INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN, POTASSIUM AND ROOT ZONE TEMPERATURE ON THE RESPONSE OF TIMOTHY IN MONOCULTURE AND IN ASSOCIATION WITH ALFALFA AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERMAN A. HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Zone Temperature

The response of timothy in monoculture and m association with each of alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil was studied when root zone temperatures of 10, 18.3 and 26.7 C were imposed on a soil receiving N at 0 and 100 pp2m of soil in all possible combinations with K at 0 and 166 pp2m of soil. The different plant associations resulted in highly significant differences in yields, irrespective of soil temperature or nitrogen addition, but only at 10 C was there a significant interaction between K and the plant associations. The legumes associated with timothy had a significant effect on timothy yield at all temperatures, and the behavior of the different legumes was in turn differently affected by fertilizer nutrients as well as by different temperatures. Shoot to root ratios of timothy tended to be greater when associated with trefoil than with alfalfa at all soil temperatures. The effect of soil temperature and fertilizer varied for alfalfa vs. trefoil when either was grown with timothy.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Responses of Creeping Bentgrass to Reduced Root-zone Temperatures at Supraoptimal Air Temperature

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingzhang Xu ◽  
Bingru Huang ◽  
Zhaolong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Rubisco Activity ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Zone Temperature

High air and soil temperatures are major factors limiting growth of cool-season grasses. A previous study by the authors reported that a soil temperature reduction of only 3 °C when air temperature was maintained at 35 °C significantly improved shoot and root growth of creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. (syn. A. palustris Huds.)]. This study was designed to investigate the responses of photosynthetic activities of creeping bentgrass to lowered root-zone temperatures from the supraoptimal level when shoots were exposed to high air temperature. Two cultivars of creeping bentgrass, `L-93' and `Penncross', were exposed to the following air/root-zone temperature regimes in growth chambers and water baths: 1) optimal air and soil temperatures (20/20 °C, control); 2) lowering soil temperature by 3, 6, and 11 °C from 35 °C at high air temperatures (35/32, 35/29, and 35/24 °C); and 3) high air and soil temperatures (35/35 °C). Soil temperature was reduced from 35 °C by circulating cool water (18 °C) in water baths at variable flow rates. Both cultivars had similar responses to high or low root-zone temperatures with high air temperature. High air and root-zone temperatures caused significant reductions in canopy photosynthetic rate (Pcanopy), single-leaf photosynthetic rate (Pleaf), leaf chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity, beginning on day 1 of high air and soil temperature stress for Pcanopy and Pleaf, and day 7 for chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm, and Rubisco activity. The 3 °C reduction in root-zone temperature at high air temperature had no effect on those photosynthetic parameters, except chlorophyll content. Reducing root-zone temperature by 6 °C or 11 °C while maintaining air temperature at 35 °C significantly improved Pcanopy, Poleaf, leaf chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm, and Rubisco activity. Single leaf photosynthetic rate at 35/24 °C was not different from the control level, but Pcanopy at 35/24 °C was lower than the control level. A reduction in root-zone temperature enhanced canopy and single-leaf photosynthetic capacity even though shoots were exposed to supraoptimal air temperature, which could contribute to improved turfgrass growth.

scholarly journals Numerical and Experimental Analyses on Root Zone Temperature in Aeroponic Cultivation Box

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-879
Author(s):  
Yahui Luo ◽  
Xiwen Yang ◽  
Pin Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Zone Temperature

Vegetable growth requires a relatively stable environment for the root zone. If the temperature in root zone environment is optimal, the aeroponic cultivation will be energy-efficient, and the aeroponic vegetables will grow well at high, normal, or low temperature. By computational fluid dynamics (CFD), this paper numerically simulates the root zone temperature of lettuce in the aeroponic cultivation box, after the box was sprayed with nutrient solutions of different temperatures. Then, the root zone environments of aeroponic lettuce were monitored through experiments at three different temperatures: high temperature, normal temperature, and low temperature. Through comparison, it was learned that the error between the simulated and measured values at each point was smaller than 1.35℃; the maximum error at a single point was within 7.4%; overall, the mean relative error was merely 5.8%. The results prove that the proposed CFD simulation model is reasonable and effective. Our research provides a theoretical reference for optimizing the root zone temperature, regulating the spray of nutrient solutions at different temperatures, and building an energy-efficient efficient aeroponic cultivation system.

