EMERGENCE OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AND OTHER GRASSES AS INFLUENCED BY DEPTH OF SEEDING AND SOIL TYPE

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. KILCHER ◽  
T. LAWRENCE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass

Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum (Host.) P.B.], and Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.) were seeded at depths of 3, 5, 7 and 9 cm in clay, clay loam, loam and loamy sand. Basically, the species reacted similarly within or between soil types, although top growth of all species was slower in the saline clay. Emergence of Altai wild ryegrass compared with that of other species when shallow-seeded, but exceeded that of all other species when deep-seeded. Emergence of Altai wild ryegrass from 9 cm was half that from the shallow depths, while the other species did not emerge at all from this depth. Its most important establishment attribute was its tolerance to deep seeding in a range of soil types.

EMERGENCE, SEEDLING GROWTH, AND YIELD OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AND OTHER GRASSES AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL TEMPERATURE AND FERTILITY

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 795-800
Author(s):  
T. LAWRENCE ◽  
M. R. KILCHER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Plant Yields

Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) was compared to Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum Host.), and intermediate wheat-grass (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.) when seeded in soils maintained at 10, 15, and 20 C and fertilized at various rates of N and P. Emergence, rate of development, and young plant yields were measured. Altai wild ryegrass emergence was retarded by cold soil more so than that of the other grasses. Its response to warmer soil was proportionately greater than that of other grasses. Like Russian wild ryegrass, Altai wild ryegrass showed little response to N fertilizers when grown in cold soils, except when P was added.

scholarly journals Clay-illuvial soils in the Polish and international soil classifications

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Kabała ◽  
Elżbieta Musztyfaga
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
History Of

AbstractSoil with a clay-illuvial subsurface horizon are the most widespread soil type in Poland and significantly differ in morphology and properties developed under variable environmental conditions. Despite the long history of investigations, the rules of classification and cartography of clay-illuvial soils have been permanently discussed and modified. The distinction of clay-illuvial soils into three soil types, introduced to the Polish soil classification in 2011, has been criticized as excessively extended, non-coherent with the other parts and rules of the classification, hard to introduce in soil cartography and poorly correlated with the international soil classifications. One type of clay-illuvial soils (“gleby płowe”) was justified and recommended to reintroduce in soil classification in Poland, as well as 10 soil subtypes listed in a hierarchical order. The subtypes may be combined if the soil has diagnostic features of more than one soil subtypes. Clear rules of soil name generalization (reduction of subtype number for one soil) were suggested for soil cartography on various scales. One of the most important among the distinguished soil sub-types are the “eroded” or “truncated” clay-illuvial soils.

scholarly journals Water Loss of Nerium oleander Planted in Two Soil types Under Two Irrigation Regimes

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 838E-838
Author(s):  
N.K. Lownds ◽  
W.A. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Plant Water Use

Water loss of Nerium oleander growing in two soil types was determined from mid-June through mid-October. Plants (1 year old, 3.8 liter) were obtained from a local nursery and transplanted in May into 18.9-liter Iysimeter pots containing either clay loam or bluepoint sand. Controls were lysimeter pots containing each soil type but without plants. Irrigation was applied at two rates, approximately field (pot) capacity and 50% of that amount. Irrigation frequency was determined by visual inspection of the plants and was held constant for both irrigation rates in a given soil type. Frequency ranged from 2 to 3 days for the sand and 2 to 5 days for the clay loam. Water loss was determined every 24 h. Plant water loss was higher at the higher irrigation rate. Decreasing irrigation rate by 50% resulted in a 20% to 40% reduction in plant water use in clay loam and a 15% to 30% reduction in sand without affecting plant quality. Plant water loss in the sandy soil was ≈50% greater than in clay loam 48 h after irrigation. Implications of these findings in developing an optimum irrigation model for landscape plants will be considered.

The cage method of sampling to assess herbage mass and herbage consumed on annual rangeland vegetation

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
BB Zahran ◽  
AM Holm ◽  
WR Stern ◽  
WA Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Stocking Rates

The cage method of sampling vegetation was used to estimate herbage mass and herbage consumed by sheep, grazing a pasture dominated by annual species, near Camawon, Western Australia. Using paired quadrats (2m x lm), one caged and the other open, herbage mass and herbage consumed were measured at five stocking rates on two soil types, on eight occasions between December 1983 and January 1985. The data were highly variable; nevertheless, some effects of season, soil type and stocking rate could be observed. The results showed clear seasonal trends. Some soil type x stocking rate interactions were detected during the dry periods of the year when herbage mass was low. Generally, the cage method tended to over-estimate herbage consuped. Sheep consumed approximately 119 to 116 of the available herbage at low and high stocking rates respectively when feed was plentiful; when feed was in short supply the corresponding figures were approximately 113 and 1/2. The limitations of the method are discussed and some suggestions made concerning its applicability in rangeland studies.

