SELECTIVE CONTROL OF WILD OATS IN BARLEY WITH AC 84777

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. FRIESEN ◽  
O. B. LITWIN
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Stem Apex ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Eventual Death

A series of field plot experiments showed that AC 84777 (1,2 dimethyl-3, 5-diphenylpyrazolium methyl sulfate) as a postemergence herbicide provided selective control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) equal to or better than barban over a growth period of the weed extending from the 3-leaf to the 5-leaf stage. Barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) must be applied at the 2-leaf stage of the wild oats to achieve effective control of the weed. AC 84777 increased in efficacy as the wild oats advanced from the 3- to the 5-leaf stage. Spot applications of AC 84777-C14 showed that the C14 label entered the leaf of wild oats or barley and moved quickly in an acropetal direction. It had concentrated in the leaf area above the point of application in a space of 30 min. Spot applications of AC 84777 made at the mid-point of the first through to the fourth leaf of wild oats resulted in necrosis of the leaf area above the point of application. Application at or below the meristematic area of the stem apex also resulted in rapid upward movement of the herbicide in both wild oats and barley but caused necrosis and death of the stem apex and eventual death of only the wild oats. Histological studies of the shoot apices of these wild oats plants showed extensive chromosome clumping, shrinking and necrosis of the cells. A wild oats plant that only had the mid-point of one of its leaves treated had a histologically normal shoot apex.

HOE 23408, A NEW SELECTIVE HERBICIDE FOR WILD OATS AND GREEN FOXTAIL IN WHEAT AND BARLEY

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. FRIESEN ◽  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail

A series of field, growth chamber, and laboratory experiments showed that HOE 23408 [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy propionic acid methyl ester] as a post-emergence herbicide provided selective control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and green foxtail (Seteria viridis L. Beauv.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) equal to or better than barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) over a growth period extending from the 2- to 5-leaf stages in both weed species. Wheat was highly tolerant to HOE 23408 at all growth stages, while with barley there was some leaf mottling and suppression of both shoot and root development. The 6-row cultivars Gait, Bonanza and Conquest largely recovered from the effects, but the 2-row cultivar Betzes suffered significant yield reduction. HOE 23408 moved mainly in an acropetal direction when applied to different parts of the wild oats plant. Application made on or below the meristematic area of the stem apex caused necrosis and eventual death of the entire plant. Phytotoxicity following soil application was markedly less than with foliar application. Indications were that it was also more phytotoxic to the emerging weeds via shoot than via root contact. Although HOE 23408 is relatively insoluble in water, it leached to a limited extent in soils.

INFLUENCE OF STAGE OF APPLICATION OF GLYPHOSATE AND PARAQUAT WITH AND WITHOUT TWEEN 20 ON THE CONTROL OF ANNUAL GRASS SPECIES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
J. T. O’DONOVAN ◽  
G. M. WEISS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Confidence Bands ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats

Experiments were conducted in the field at Lacombe in 1980 and 1981 to determine the influence of leaf stage at application (one to six-leaf) on the effectiveness of glyphosate at 0.21 kg/ha and paraquat at 0.28 kg/ha with or without Tween 20 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween is a trademark of ICI Amercas Inc.) for control of three annual grass species. Visual estimates of percent control were taken 3 wk after the last herbicide application. Curvilinear regression analysis of the data using linear plus quadratic effects produced a significant fit (P < 0.01) for determining percent control for a given leaf stage. Ninety percent control was selected as the minimum acceptable level, and the most restrictive leaf stage of application ranges to achieve this level of control over both years were determined. For glyphosate the ranges were 1 to >6-leaf for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 3 to >6-leaf for wild oats (Avena fatua L.). For glyphosate plus Tween 20, the ranges were 1 to >6-leaf for barley and wheat and 2 to >6-leaf for wild oats. For paraquat, the leaf stage ranges were 2 to 4.5-leaf for barley and wheat, and 2 to 5-leaf for oats (Avena sativa L.). For paraquat plus Tween 20, the ranges for barley, wheat and oats were 2- to 5-leaf, 2- to 4.5-leaf and 1.5- to 4.5-leaf, respectively. The data are presented so that any acceptable level of control may be selected, confidence bands [Formula: see text] may be included and the leaf stage range to obtain the selected level of control may be determined.Key words: Glyphosate, paraquat, surfactant, leaf stage, zero tillage

CONTROL OF GREEN FOXTAIL IN CEREALS WITH AC 206,784, ALONE AND IN MIXTURES WITH TRIALLATE FOR WILD OATS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1001
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
P. N. P. CHOW ◽  
J. H. HUNTER ◽  
K. J. KIRKLAND
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Green Foxtail

