid crystals of the protoderm. Neutron-activation analysis of endosperm and embryo tissues was used to quantitatively measure the concentration of Ca, Cl, Cu, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and S. The results from structural studies and the element analysis studies are discussed in the context of solanaceous seeds in particular but also with relation to seeds in general. Key words: protein bodies, Datura stramonium, seed, globoid crystals, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Solanaceae.

Studies of Mineral Reserves in Pea (Pisum sativum) Cotyledons Using Low-Water-Content Procedures

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
JNA Lott ◽  
DJ Goodchild ◽  
S Craig
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mineral Reserves

Most of the phytin in pea (Pisum sativum) cotyledons is water soluble. In order to determine where K and P are located it was necessary to use anhydrous or low water content tissue preparation procedures to obtain samples suitable for energy dispersive X-ray analysis studies using a transmission electron microscope. While some protein bodies do contain electron-dense globoid crystals, most do not. Globoid crystals are more prevalent in the abaxial part of the cotyledon where the provascular network is located. When present, globoid crystals contain considerable Mg, and/or Ca along with P and K. Protein bodies that lack globoid crystals still contain considerable P and K with lesser amounts of elements such as S, Cl and Mg. This is consistent with these protein bodies containing K-phytate in the proteinaceous matrix. While there is a lot of K inside the protein bodies, K is widespread in pea cotyledon tissue and could be detected in starch grains, cell walls and the cytoplasmic matrix.

Manganese and Iron in Globoid Crystals of Protein Bodies From Avena and Casuarina

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Buttrose
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Storage Protein ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Plant Seeds

The storage protein bodies of plant seeds usually contain globoid crystals with a high content of phytin, a rich store of Mg, P, K and Ca. By energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Mn and Fe have now been located in the globoid crystals of protein bodies in the seed embryos of Avena sativa and Casuarina species. Their levels in sections of globoids, relative to the levels of the major elements present, is consistent with their relative levels stored in whole seeds of various species as determined by chemical analysis.

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