Naked oat response to soil type and herbicides applied at two growing stages

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
N Lanoïe ◽  
A Vanasse ◽  
J Collin ◽  
J Frégeau-Reid ◽  
D Pageau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Tribenuron Methyl

Naked oat (Avena sativa L.) harvested in the province of Quebec, Canada, develops on average 10% covered grains and sometimes more. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil type, herbicides and their application stages on the proportion of covered grains in naked oat genotypes. Three genotypes were evaluated over 2 yr at two experimental sites. At each site, trials were seeded on two different soil types and each entry was treated with one of three types of herbicides: bromoxynil/MCPA, dicamba/MCPA and thifensulfuron methyl/tribenuron methyl, and compared with a weed-free check. The herbicides were applied at Zadoks 12-13 and 22-23. Results showed that dicamba/MCPA herbicide, applied at Zadoks 12-13, increased covered grains compared with the weed-free check and more covered grains were produced with the application made at Zadoks 22-23. However, differences in genotype reactions were observed. Few differences were found among the other weed control treatments. The application of dicamba/MCPA at Zadoks 22-23 decreased yield and test weight, but increased kernel weight. The other weed control treatments had no effect on agronomic characteristics.Key words: Avena sativa, herbicide, dicamba/MCPA, soil type, covered grains

scholarly journals Comparison Study between the Field Performance of a Movable Boards and Conventional Ditch Openers in Cultivated and Uncultivated Soils, Part 3: The Specific Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Shaker H. Aday ◽  
Yarub Al-muthafar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Optimum Performance ◽  
Cultivated Soil ◽  
Uncultivated Soil ◽  
Soil Cd

The field performance of movable boards ditch opener (MB) and conventional ditch opener (CD) was contrasted by using a specific resistance to determine  the  optimum  performance  of  either   one   of   them.   The   comparison was conducted using three operating  depths  (30,  40  and  50cm),  three  angles  between  the  boards  of  MB  (45,  60  and  750),  one  angle  for  CD  (650)  because  its boards were fixed, three wings width  of  the  foot  of  MB  whereas,  for  CD,  one  share width  (35cm)  and  two  soil  types  (cultivated  and  uncultivated).  CD  could  not penetrate the  uncultivated  soil  more  than  25cm  so  that  there  was  one  operating  depth.  The  results  of  the  experiments  showed  that  SR  for  MB  decreased as the operating depth,  the  angle  between  the  boards  and  the  width  of the wings of the foot  in  both  soil  types  were  increased.  Specific  resistance  (SR)  for  CD  also  decreased  as  the  operating  depth  increased  in  the  cultivated  soil,    but  in  the  uncultivated  soil,  CD  could  not  penetrate  the  soil  more  than  25cm.  SR for MB was  lower  than  that  for  CD  for  all  operating  depths,  the  angle  between the boards,  the width of the wings of the foot in both soil types. SR for         MB and CD  in  the  cultivated  soil  was  low  compared  to  uncultivated  soil.  The  soil  type  decreased  SR  for  MB  more  than  the  operating  depth,  the  angle   between its boards and the width of  its  wings.  On  the  other  hand,  the  angle  between its boards reduced  SR  more  than  the  width  of  the  wings  and  the  operating depth. MB surpassed CD in giving lower SR and that means the field performance of MB was higher than that for CD.

