COMPETITION BETWEEN BARLEY AND WILD OATS AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN, BARBAN AND TIME OF SEEDING

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. McBEATH ◽  
D. A. DEW ◽  
H. A. FRIESEN
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Main Effects

Main effects and interactions of nitrogen, barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) and time of seeding of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in relation to barley were investigated in factorial growth chamber and field experiments. Culms and yield of barley were increased by nitrogen and barban in both experiments, and increased by each delay in wild oat seeding in the growth chamber only. Culms and yield of wild oats were increased by nitrogen in the growth chamber but not in the field, and were decreased by barban and delayed seeding in both experiments. Competition between the two species growing together is demonstrated by reciprocal relationships between culm numbers and yield of the two species. Similar results were obtained for most main effects and interactions in the two experiments, indicating that competitive and nutrient stresses developed in short term growth chamber studies can be used for the prediction of results under field conditions.

Dicamba Volatility

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Behrens ◽  
W. E. Lueschen
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Volatile Component ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Blotter Paper ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Soybean Leaves

Factors influencing dicamba drift, especially vapor drift, were examined in field and growth chamber studies. In field experiments, potted soybeans[Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. exposed to vapors arising from corn (Zea maysL.) foliarly treated with the sodium (Na), dimethylamine (DMA), diethanolamine (DEOA), orN-tallow-N,N1,N1-trimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane (TA) salts of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), developed dicamba injury symptoms. Dicamba volatilization from treated corn was detected with soybeans for 3 days after the application. Dicamba vapors caused symptoms on soybeans placed up to 60m downwind of the treated corn. When vapor and/or spray drift caused soybean terminal bud kill, yields were reduced. In growth chamber studies, dicamba volatility effects on soybeans could be reduced by lowering the temperature or increasing the relative humidity. Rainfall of 1mm or more on treated corn ended dicamba volatilization. The dicamba volatilization was greater from corn and soybean leaves than from velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) leaves and blotter paper. The volatilization of dicamba formulations varied in growth chamber comparisons with the acid being most volatile and the inorganic salts being the least volatile. However, under field conditions, use of less volatile formulations did not eliminate dicamba symptoms on soybeans. The volatile component of the commercial DMA salt of dicamba was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as free dicamba acid.

Coating Sodium Azide Granules to Enhance Seed Germination

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 674-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Fay ◽  
R. S. Gorecki ◽  
P. M. Fuerst
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Wild Oat

Research was conducted on the leachability and dissipation of sodium azide applied to soil as a solution or as granules with various coatings. The sodium azide leached readily from all formulations, leaving sections of the soil profile with insufficient concentrations to stimulate germination of dormant wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) seed. Sodium azide-impregnated clay granules coated with 5% (w/w) polyethylene glycol increased germination of wild oat seed two-fold over uncoated granules at a rate of 5.6 kg sodium azide/ha in field experiments. The polyethylene glycol coating reduced the rate of sodium azide dissipation from the soil in growth chamber experiments. Formulation of sodium azide has potential for increasing wild oat germination stimulation under field conditions.

scholarly journals Field evaluation and components of peanut rust resistance of newly developed breeding lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
I.L. Power ◽  
B.L. Tillman ◽  
T.B. Brenneman ◽  
R.C. Kemerait ◽  
K L. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

ABSTRACT Field, greenhouse, and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the level of resistance to Puccinia arachidis Speg. in newly developed breeding lines of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). These lines were developed in the UF150 project of the Peanut Collaborative Research and Support Program (Peanut CRSP) as part of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Field experiments were carried out in Citra, FL and Tifton, GA from 2010 to 2013. Five genotypes Tifrust-10 and Tifrust-13, and CRSP breeding lines PTBOL3-3, 97x36-HO2-1-B2G-3-1-2-2, and BOL3-7 had the lowest standardized area under the disease progress curve and final disease severity score for rust. The CRSP breeding lines 97x36-HO2-1-B2G-3-1-2-2 and BOL3-7 also appeared to be highly resistant to late leaf spot, caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk & M. A. Curtis Deighton). In growth chamber studies, genotypes with longer latent periods generally had lower infection frequencies at 7, 11, and 16 d after inoculation, and smaller percent diseased areas. Latent period and percent diseased area were significantly correlated with stAUDPC. CRSP breeding lines 97x36-HO2-1-B2G-3-1-2-2 and BOL3-7, and plant introductions PI562530, PI568164, and PI298115, were among the genotypes with the lower scores for these components. Several genotypes with multiple disease resistance in different environments and under high disease pressure were identified in these studies. These results indicate sources of rust resistance in the CRSP breeding lines, including several genotypes that could be used as parents in peanut germplasm enhancement programs, and indicate that latent period, percent diseased area, and lesion diameter may be used as indicators for rust resistance in growth chamber studies.

