EMERGENCE, SEEDLING GROWTH, AND YIELD OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AND OTHER GRASSES AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL TEMPERATURE AND FERTILITY

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 795-800
Author(s):  
T. LAWRENCE ◽  
M. R. KILCHER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Plant Yields

Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) was compared to Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum Host.), and intermediate wheat-grass (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.) when seeded in soils maintained at 10, 15, and 20 C and fertilized at various rates of N and P. Emergence, rate of development, and young plant yields were measured. Altai wild ryegrass emergence was retarded by cold soil more so than that of the other grasses. Its response to warmer soil was proportionately greater than that of other grasses. Like Russian wild ryegrass, Altai wild ryegrass showed little response to N fertilizers when grown in cold soils, except when P was added.

EMERGENCE OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AND OTHER GRASSES AS INFLUENCED BY DEPTH OF SEEDING AND SOIL TYPE

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. KILCHER ◽  
T. LAWRENCE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass

Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum (Host.) P.B.], and Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.) were seeded at depths of 3, 5, 7 and 9 cm in clay, clay loam, loam and loamy sand. Basically, the species reacted similarly within or between soil types, although top growth of all species was slower in the saline clay. Emergence of Altai wild ryegrass compared with that of other species when shallow-seeded, but exceeded that of all other species when deep-seeded. Emergence of Altai wild ryegrass from 9 cm was half that from the shallow depths, while the other species did not emerge at all from this depth. Its most important establishment attribute was its tolerance to deep seeding in a range of soil types.

scholarly journals Effect of Plastic Mulch Type and Insecticide on Incidence of Tomato Spotted Wilt, Plant Growth, and Yield of Tomato

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 861-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Andersen ◽  
Stephen M. Olson ◽  
M. Timur Momol ◽  
Joshua H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
The Impact

Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) is caused by a Tospovirus [tomato spotted wilt virus (TSVW)] and is vectored by thrips. TSW is a major impediment to tomato production worldwide and has been identified as the most significant limitation in the southeastern United States. The objectives of this study were to quantify the impact of polyethylene mulch type (black, metalized, Heat stripe, and Sonoco printed) and insecticide (alternating applications of spinosad and methamidophos) on midafternoon soil temperature under the mulch, reflected photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), vegetative growth, flower number, incidence of TSW, yield, and fruit quality of ‘FL-47’ tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Midafternoon soil temperature during April and May (10-cm depth) averaged 2 to 4 °C higher under black mulch compared with the other mulches. The reflectance of PPF was highest for metalized mulch (up to two-thirds of PPF in full sunlight) followed by Heat stripe, Sonoco printed, and black mulch. In the presence of a full plant canopy, PPF reflectance was greatly reduced. The incidence of TSW [as determined visually and confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)] was very high in 2002 and relatively low in 2003. Stem weight was significantly reduced in the black mulch treatment; however, plant height, leaf weight, or total numbers of flowers were not influenced by mulch type. For both years, the incidence of TSW on black mulch was significantly greater than that of the other mulch treatments for most sampling dates. The application of insecticides reduced percentage TSW on the last two sampling dates in both years. In 2002, but not 2003, yield per hectare was affected by mulch type. In both years, mulch type did not influence yield per plant and percentage marketable fruit, and insecticide applications increased yield per hectare, yield per plant, and percentage marketable fruit.

SALINITY TOLERANCE OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AND OTHER FORAGE GRASSES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. McELGUNN ◽  
T. LAWRENCE
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass ◽  
Canary Grass ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Slender Wheatgrass ◽  
Emergence Phase ◽  
Better Than

Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) was compared with tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum (Host.) Beauv.), slender wheatgrass (A. trachycaulum (Link) Malte), Russian wild ryegrass (E. junceus Fisch.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) for salinity tolerance under growth room conditions. Percent emergence, herbage, and root yield were assessed in soils of varying salinity (conductivities of 4–40 mmhos/cm). Emergence of Altai wild ryegrass compared favorably with Russian wild ryegrass and bromegrass but they were inferior to tall wheatgrass at high levels of salinity. Root yield of Altai wild ryegrass was greater than that of the other grasses at all levels of salinity. At low levels of salinity (conductivities of 6–14 mmhos/cm) root yield of Altai wild ryegrass exceeded that on the low saline check soil. Using herbage yield as the criterion, tall wheatgrass and Altai wild ryegrass tolerated salinity better than the other grasses. The germination–emergence phase of establishment was the most sensitive to salinity.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of semi-dwarf and tall varieties of winter wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pearman ◽  
S. M. Thomas ◽  
G. N. Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Dwarf Variety