Fertility studies in relation to soil type

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
F. W. Calder ◽  
L. B. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Basic Reason ◽  
Fertility Treatments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Year

SummaryThree soil types – Pugwash sandy clay loam, Woodburn gravelly loam and Kirkhill silt loam – were compared by response to fertility treatments over two cycles of a 4-year rotation of 1 -year oats (AvenasativaL.) and 3 years of a grass-legume mixture for hay production. A rotation was started each year on a new section of the experimental site during the first rotation so that all crops were being grown in any one year. Treatments were: N; 0, 56, 112 kg/ha for the first rotation, 0, 168 and 336 kg/ha for the second rotation; P2O5; 0, 84, 168 kg/ha, first rotation, 0, 252 and 504 kg/ha, second rotation; K2O; 0, 67, 134 kg/ha, first rotation, 0, 252 and 504 kg/ha, second rotation. Manure was applied at 0 and 22 t/ha. There was a significant difference in yield for the three soil types for first-, second- and third-year hay crops. Manure increased yield of all hay crops on all three soils, and oat yields on Woodburn and Kirkhill soils. There were varying responses to rates of application of individual nutrients on different soil types. Percentage of species in the hay stands varied between soil types and between years. The differences found between soil types support the basic reason for classifying and mapping soils.

Responses of soil properties and grain yields to deep ripping and gypsum application in a compacted loamy sand soil contrasted with a sandy clay loam soil in Western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hamza ◽  
W. K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

In the low rainfall, cropping area of Western Australia, massive soil structure due to machinery traffic is common on a range of soil types and is a major obstacle to crop yield improvement. Yield increases on compacted soils have been poor in the last decade compared with those on other soils. An experiment was conducted over 4 years (1997–2000) on a loamy sand soil with massive subsoil structure using a factorial combination of soil ripping to 0.4 m (DR), and application of commercial grade gypsum at 2.5 t/ha (G) to address the soil compaction problem. Complete nutrients, based on soil test each year, were applied to all treatments and regarded as the control treatment. All crop residues were retained after harvest and returned to the soil. The experiment was conducted in a wheat–grain legume (chickpea in 1998, field pea in 2000) rotation at Tammin in Western Australia. The purpose of the experiment was to assess possible improvements in soil properties and grain yields that may result from deep soil disturbance and application of an aggregating agent such as gypsum on a loamy sand soil in a low rainfall cropping system. Soil water infiltration rate, soil strength, porosity, water-stable aggregates, exchangeable Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity, and grain yields were measured. The results of this experiment on a loamy sand soil are compared and contrasted with those from a similar experiment on another common soil type in the low rainfall zone, a sandy clay loam soil (reported earlier by MA Hamza and WK Anderson). Grain yields were increased slightly more on the loamy sand soil at Tammin than on the sandy clay loam soil at Merredin due to deep ripping and gypsum application, even though the corresponding improvements in soil parameters were not as great on the loamy sand soil. The yield increases of wheat and legumes due to gypsum treatment were significantly lower on both soil types than those due to the combination of gypsum and ripping, whereas ripping alone without gypsum produced a yield decrease in the third and subsequent years after treatment. The main treatment effects on yield were additive, as significant interactions between the treatments on yield were seldom found. Deep ripping and gypsum application (DRG) resulted in the greatest improvement in the soil physical properties as indicated by crop growth on both soil types. The DRG treatment increased soil water infiltration rate by about 90% on the loamy sand soil but by more than 130% on the sandy clay loam soil 4 years after the application of the treatments. Strength and porosity of the topsoil were decreased much more on the sandy clay loam soil. Summer rain stored in the soil prior to seeding was increased almost 3 times in both soils. The increase in water-stable aggregates was only 8% in the loamy sand soil but 46% on the sandy clay loam soil. Cation exchange capacity and exchangeable calcium were also increased more on the clayey than on the sandy soil by the use of DRG. Economic analysis of the yield improvements showed that the DRG treatment produced significantly higher profit than the G or DR treatments alone on both soil types, but was slightly greater on the loamy sand soil type. The combination of soil ripping and gypsum application in the presence of complete nutrients and annual return of crop residues to the soil had somewhat different effects on the soil physical properties and grain yields at a loamy sand soil site compared with the sandy clay loam soil site. However, the effect in both cases was favourable and is suggested to improve crop grain yield and soil physical fertility on both commonly occurring soil types in the low rainfall, cropping zone of Western Australia.

scholarly journals Salinity and Soil Type Effects on Emergence and Growth of Pepper Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1265-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Denise S. Rodriguez ◽  
Rosa Cabrera ◽  
John Jifon ◽  
Daniel Leskovar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Saline Solutions