Control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) with AC 206,784 (2-chloro-N-isopropyl-2′,3′-acetoxylidide) was evaluated at four locations in western Canada. With soil applications, control was good at Lacombe in 1978 but poor at Lacombe and Regina during 1979. Control was good at Brandon and Scott in 1979. At two locations in 1979, soil surface (PE) applications were less effective for control of green foxtail than preplant-incorporated (PPI) treatments. PPI treatments to a depth of 5 cm were more effective than PPI to 10 cm. Soil applications of AC 206,784 did not control wild oats (Avena fatua L.) or injure wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions but did provide suppression of these species under greenhouse conditions. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tolerance to AC 206,784 was good. Treating the soil zone containing the emerging coleoptiles of green foxtail and wheat caused more injury that treating the root zone. Application of AC 206,784 as a tank-mixture with triallate did not affect its activity on green foxtail or influence triallate activity on wild oats. In field and greenhouse experiments, control of green foxtail with AC 206,784 applied at the two-leaf stage was variable; at the four-leaf stage it was poor.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAF STAGES OF CEREAL CROPS OR GRASSY WEEDS AND DAYS FROM SEEDING

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1263-1267
Author(s):  
D.A. DEW
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Stage Development

Rate of leaf development was studied on three spring cereals and two grassy weeds for 4 yr. Plots were seeded on two dates in each of 3 yr and on only one in the fourth year. Leaf stage development was determined three times a week from emergence to flag leaf stage. The time to advance from one leaf stage to the next was found to be: 6.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.8 and 5.7 days, respectively, for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), wild oats (Avena fatua L.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). Time from seeding to emergence was found to be reasonably consistent within species and an estimate is given for the number of days from seeding when the spring cereals can be expected to reach a given leaf stage.

scholarly journals Control of Volunteer Glyphosate-Resistant Canola in Glyphosate-Resistant Sugar Beet

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipan Kumar ◽  
Prashant Jha
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Beet Root ◽  
Control Volunteer ◽  
Sugar Beet Root ◽  
Herbicide Programs

Occurrence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) canola volunteers in GR sugar beet is a management concern for growers in the Northern Great Plains. Field experiments were conducted at the Southern Agricultural Research Center near Huntley, MT, in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate effective herbicide programs to control volunteer GR canola in GR sugar beet. Single POST application of triflusulfuron methyl alone at the two-leaf stage of sugar beet was more effective at 35 compared with 17.5 g ai ha−1. However, rate differences were not evident when triflusulfuron methyl was applied as a sequential POST (two-leaf followed by [fb] six-leaf stage of sugar beet) program (17.5 fb 17.5 or 35 fb 35 g ha−1). Volunteer GR canola plants in the sequential POST triflusulfuron methyl–containing treatments produced little biomass (11 to 15% of nontreated plots) but a significant amount of seeds (160 to 661 seeds m−2). Ethofumesate (4,200 g ai ha−1) PRE followed by sequential POST triflusulfuron methyl (17.5 or 35 g ha−1) provided effective control (94 to 98% at 30 d after treatment [DAT]), biomass reduction (97%), and seed prevention of volunteer GR canola. There was no additional advantage of adding either desmedipham + phenmedipham + ethofumesate premix (44.7 g ha−1) or ethofumesate (140 g ha−1) to the sequential POST triflusulfuron methyl–only treatments. The sequential POST ethofumesate-only (140 fb 140 g ha−1) treatment provided poor volunteer GR canola control at 30 DAT, and the noncontrolled plants produced 6,361 seeds m−2, which was comparable to the nontreated control (7,593 seeds m−2). Sequential POST triflusulfuron methyl–containing treatments reduced GR sugar beet root and sucrose yields to 18 and 20%, respectively. Consistent with GR canola control, sugar beet root and sucrose yields were highest (95 and 91% of hand-weeded plots, respectively) when the sequential POST triflusulfuron methyl–containing treatments were preceded by ethofumesate (4,200 g ha−1) PRE. Growers should utilize these effective herbicide programs to control volunteer GR canola in GR sugar beet. Because of high canola seed production potential, as evident from this research, control efforts should be aimed at preventing seed bank replenishment of the GR canola volunteers.

scholarly journals Nitrogen for growth of stock plants and production of strawberry runner tips

Bragantia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djeimi Isabel Janisch ◽  
Jerônimo Luiz Andriolo ◽  
Vinícius Toso ◽  
Kamila Gabriele Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Jéssica Maronez de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Camino Real ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Crown Roots

The objective of this research was to determine growth and dry matter partitioning among organs of strawberry stock plants under five Nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution and its effects on emission and growth of runner tips. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, from September 2010 to March 2011, in a soilless system with Oso Grande and Camino Real cultivars. Nitrogen concentrations of 5.12, 7.6, 10.12 (control), 12.62 and 15.12 mmol L-1 in the nutrient solution were studied in a 5x2 factorial randomised experimental design. All runner tips bearing at least one expanded leaf (patent requested) were collected weekly and counted during the growth period. The number of leaves, dry matter (DM) of leaves, crown and root, specific leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) was determined at the final harvest. Increasing N concentration in the nutrient solution from 5.12 to 15.12 mmol L-1 reduces growth of crown, roots and LAI of strawberry stock plants but did not affect emission and growth of runner tips. It was concluded that for the commercial production of plug plants the optimal nitrogen concentration in the nutrient solution should be 5.12 mmol L-1.