scholarly journals High Soil Temperature and Water Relations of Endomycorrhizal Nursery Crops2

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
Steven E. Newman ◽  
Fred T. Davies
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Root Conductance ◽  
High Soil Temperature ◽  
Zone Temperature

High root-zone temperatures can stress plants and reduce nursery productivity of container-grown crops. Predawn shoot water potential was initially increased (less water strain) by root-zone temperatures from 40° to 45°C (104° to 113 °F) and then subsequently declined after 3 days. Stomatal conductance (SC) was reduced at similar root-zone temperatures. Hydraulic root conductance (Lp) increased linearly in response to increasing root-zone temperatures for high temperature tolerant species, and quadratically for susceptible species. Endomycorrhizal fungi colonization enhanced high root-zone temperature stress tolerance at moderate temperatures from 35 ° to 40°C (95 ° to 104°F).

scholarly journals Effect of Winter Root-zone Temperature on Root Regeneration of Peach Rootstocks

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1607-1610
Author(s):  
W.R. Okie ◽  
A.P. Nyczepir
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Peach Rootstocks ◽  
Zone Temperature

Roots of dormant peach trees can grow when soil temperatures are >7 °C, which commonly occurs in the southeastern U.S. during the winter. In our tests, root growth on 1-year-old nursery trees was minimal at 7 °C, and increased with temperature up to at least 16 °C, but rootstocks varied greatly in their regeneration at a given temperature. Trees on seedling rootstocks of `Guardian™', `Halford' and `Lovell' regenerated roots more slowly than those on `Nemaguard' at soil temperatures >7 °C. The regeneration rates mirrored the relative susceptibility of these rootstocks to peach tree short life syndrome in the southeastern U.S., which is associated with parasitism by ring nematode.

GROWTH RESPONSE OF ALFALFA VARIETIES OF DIVERSE GENETIC ORIGIN TO DIFFERENT ROOT ZONE TEMPERATURES

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Heinrichs ◽  
K. F. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Alfalfa Varieties ◽  
Broad Cross Section ◽  
Nodular Tissue ◽  
Tissue Nitrogen ◽  
Zone Temperature

Twenty alfalfa varieties, representing a broad cross-section of alfalfas from different climatic zones, were grown in a greenhouse at soil temperatures of 5°, 12°, 19°, and 27 °C to determine the effect of root zone temperatures on herbage and root growth. The air temperature varied between 15° and 32 °C. The photoperiod was extended to 16 hours by supplemental lighting. There were marked varietal differences in root development at different soil temperatures. Varieties of Medicago sativa generally yielded more herbage and roots than those of Medicago falcata. However, varieties of M. falcata produced the most herbage per weight of roots. Growth of alfalfa was greatly affected by root zone temperature; the most herbage was produced at 27 °C and the most root and nodular tissue at 12 °C. Soil temperature affected the shape and color of nodular tissue. Nitrogen and phosphorus increased in herbage as the root zone temperature increased, with P increasing more than N. Time to reach the flowering stage was not appreciably affected by root zone temperature.

ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON FLOODING TOLERANCE OF LEGUMES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 985-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. HEINRICHS
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Zone Temperature

In a growth chamber alfalfa and sainfoin improved in flooding tolerance as root-zone temperatures were lowered, and birdsfoot trefoil survived equally well under flooding at root-zone temperatures of 25, 19, and 13 C. After 28 days of flooding no plants of alfalfa or sainfoin were alive at 25 C root-zone temperatures, but 25% of the alfalfa plants and 11% of the sainfoin plants were alive at 19 C, and at 13 C 95% of alfalfa plants and 54% of the sainfoin plants were alive. Crowns were more resistant to damage and decay than roots, and damaged plants of alfalfa and sainfoin often regrew from the crown when all roots had decayed. The study indicated that less flooding damage will occur in the spring when soil is cool than when it is warm in summer.

