NATURE OF PROTEINS IN TRITICALE AND ITS PARENTAL SPECIES: III. A COMPARISON OF THEIR ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. CHEN ◽  
W. BUSHUK
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Components

Comparison of the disc electrophoretic patterns for the albumins, globulins, gliadins, and glutenins of one line of Triticale and its durum wheat and rye parents showed that all the protein components of the interspecific hybrid are present in the parents. It is concluded that the proteins of Triticale are simply inherited from its parents. The patterns for the albumin and globulin groups for the cultivar of durum wheal (Stewart 63) and the cultivar of hard red spring wheat (Manitou) investigated were identical. Differences were observed in the patterns for the gliadins and glutenins of these two wheats. These qualitative differences might account for the difference in their breadmaking qualities, and provide additional evidence in support of the hypothesis that the genes for breadmaking quality factors are in the D genome.

NATURE OF PROTEINS INTRITICALEAND ITS PARENTAL SPECIES: II. GEL FILTRATION AND DISC ELECTROPHORESIS RESULTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. CHEN ◽  
W. BUSHUK
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Acetic Acid Solution ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Protein Components

The compositions and identity of protein components in the water, salt solution, 70% ethanol, and acetic acid solution extracts of the endosperm from one line of Triticale, its parents, and one cultivar of hard red spring wheat were investigated by gel filtration and disc electrophoresis. Albumins, globulins, and gliadins, as defined by their solubility, molecular weight, and electrophoretic mobility, were obtained by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-150. Approximate molecular weights determined from elution volumes were 1 × 104to 3 × 1045 × 104to 9 × 104, and above 1.5 × 105for albumins and globulins, gliadins and glutenins, respectively. Each gel-filtration fraction contained several protein components as determined by disc electrophoresis. Quantitative distribution of fractions varied with species. For each fraction the amount for Triticale was intermediate between the amounts for the parental species. The gel-filtration spectrum for Triticale was similar to that for the hard red spring wheat. However, disc electrophoretic patterns for fractions obtained by gel filtration for the two species were quite different.

NATURE OF PROTEINS IN TRITICALE AND ITS PARENTAL SPECIES: I. SOLUBILITY CHARACTERISTICS AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF ENDOSPERM PROTEINS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. CHEN ◽  
W. BUSHUK
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Endosperm Proteins ◽  
Spring Wheat Cultivar

Solubility characteristics and amino acid composition of the endosperm proteins of one line of Triticale, its durum wheat and rye parent cultivars, and one cultivar of hard red spring wheat were compared. Quantitative distribution of the soluble protein fractions and amino acid compositions showed that the proteins of Triticale are intermediate in these properties between analogous properties of the proteins of its durum wheat and rye parents. The major differences between the hard red spring wheat and the other three species were its lower content of water-soluble proteins and higher content of insoluble or gluten proteins. This appears lo be the main reason for the superior breadmaking quality of the hard red spring wheat cultivar compared with the other species used in this study.

RAPID DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN GRAIN: III. CALIBRATION AND COMPARISON OF ELECTRICAL MOISTURE METERS WITH VACUUM OVEN FOR AMBER DURUM WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook ◽  
J. W. Hopkins ◽  
W. F. Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Oven Method ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Moisture Basis ◽  
Limited Moisture

The previous study has been extended to include durum wheat, barley and oats. The hand-operated Tag-Heppenstall meter was found to be unsatisfactory with these grains, as they would not feed into the roller electrodes in a suitable manner. The Burton-Pitt gave erratic results with these grains and it was only possible to calibrate this meter over a limited moisture range, and even over this range it was more inaccurate than the other meters. Qualitatively the calibration curves for these three grains, in the Limbrick and motor Tag-Heppenstall, were similar to those previously obtained with hard red spring wheat. The actual resistance and the slope of the curves were, however, somewhat different for the different grains. The standard error of prediction shows that the motor-operated Tag-Heppenstall was the most accurate meter for use with durum wheat and barley, while the Limbrick was superior with oats. With the limited number of samples available it was impossible to detect any significant difference between the temperature coefficients, in any particular meter, of the different grains. When converted to a moisture basis the correction factors were practically the same as for hard red spring wheat.The results from the entire investigation show that the Brown-Duvel method is more accurate than the 130 °C. air oven method with all grains studied. The motor-operated Tag-Heppenstall meter is as accurate as the Brown-Duvel with hard red spring wheat, over the moisture range 11.0 to 17.0%, and is superior to the air oven method over this limited range. Otherwise the rapid analytical methods are more accurate than any of the moisture meters tested with any of the grains. The meters fall in the following order of decreasing accuracy over the moisture range 11.0 to 17.0%:–with hard red spring wheat; motor Tag-Heppenstall, Limbrick, hand Tag-Heppenstall, Burton-Pitt and Davies: with durum wheat and barley; motor Tag-Heppenstall, Limbrick and Burton-Pitt: and with oats; Limbrick, Burton-Pitt and motor Tag-Heppenstall. Where a meter is not mentioned no tests were made, the instrument having been omitted because it gave no promise of practical utility.

