GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF GRASSES AT FOUR ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Smoliak ◽  
A. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Bouteloua Gracilis ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Andropogon Scoparius ◽  
Stipa Comata

Six native grass species, Bouteloua gracilis, Stipa comata, Koeleria cristata, Festuca scabrella, Andropogon scoparius, and Danthonia parryi, and six introduced grass species, Elymus junceus, Bromus inermis, Agropyron cristatum, Agropyron tricophorum, Festuca rubra, and Dactylis glomerata, were germinated and grown for 90 days at root-zone temperatures of 7, 13, 18, and 27 °C. In general, the introduced species were superior to the native species in percentage germination and speed of germination and germinated, emerged and grew more readily at lower root-zone temperatures. Introduced species produced about 10 times as much weight of leaf and about eight times as much weight of root as did the native species at comparable growth stages. The chances of establishment and successful early growth of seeded stands appeared to be better with introduced grass species than with native grass species.

Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Quinclorac Soil Half-life and Resulting Native Grass and Forb Establishment

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Native Grass

Quinclorac will control leafy spurge and not injure many established native grasses and forbs. Seeding of desirable species is often required to reestablish native vegetation after an invasive weed-management program, but quinclorac residue may inhibit the reestablishment of native species. Greenhouse studies were conducted to estimate quinclorac dissipation rates in Northern Great Plains soils and the effect of residue on establishment of some native grass and broadleaf plants. Quinclorac 50% dissipation time (DT50) ranged from > 21 to 112 d in four soils from the Northern Great Plains. The quinclorac DT50 was dependent on several factors including soil type, moisture content, temperature, and especially organic matter (OM). Across four different soil textures, quinclorac dissipation generally increased as soil moisture content increased, but moisture had less of an impact in low OM soils. Quinclorac dissipation also increased as temperature increased in the four soils. The most rapid dissipation occurred in soils with higher OM (> 6%), with an average DT50 of < 38 d, at 45% moisture content, held at 16 C. Wild bergamot, purple coneflower, blanketflower, and stiff goldenrod seedling growth were all reduced by quinclorac residue at 6 μg kg−1, the lowest concentration evaluated in the study. The native grass species big bluestem, intermediate wheatgrass, and switchgrass generally were tolerant of quinclorac, but green needlegrass was sensitive, and seedling growth declined as quinclorac residue increased from 6 to 375 μg kg−1. Based on a quinclorac application of 840 kg ha−1 and 150 frost-free d, seeding of sensitive forbs and grasses should be delayed at least 12 mo after herbicide application.

EFFECT OF PLANT ROOTS ON CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SURROUNDING DISCRETE SOIL ZONES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. DORMAAR
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Outer Zone ◽  
Bouteloua Gracilis ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Blue Grama ◽  
Wheat Field

The chemical and biochemical properties within and immediately adjacent to the root zone of two grass species were studied over a 5-wk period. The experiment utilized a simple container comprising five sandwiched compartments giving a center or "rhizosphere" zone, two intermediate zones, and two outer zones. Soil samples were taken from an Orthic Brown, Dark Brown, and Black Chernozemic Ah horizon and from the Orthic Dark Brown Chernozemic Ap horizons of the unfertilized part of a continuous wheat field and the fallow field of a wheat-fallow rotation, both under cultivation for 70 yr. The two grasses were blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag.) and rye (Secale céréale L. 'Frontier'). High root densities were achieved by the end of the study, especially with the blue grama. Changes in pH over time were slight but consistent; they decreased in the Black Chernozemic soil and increased in the other soils. A redistribution of labile phosphorus was caused by the presence of the plant roots. The Orthic Dark Brown Ah and Ap horizon soils reacted differently to the conditions of the study. Monosaccharides always increased in the rhizosphere zone and generally decreased in the zone adjacent to the rhizosphere zone in the case of rye and in the outside zone in the case of blue grama. The ratio galactose + mannose/arabinose + xylose always increased towards the outer zone. Although the presence of roots influenced the measured chemical properties of the soil surrounding them, there were no overall common trends. The results, even in this simplified system, demonstrated complex and interrelated effects (P < 0.01) of soil type, plant species, and time on the biochemical dynamics in and near the rhizosphere. The properties of rhizosphere soil are system specific. To interpret the processes within the system, detailed knowledge of the soil organic matter, the physiology of the species root, and the effect on each other is obligatory. Key words: Rhizosphere, Chernozemic Ah/Ap horizons, blue grama, rye, monosaccharides

scholarly journals Osmotic Stress or Ionic Composition: Which Affects the Early Growth of Crop Species More?