scholarly journals Correlations between the Growth Period and Fresh Weight of Seed Sprouts and Pixel Counts of Leaf Area

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daesik Son ◽  
Soo Hyun Park ◽  
Soo Chung ◽  
Eun Seong Jeong ◽  
Seongmin Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fresh Weight

scholarly journals Análisis de crecimiento de tres especies de Caesalpinia (Leguminosae) de la selva baja caducifolia de Chamela, Jalisco

2017 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Rincón ◽  
Pilar Huante ◽  
Mariana Álvarez-Añorve
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Tropical Deciduous Forest ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Location Patterns ◽  
Net Assimilation

The objective of this study is to assess the biomass allocation pattern s and growth characteristics of three species of Caesalpinia (Leguminosae) from the highly diverse and seasonal Chamela tropical deciduous forest , where the plant growth period is restricted to the rainy season. The studied species, although they are phylogenetically related, presented different biomass al location patterns and RGR during growth, in order to carry out a differential exploitation of resources and to promote their coexistence. There were differences in relative growth rate (RGR), root to shoot ratio (R/ S), net assimilation rate (E), biomass allocation patterns and total biomass and leaf area attained among the studied species. Caesalpinia eriostachys and C. platyloba showed similar growth patterns between them but contrasting with those of C. sclerocarpa. This suggests a temporal uncuopling of their maximum resource demand. RGR was determined to a greater extent by parameters related with E than by parameters related with the specific leaf area (SLA).

Temperature and leaf area expansion of sugarcane: integration of controlled-environment, field and model studies

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Robertson ◽  
Graham D. Bonnett ◽  
R. Michael Hughes ◽  
Russell C. Muchow ◽  
James A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Leaf Position ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Canopy development is an important determinant of crop radiation interception, and in the absence of stress is mainly driven by temperature. The responses to temperature of the component processes of canopy dynamics in sugarcane: leaf appearance, leaf size, tillering, and leaf senescence, were analysed for the commercial Australian cultivar, Q117. Data were derived under optimal growth conditions from controlled environments, and from irrigated field studies in subtropical and tropical locations. Regression of number of fully-expanded leaves in field-grown plants against cumulative thermal time revealed that the thermal time between the appearance of successive leaves increased as a function of leaf number, such that leaf 1 required 86˚Cd and leaf 40 required 160˚Cd. At any moment, on average there were 3.7 leaves still expanding on the stalks. Functions describing leaf appearance gave acceptable prediction of the time course of leaf appearance taken from independent datasets of field-grown plant and ratoon crops. Leaf size increased with leaf position, with the largest leaves observed at approximately leaf 17 and above. Combining functions describing leaf appearance and leaf size as a function of leaf position allowed estimation of leaf area index (LAI) of main stems in plant and ratoon crops in subtropical and tropical environments. Tiller LAI, derived by difference, accounted for 60–90% of total LAI at the 5- leaf stage, declining to 20–50% at the 15-leaf stage. Plant and ratoon crops were similar in terms of the amount and proportion of tiller LAI. Combining data from all field studies indicated under potential growth conditions, leaf senescence was closely related to leaf production. The functions derived in this study give a basis for simulating canopy dynamics under potential growth conditions in sugarcane, though the extent of genotypic variation for the key parameters and their modification by stress remains to be assessed.

Crop Planting Pattern Effects on Early Growth and Canopy Shape of Cultivated and Wild Oats (Avena fatua)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie E. Regnier ◽  
Kufimfutu B. Bakelana
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Canopy Area ◽  
Crop Planting

Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of cultivated oats planting pattern on early canopy shape and growth of cultivated oats and wild oats, in part to test the assumption of radial plant canopy expansion on which previous theoretical models of crop-weed interference models have been based. Cultivated oats density was kept constant as the pattern rectangularity was varied, and single wild oats plants were centered within each pattern. Individual plant canopies, photographed from above 31 days after emergence (DAE), were radial for wild oats in all crop planting patterns and for cultivated oats planted in triangular and square planting patterns. Canopy radius perpendicular to the crop row axis in rectangular patterns was similar to canopy radius along the same cardinal axis in equidistant patterns, but was reduced along the crop row axis, resulting in a rectangular canopy shape and decreased canopy area in rectangular compared to equidistant patterns. Cultivated oats dry weight and leaf area at crop flowering (64 DAE) also decreased with increasing rectangularity of crop planting pattern. Reductions in cultivated oats growth in rectangular patterns were associated with earlier intraspecific interference and delayed crop canopy closure in rectangular compared to equidistant patterns. Wild oats leaf area and tiller number 64 DAE decreased with more equidistant crop planting patterns, consistent with reduced canopy area 31 DAE and earlier crop canopy closure in equidistant patterns. The data suggest that individual oats canopy expansion during early growth is essentially radial and also support previous theoretical predictions of crop planting pattern effects on weed suppression.

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