The effects of selected factors on measured ergot alkaloid content in Claviceps purpurea-infected hexaploid and durum wheat

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Tittlemier ◽  
D. Drul ◽  
M. Roscoe ◽  
J.G. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Ergot Alkaloid ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Alkaloid Content ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Wheat Line ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Line

Four wheat genotypes, including the ergot-susceptible durum ‘AC Avonlea’ and hard red spring wheat ‘AC Cadillac’, as well as the resistant durum wheat line 9260B-173A and the hard red spring wheat line ‘Kenya Farmer’ wereinoculated with different Claviceps purpurea isolates. Honeydew and sclerotia were collected and analysed for 10 ergot alkaloids. Total concentrations of the 10 ergot alkaloids ranged from 16 µg/kg in honeydew to 1,798 mg/kg insclerotia. Ergonovine and ergosine were the predominant alkaloids in honeydew obtained from plants inoculated with various isolates, whereas ergocristine and ergocryptine were the main alkaloids observed in sclerotia. Bothhost plant and C. purpurea isolate were significant factors affecting total ergot alkaloid concentrations in sclerotia. Irrespective of host plant line, all mean total ergot alkaloid concentrations were higher in sclerotia produced from the EI-2 isolate (695-1,010 mg/kg), as compared to EI-4 (255-594 mg/kg). The mass of total ergot alkaloids was alsopositively correlated with the mass of individual sclerotia produced from these two C. purpurea isolates, with the slope of the regression higher for the EI-2 isolate. The total ergot alkaloid concentrations in sclerotia from various plants inoculated with the same C. purpurea isolate differed; however, the resistance of host plant line did notappear to be consistent with ergot alkaloid content in sclerotia. Concentrations of total ergot alkaloids were highestand lowest in sclerotia from the two lines that are both classified as ‘resistant’, suggesting that the mechanism ofresistance for these lines is not restriction on the production of ergot alkaloids in sclerotia.

Endosperm abnormalities in Triticum–Secale combinations. I. × Triticosecale and its parental species

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (18) ◽  
pp. 2050-2067 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Kaltsikes ◽  
D. G. Roupakias ◽  
J. B. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wheat Lines

The development of the fertilized embryo sac was investigated in four triticale lines, common wheat, durum wheat, and rye to ascertain whether a relationship exists between events taking place during the first 6–7 days of its life and kernel shrivelling. No differences were found with respect to embryo development either among triticale or between triticale and wheat lines. Generalized antipodal disintegration occurred earlier in rye and triticale with shrivelled seeds than in either wheat (common and durum) or triticale with full seeds; the difference was more pronounced between wheat and rye than among triticale lines. Triticale with shrivelled seeds and rye were also characterized by a higher number of aberrant endosperm nuclei and delayed generalized endosperm cellularization when compared with lines with plump kernels or with the wheats. No relationship could be established between the kind and position of aberrant nuclei and kernel shrivelling or frequency of aberrants and fertility. The rye parent is most likely responsible for the early degeneration of the antipodals, the formation of the aberrant endosperm nuclei, and the kernel shrivelling observed in triticale.