scholarly journals Insulative effect of plastic mulch systems and comparison between the effects of different plant types

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-324
Author(s):  
Kayla Snyder ◽  
Christopher Murray ◽  
Bryon Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Black Film ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Mulch Film ◽  
Mulch Films ◽  
Zone Temperature

AbstractTo address agricultural needs of the future, a better understanding of plastic mulch film effects on soil temperature and moisture is required. The effects of different plant type and mulch combinations were studied over a 3.5-month period to better grasp the consequence of mulch on root zone temperature (RZT) and moisture. Measurements of (RZT) and soil moisture for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and carrot (Daucus carota) grown using polyolefin mulch films (black and white-on-black) were conducted in Ontario using a plot without mulch as a control. Black mulch films used in combination with pepper and carrot plants caused similar RZTs relative to uncovered soil, but black mulch film in combination with tomato plants caused a reduction in RZT relative to soil without mulch that increased as plants grew and provided more shade. White-on-black mulch film used in combination with tomatoes, peppers or carrots led to a reduction in RZT relative to soil without mulch that became greater than the temperature of soil without mulch. This insulative capability was similarly observed for black mulch films used with tomato plants. Apart from white-on-black film used in combination with tomatoes, all mulch film and plant combinations demonstrated an ability to stabilize soil moisture relative to soil without mulch. RZT and soil moisture were generally stabilized with mulch film, but some differences were seen among different plant types.

EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF INBRED LINES OF CORN AT SUBOPTIMAL ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MENKIR ◽  
E. N. LARTER
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Zone Temperature

Based on the results of an earlier paper, 12 inbred lines of corn (Zea mays L.) were evaluated for emergence and seedling growth at three controlled root-zone temperatures (10, 14, and 18 °C). Low root-zone temperatures, 10 and 14 °C, were detrimental to emergence, seedling growth, and root growth of all inbred lines. Differential responses of inbred lines were observed within each temperature regime. The differences in seedling emergence among lines became smaller with increasing root-zone temperature, while the reverse was true for seedling dry weight. Simple correlation coefficients showed a significantly (P = 0.05) negative association between emergence percentage and emergence index (rate). Neither of these two emergence traits was significantly correlated with seedling dry weights. Seedling dry weights were significantly (P = 0.01) and positively associated with root dry weights. Two inbred lines exhibited good tolerance to low root-zone temperatures, viz. CO255 and RB214. A significant and positive correlation existed between emergence percentage at a root-zone temperature of 10 °C and field emergence in test with the same genotypes reported earlier. Selection at a root-zone temperature of 10 °C for a high percentage of seedling emergence, therefore, could be effective in identifying genotypes capable of germinating in cool soils. Furthermore, the significantly (P = 0.01) positive relationship between seedling dry weights at all root-zone temperatures and those from the field test suggest that strains with vigorous seedling growth in the field could be identified using low root-zone temperature regimes.Key words: Zea mays, root-zone temperature, cold tolerance

Effects of root zone temperature on root initiation and elongation in red pine seedlings

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris P. Andersen ◽  
Edward I. Sucoff ◽  
Robert K. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Root Elongation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Zone Temperature

The influence of root zone temperature on root initiation, root elongation, and soluble sugars in roots and shoots was investigated in a glasshouse using 2-0 red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) seedlings lifted from a northern Minnesota nursery. Seedlings were potted in a sandy loam soil and grown in chambers where root systems were maintained at 8, 12, 16, or 20 °C for 27 days; seedling shoots were exposed to ambient glasshouse conditions. Total new root length was positively correlated with soil temperature 14, 20, and 27 days after planting, with significantly more new root growth at 20 °C than at other temperatures. The greatest number of new roots occurred at 16 °C; the least, at 8 °C. Total soluble sugar concentrations in stem tissue decreased slightly as root temperature increased. Sugar concentrations in roots were similar at all temperatures. The results suggest that root elongation is suppressed more than root tip formation when red pine seedlings are exposed to the cool soil temperatures typically found during spring and fall outplanting.

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