High soil salinity often results in poor stand establishment, reduced plant growth, and reduced yield of many horticultural crops such as peppers (Capsicum annuum). We investigated the effects of soil salinity and soil type on seedling emergence and growth of four commercial peppers (‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’, ‘NuMex Nematador’, ‘NuMex Primavera’, and ‘Jupiter’) in greenhouse experiments. Seeds were sown in either a loamy sand or a silt loam soil in pots and irrigated with saline solutions at electrical conductivity of 0.9 (tap water), 3.0, or 6.0 dS·m−1 (Expt. 1) or at 0.0 [reverse osmosis (RO) water], 0.9, or 1.5 dS·m−1 (Expt. 2). No seedling emergence was observed in treatments irrigated with 3.0 or 6.0 dS·m−1 solutions. The salinity at the top soil layer increased linearly with time when subirrigated with tap and saline solutions in both soil types, whereas no substantial increase in soil salinity was found when subirrigated with RO water or overhead irrigation with tap water. Salt accumulation at the top soil layer was greater in loamy sand than in silt loam. Seedling emergence percent subirrigated with RO water ranged from 70% to 80% in loamy sand and 45% to 70% in silt loam, depending on pepper cultivars. When subirrigated with tap water and saline solutions, the emergence percent ranged from 0% to 60%, depending on pepper and soil types. In Expt. 3, seedlings were germinated in commercial potting mix and grown in 1.8-L pots containing commercial potting mix. Saline solution treatments of 1.4 (control, nutrient solution), 2.1, 2.9, 3.5, or 4.2 dS·m−1 were initiated when seedlings had 11 to 13 leaves. Five weeks after initiating saline water irrigation, the reduction in shoot dry weight was greater in ‘Jupiter’ and ‘NuMex Primavera’ as compared with ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ and ‘NuMex Nematador’, but the differences were small.

scholarly journals TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES DE MILHO PARA CONTROLAR Dichelops melacanthus EM DIFERENTES TIPOS DE SOLO

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
CARLOS BRUSTOLIN ◽  
PEDRO MANUEL OLIVEIRA JANEIRO NEVES ◽  
RODOLFO BIANCO ◽  
ORCIAL CEOLIN BORTOLOTTO
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Careful Management

RESUMO – O tratamento de sementes (TS) é a principal técnica empregada para o controle de Dichelops melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em milho. Entretanto, acredita-se que a eficiência desta estratégia pode ser influenciada pelo tipo de solo no qual a lavoura é cultivada. Desse modo, este trabalho comparou a eficiência do TS dos inseticidas [tiametoxam e imidacloprido + tiodicarbe] em relação a duas testemunhas (com infestação e sem infestação) em quatro tipos de solo: Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf); Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo arenoso (LVA arenoso); Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo argiloso (LVA argiloso) e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd). De forma geral, ambos os TS reduziram os danos da praga em todos os tipos de solo, quando comparados às plantas infestadas com D. melacanthus e sem TS. Por outro lado, o pior desempenho de ambos os TS foi observado no LVA arenoso, em que as plantas apresentaram menor comprimento de espiga e menor produtividade. Este estudo demonstrou que a eficiência do TS com tiametoxam, assim como imidacloprido + tiodicarbe, é afetada pelo tipo de solo. Desse modo, maiores cuidados devem ser tomados no cultivo de lavouras de milho em regiões com solos arenosos, e a adoção de estratégia complementar pode ser necessária.Palavras-chave: percevejo-barriga-verde, pragas do milho, pragas iniciais, neonicotinoides, adsorção de inseticidas.SEED CORN TREATMENT FOR Dichelops melacanthus CONTROL IN DIFFERENT SOIL TYPESABSTRACT - The seed treatment (ST) is the main tool used to control Dichelops melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in maize fields. However, the soil type in which the plants are developed probably influences the efficiency of this strategy. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of two insecticides (ST) [thiamethoxam (52.5 g.i.a); imidacloprid + thiodicarb (45 + 135) g.i.a] in relation to control (infested and non-infested plants) for D. melacanthus control in four types of soil: Dystroferric Red Latosol (DRL), sandy Red-Yellow Latosol (sandy RYL); clay Red-Yellow Latosol (clay RYL); and dystrophic Red Latosol (dystrophic RL). In general, ST reduced the pest damage in all soil types. In the other hand, the development plants in sandy RYL were hampered, showing a shorter length of ear and lower yield in both ST. This study showed that the ST performance with thiamethoxam and imidacloprid + thiodicarb is affected by the soil type. In this sense, maize fields cultivated in sand soils requires a careful management, and complementary strategies can be necessary.Keywords: green-belly stinkbug, maize pests, initial pests, neonicotinoides, insecticide adorsoption.

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