WILD OAT INTERFERENCE IN SUNFLOWER

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. O. CHUBB ◽  
G. H. FRIESEN
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Helianthus Annuus L ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

In field experiments, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ’Hybrid 894’) recovered from initial effects of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) interference and yielded normally if the weed was removed within 4 wk after crop emergence and the crop was kept relatively free of wild oats thereafter until harvest. In widely spaced plantings, wild oats growing between-the-rows competed just as vigorously as in-the-row infestations. Selective postemergence herbicides did not always provide sufficient control of wild oats to prevent significant losses in sunflower yield.Key words: Competition, interference, seed yield, oil content, herbicides, critical period

Barban Selectivity for Wild Oat in Wheat

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Neidermyer ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Wild Oats

The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) was studied as influenced by plant morphology and air temperature after application. Growth of wheat and wild oat seedlings was reduced by barban at 0.3 μg and 0.6 μg applied to the first node, respectively. Barban application to the base and midpoint of the first leaf blade required a lower dose to reduce wild oat growth than wheat growth. Increased tillering occurred from barban injury to the main culm in wheat. Wheat and wild oat susceptibility to barban increased as the post-treatment temperature decreased from 32 to 10 C. Barban selectivity for wild oats in wheat was greater at 27 and 21 C than at 16 and 10 C.

scholarly journals Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with Maize (Zea Mays)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e33741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Szpak ◽  
Fred J. Longstaffe ◽  
Jean-François Millaire ◽  
Christine D. White
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Seabird Guano

SPRAY DROPLET DISTRIBUTION AND HERBICIDE UPTAKE IN SEQUENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF DICLOFOP-METHYL AND MCPA FOR WEED CONTROL IN BARLEY

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. QURESHI ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Droplet Distribution ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Spray Volume

Uptake of 14C-diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy propanoate]} by leaves of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was reduced significantly in the presence of MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid]}, especially the dimethylamine formulation. If the herbicides were applied separately, the degree of interference with uptake depended on the extent of overlap of droplets of the two spray preparations on the leaf surface. Spray volume and direction of spray application were important factors in minimizing the mixing of spray droplets on the leaves if the two herbicides were applied separately with a tandem arrangement of two sprayers. Such a sequential application of MCPA ester and diclofop-methyl in a field experiment provided significantly greater wild oat control than could be obtained with a tank mix of the same two herbicides, but the results were not consistent enough to recommend the procedure for practical use.

Interference between hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) and soybean (Glycine max) in response to irrigation and nitrogen

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Andy King ◽  
Larry C. Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Sesbania Exaltata ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Soybean yield loss from weed interference depends upon weed density and competitiveness of crop and weed species in response to environment. Soil water availability and nitrogen fertility were evaluated for their effect on competitiveness of individual species in field experiments. Early-season temperatures in 1995, which were cool compared to 1994, slowed hemp sesbania growth without affecting soybean growth. This resulted in negligible competition with soybean by hemp sesbania at densities of 3 or 6 plants m−2. In 1994, hemp sesbania grew above the soybean canopy, decreasing soybean light interception 29 to 68%, and reducing soybean yield 30 to 48%. Fertilizer nitrogen increased soybean competitiveness, as indicated by biomass production, only in irrigated plots with hemp sesbania at 3 m−2, but did not affect soybean yield. Apparently, competition for light is a primary cause of soybean yield loss from hemp sesbania infestations. In growth chamber studies, simulating temperatures from the field, hemp sesbania growth was stimulated more by warm temperatures than was soybean. Hemp sesbania and soybean dry weights increased 4.4- and 2.7-fold, respectively, at 30/20 C day/night temperatures compared to 25/15 C.

Factors Involved in Alachlor Injury to the Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N. Belote ◽  
T.J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Results from greenhouse and growth chamber studies indicated that alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] injury to ‘Superior’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) was related to time of herbicide application and temperature. Injury to the ‘Superior’ cultivar was observed when alachlor was applied just before potato emergence. Necrosis of shoots near the soil surface, shoot dieback, stem swelling, leaf crinkle, and plant stunting were characteristic symptoms of alachlor injury. Cool temperatures appeared to intensify the injury. ‘Superior’ potatoes outgrew injury within 41 days after treatment. Herbicide placement studies in the growth chamber suggested that alachlor or its metabolites were absorbed by the shoots of emerging ‘Superior’ potatoes. Under growth chamber conditions the ‘Katahdin’ cultivar was injured by preemergence applications of alachlor when the herbicide was applied just before plant emergence. Injury symptoms were similar to those observed on the ‘Superior’ cultivar. ‘Pungo’ and ‘Norchip’ potatoes were tolerant to preemergence applications of the herbicide regardless of time of application.

Control of Kochia in Sugarbeets With Benzadox

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Weatherspoon ◽  
E. E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Benzadox [(benzamidooxy)acetic acid] applied at 1, 2, 3, and 4 lb/A as a postemergence treatment controlled kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] selectively in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.). Control increased as the rate of benzadox increased, but some kochia survived at the 4-lb/A rate. Competition from these plants reduced the yields of sugarbeet roots and sucrose. Where surviving kochia plants were removed by hand 7 weeks after emergence, all sugarbeets treated with benzadox yielded as well as the hand-weeded checks. In growth chamber studies, the activity of benzadox was increased by temperature and decreased by simulated rain which occurred within 4 hr following application. Under a temperature regime of 70 F day and 40 F night, if simulated rain was delayed for 8 hr, the control of kochia was identical to that obtained where no simulated rain followed treatment. The growth chamber studies confirmed our results with the performance of benzadox under different environmental conditions in the field.

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