SummaryEight amounts of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 210 kg N/ha were applied to two tall and one semi-dwarf variety of winter wheat in the spring of 1975 and 1976. The tall varieties were Cappelle-Desprez and Maris Huntsman; the semi-dwarf variety was Maris Fundin in 1975 and Hobbit in 1976. Interactions between varieties and nitrogen were few and small compared with the main effects. All varieties produced their maximum grain yields with 180 kg N/ha. The yield of the semi-dwarf varieties, but not the others, decreased slightly with more nitrogen.Cappelle-Desprez yielded less grain than the other varieties in both years. In 1975 the yields of Maris Fundin and Maris Huntsman were similar and in 1976 Hobbit yielded more than Maris Huntsman. The varieties had similar numbers of ears at maturity and similar patterns of tillering. The semi-dwarf varieties had most grains per spikelet, and hence grains per ear, and Cappelle-Desprez had least. The semi-dwarf varieties had the smallest grains. The semi-dwarf varieties had less straw than the other varieties and hence the largest ratios of grain to total above-ground dry weight. The decrease in dry weight of stem and leaves between anthesis and maturity was similar for all varieties. In 1975 the efficiency of the top two leaves plus top internode in producing grain was the same for all varieties, but in 1976 Hobbit was more efficient than the other two. There were some small differences between varieties in nutrient uptake that were not related to differences in growth. Maris Fundin tended to have a greater phosphorus and potassium content than the tall varieties. Hobbit contained slightly less nitrogen than the tall varieties at maturity, and had a smaller concentration of nitrogen in the grain.Applying 210 kg N/ha doubled grain yield in 1975. Applying nitrogen resulted in a largeincrease in number of ears and a small increase in number of grains per ear due to the development of more fertile spikelets per ear. Nitrogen decreased dry weight per grain, especially of the semi-dwarf varieties. With extra nitrogen, straw dry weight at maturity, shoot dry weight atanthesis and leaf area were all increased relatively more than grain yield, and stems lost moredry weight between anthesis and maturity than without nitrogen. The year 1976 was exceptionallydry and nitrogen had only small effects in that it affected neither straw dry weight nor numberof ears but slightly increased grain yield by increasing the number of spikelets and number of grains per spikelet. It also increased leaf area proportionately to grain yield. In 1975 nitrogen increased evaporation of water from the crop before anthesis but decreased it after anthesis, even though it continued to increase the extraction of water from below 90 cm.

The apparent behaviour of maize and sorghum stomata during and after drought

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
The Other ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Normal Behaviour ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Grain Crop

Maize stomata are shown to be markedly affected by severe drought lasting about a week or more, in that they do not recover their apparent pattern of normal behaviour after the water supply to the plant is restored, although the leaves regain their turgidity and seem normal. On the other hand, sorghum stomata recover well from severe drought lasting 14 days and their recovery follows fairly closely behind the restoration of turgidity to the leaves. It is suggested that this difference in ability of stomata to recover from severe drought in some measure accounts for the superiority of sorghum as a grain crop in dry regions.Severe drought in maize is shown to be less damaging to the young plant than to the old, because the stomata of the unopened leaves behave normally when unfolded after the drought is broken.

Effect of Eight Tillage‐Planting Systems on Soil Temperature, Percent Stand, Plant Growth, and Yield of Corn on Five Indiana Soils 1

1973 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Griffith ◽  
J. V. Mannering ◽  
H. M. Galloway ◽  
S. D. Parsons ◽  
C. B. Richey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Growth And Yield

scholarly journals Influence of Bio Fertilizer on Growth and Yield Parameters of Tomato Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Keyword(s):  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Powder Form ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Fruit Powder