RAPID DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN GRAIN: I. COMPARISON OF 130 °C. AIR OVEN AND BROWN-DUVEL METHODS WITH VACUUM OVEN METHOD

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Cook ◽  
J. W. Hopkins ◽  
W. F. Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Consistent Estimate ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Oven Method ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

Some 300 samples of hard red spring wheat, 50 of amber durum wheat and 75 each of oats and barley, covering the entire moisture range of commercial importance, were employed in the comparisons. Provision was made for statistical estimation of sampling errors, errors of method and errors of observation. A two-stage drying procedure was employed for the vacuum oven determinations which were taken as the reference standard. Sampling errors, average difference between identical ovens and errors due to daily fluctuations were all larger than the standard deviation of duplicates ("experimental error"), the sampling error being the largest.A comparison of the Hobart and Wiley grinders shows the latter to be superior for preparing wheat for the 130 °C. air oven determination. The air oven consistently underestimates the moisture content of all the grains tested, as compared with the vacuum oven, the deficit increasing with the actual moisture content. This systematic bias may be eliminated by means of a linear correction equation. After allowing for the observed sampling errors and errors of the vacuum oven determination, the net standard error of prediction with the air oven using a Wiley mill is, with hard red spring wheat 0.24%, with amber durum wheat 0.12%, with barley 0.20% and with oats 0.20% moisture.The Brown-Duvel method also underestimates the moisture content, this deficit also increasing with the actual moisture content in the case of spring and amber durum wheat. After applying a correction equation to eliminate the systematic bias, the net standard error of prediction of moisture by this method was found to be: with hard red spring wheat 0.16%, with durum wheat 0.09%, with barley 0.12% and with oats 0.13%. The Brown-Duvel method, therefore, when carefully operated makes possible a more consistent estimate of the actual moisture content, as determined by the vacuum oven, than does the 130 °C. air oven method. As with the vacuum oven, both the 130 °C. air oven and the Brown-Duvel appear to be subject to slight variations affecting all the determinations made on any particular day.

THE GENETIC BASIS FOR THE DIFFERENCE IN SEED WEIGHT BETWEEN THATCHER AND SELKIRK WHEATS

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Talukdar
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Major Genes ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Line Method ◽  
Backcross Line ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inbred Backcross

The inbred backcross line method was used to study the genetics of the difference in seed weight between two hard red spring wheat cultivars, Thatcher and Selkirk. Three major genes, one with large and two with relatively small but equal effects, were found to control the difference. The distribution of the alleles was unidirectional with Thatcher carrying the alleles for light and Selkirk carrying the alleles for heavy seed. Linkage, dominance, and epistasis caused practically no bias in the analysis. The result indicates that breeding for seed weight should be simple.

Effect of Milling Procedure on the Measurement of Dietary Fiber by a Gravimetric Method

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
W John Mullin ◽  
Mark S Wolynetz
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Soluble Fiber ◽  
White Potato ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Samples of white potato, sweet potato, hard red spring wheat, soft white winter wheat, and soft wheat bran were ground in a Wiley mill or a Cyclotec mill. A significantly (p < 0.0001) larger proportion of coarse material (>75μ) resulted from the Wiley mill, and a significantly (p < 0.0001) larger proportion of fine material (<45μ) was produced by the Cyclotec mill. The effect of particle size on the determination of soluble, insoluble, and total dietary fiber was less well defined. In 4 of 5 commodities tested, samples from the Cyclotec mill showed a greater amount of soluble fiber, while the reverse was true for insoluble and total fiber. The difference in total dietary fiber, with respect to the mill used in sample preparation, varied from 0.24% on a total 9.10% for potatoes to 1.00% on a total of 14.05% for hard red spring wheat.

EFFECT OF THE D GENOME ON THE PROTEIN OF THREE CULTIVARS OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. DRONZEK ◽  
P. J. KALTSIKES ◽  
W. BUSHUK
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Quantitative Distribution ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The protein compositions of the AABB tetraploid wheats derived from three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) cultivars, Prelude, Rescue and Thatcher, were compared with those of their hexaploid counterparts. Quantitative distribution of the soluble protein fractions showed that all wheats contained similar quantities of albumins and globulins. Tetraploids of Rescue and Thatcher contained more gliadin, more glutenin and less insoluble residue protein than the corresponding hexaploids. In contrast, the tetraploid of Prelude contained similar amounts of gliadin, glutenin and insoluble protein residue as its hexaploid. Amino acid compositions of the flour and the solubility fractions for all wheats examined were essentially the same. Electrophoretic patterns of the proteins in the four soluble fractions showed that significant qualitative differences existed among the cultivars studied. The patterns for each extracted tetraploid and its hexaploid counterpart were essentially the same.

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