Tomato is a major food that has many benefits to human health. The risk of getting disorders such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes can be reduced by consuming tomato. The aim of this study is to measure the nutritional properties of tomato plants using various cultivation methods. On the other hand, this is also comparing which type of fertilizer, either chemical fertilizer or natural fertilizer, is producing better results in planting tomato. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) is isolated from the rhizosphere soil using the Pikovskaya medium and Modified Aleksandrow medium. Instead of chemical fertilizer, the efficiency of phosphate solubilize will be evaluated in the presence of eggshells and bones. This study starts with the collection of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil for tomato planting. The land of cultivation for planting well estimated for the growth of tomato. For further investigation, the leaves and fruits obtained from the tomato plants will be dried and ground into powder form. The leaf is used for the estimation of chlorophyll. In contrast, the fruit powder is used for the analysis of antioxidant activity. The result showed that the growth and yield parameters of the plant increases with natural fertilizer compare to chemical fertilizer. This can be concluded that natural fertilizers are more preferable in the agriculture industry as they are environmentally friendly, which does not produce side effects in either the soils or the crops.

scholarly journals Dwarfing effect of interstems on growth and yield components of mango

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-508
Author(s):  
Agripino Pérez ◽  
Arturo Cedeño-Maldonado ◽  
Ismael Reyes-Soto ◽  
Justo López
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Yield Efficiency

Studies were conducted at the Fortuna Substation for 10 years to determine the effect of 5 interstems on growth and yield components of 2 commercial mango varieties. The interstems did not significantly affect the rootstock diameter when Edward variety was the scion; however, they did with Palmer variety as scion at the 3- and 6-year stages only, Irwin interstem diameter at the 3-year stage for Edward and Palmer, and at the 6- and 9-year stages for Edward, was significantly thicker than that of the other interstems. Edward on Manzano Tetenené had the thinnest interstems. In the two varieties studied, the scion diameter was scarcely affected by the interstems at 3, 6 and 9 years after transplanting. Edward and Palmer grafted on Irwin as interstems had significantly lower scion/interstem ratios. The opposite was true when these varieties were grafted on Julie. Three years after planting, the smallest trees were those of Edward and Palmer grafted on Malda; 6 and 9 years after planting, those of Edward grafted on Malda and Manzano Tetenené. Yield efficiency decreased significantly with tree age and size. Thus, there was a negative correlation between these parameters. Edward produced significantly more fruits than Palmer at the 3-year-old stage. Edward as interstem grafted on Eldon produced significantly more fruits at the 3-, 6- and 9-year stages than when grafted on the other interstems. Palmer grafted on Eldon was significantly more precocious than when grafted on the other interstems. Malda and Manzano Tetenené as interstems significantly reduced tree size of Edward; Julie as interstem reduced the size of Palmer.

scholarly journals Time of introducing component crop influences productivity of intercropping system

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-25
Author(s):  
M. O. Iwuagwu ◽  
D. A. Okpara ◽  
C. O. Muoneke
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
Horticultural Research

Field experiment was conducted at National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Mbato Sub-station, Okigwe, Imo State, South-eastern Nigeria in the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons to establish the most appropriate time to introduce component crops in cocoyam/cowpea mixture. Five different planting schemes (two and four weeks before, two and four weeks after and same day) and two cowpea genotypes (climbing Akidienu and erect IT97K-499-35) were used. The component crops were grown in monocultures to assess the productivity of the systems. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design with three replicates. Growth and yield of cocoyam and the cowpea genotypes increased significantly (P<0.05) when either of the component crops was planted earlier than the other. Intercropping reduced significantly (P<0.05) cocoyam yield by 0.7 − 74% in IT97K-499-35 and 22 − 80% in Akidienu. Sowing the cowpea genotypes the same day or before cocoyam resulted in over-yielding of cowpea, whereas sowing Akidienu and IT97K-499-35 after cocoyam caused pod yield reductions of 64% − 73% and 32% − 59% on average, respectively. Cocoyam planted two weeks before IT97K-499-35 produced more satisfactory yields of the intercrops than the other planting schedules with LER, LEC and ATER of 2.15, 1.03 and 1.57, respectively.

Diurnal Variations in Soil Temperature under Tea Plants

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Othieno
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Tea Plants

SUMMARYDiurnal variations in soil temperature were measured under tea plants with different kinds of mulches. During the early years after planting temperatures differed, depending on the type of mulch and its heat absorptivity. Black plastic and stone chippings showed the greatest diurnal variations, but the variations disappeared in all treatments when there was a ≥ 60% canopy. Tea plants themselves modify soil temperatures, which could affect growth and yield in places where soil temperatures are generally lower.

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