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ludwiczak ◽  
Monika Osiak ◽  
Stefany Cárdenas-Pérez ◽  
Sandra Lubińska-Mielińska ◽  
Agnieszka Piernik
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Ionic Salt

Salinization is a key soil degradation process. An estimated 20% of total cultivated lands and 33% of irrigated agricultural lands worldwide are affected by high salinity. Much research has investigated the influence of salt (mainly NaCl) on plants, but very little is known about how this is related to natural salinity and osmotic stress. Therefore, our study was conducted to determine the osmotic and ionic salt stress responses of selected C3 and C4 cultivated plants. We focused on the early growth stages as those critical for plant development. We applied natural brine to simulate natural salinity and to compare its effect to NaCl solution. We assessed traits related to germination ability, seedlings and plantlet morphology, growth indexes, and biomass and water accumulation. Our results demonstrate that the effects of salinity on growth are strongest among plantlets. Salinity most affected water absorption in C3 plants (28% of total traits variation), but plant length in C4 plants (17–27%). Compensatory effect of ions from brine were suggested by the higher model plants’ growth success of ca 5–7% under brine compared to the NaCl condition. However, trait differences indicated that osmotic stress was the main stress factor affecting the studied plants.

scholarly journals Coastal Mangrove Response to Marine Erosion: Evaluating the Impacts of Spatial Distribution and Vegetation Growth in Bangkok Bay from 1987 to 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Xiao ◽  
Fenzhen Su ◽  
Dongjie Fu ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Chong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Impact

Long time-series monitoring of mangroves to marine erosion in the Bay of Bangkok, using Landsat data from 1987 to 2017, shows responses including landward retreat and seaward extension. Quantitative assessment of these responses with respect to spatial distribution and vegetation growth shows differing relationships depending on mangrove growth stage. Using transects perpendicular to the shoreline, we calculated the cross-shore mangrove extent (width) to represent spatial distribution, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used to represent vegetation growth. Correlations were then compared between mangrove seaside changes and the two parameters—mangrove width and NDVI—at yearly and 10-year scales. Both spatial distribution and vegetation growth display positive impacts on mangrove ecosystem stability: At early growth stages, mangrove stability is positively related to spatial distribution, whereas at mature growth the impact of vegetation growth is greater. Thus, we conclude that at early growth stages, planting width and area are more critical for stability, whereas for mature mangroves, management activities should focus on sustaining vegetation health and density. This study provides new rapid insights into monitoring and managing mangroves, based on analyses of parameters from historical satellite-derived information, which succinctly capture the net effect of complex environmental and human disturbances.

scholarly journals Effect of sodium silicate on early growth stages of wheat under drought stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Gyu Lee ◽  
Hyeri Lee ◽  
Byung Cheon Lee ◽  
Hojoung Lee ◽  
Jun Cheol Moon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages

scholarly journals Diet composition of the invasive red-whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus in Mauritius

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannie Fries Linnebjerg ◽  
Dennis M. Hansen ◽  
Nancy Bunbury ◽  
Jens M. Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Invasional Meltdown ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
The Impact

Disruption of ecosystems is one of the biggest threats posed by invasive species (Mack et al. 2000). Thus, one of the most important challenges is to understand the impact of exotic species on native species and habitats (e.g. Jones 2008). The probability that entire ‘invasive communities’ will develop increases as more species establish in new areas (Bourgeois et al. 2005). For example, introduced species may act in concert, facilitating one another's invasion, and increasing the likelihood of successful establishment, spread and impact. Simberloff & Von Holle (1999) introduced the term ‘invasional meltdown’ for this process, which has received widespread attention since (e.g. O'Dowd 2003, Richardson et al. 2000, Simberloff 2006). Positive interactions among introduced species are relatively common, but few have been studied in detail (Traveset & Richardson 2006). Examples include introduced insects and birds that pollinate and disperse exotic plants, thereby facilitating the spread of these species into non-invaded habitats (Goulson 2003, Mandon-Dalger et al. 2004, Simberloff & Von Holle 1999). From a more general ecological perspective, the study of interactions involving introduced and invasive species can contribute to our knowledge of ecological processes – for example, community assembly and indirect interactions.

Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. A native grass species for phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in Assam, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 1335-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabitry Bordoloi ◽  
Budhadev Basumatary ◽  
Rubul Saikia ◽  
Hamendra Chandra Das
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Native Grass

An eco-evolutionary rationale to distinguish alien and native status: why the dingo is a native species on mainland Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-366
Author(s):  
Peter B. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
The Status ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Native Status

Distinguishing between whether a species is alien or native can be problematic, especially for introduced species that are long-established in new areas outside of their natural range. Transport by humans is the criterion for alien status used by many definitions, whereas arbitrary time since arrival to a location is often used to define native status. Here I propose an eco-evolutionary approach to distinguish between alien and native status and use this to resolve uncertainty in the status of the dingo in Australia. Dingoes were transported to mainland Australia by humans, but more than 4000 years ago, and dingoes now interbreed with feral domestic dogs. Legally, this mix of events has the dingo classified as native in some jurisdictions and alien in others. I suggest that native status for introduced species should be based on (1) whether the species has evolved in their new environment; (2) whether local species recognise and respond to them as they do towards deep endemic native species, and; (3) whether their impacts benchmark against those of a native species or are exaggerated like those of other alien species. Dingoes are behaviourally, reproductively and morphologically different to close ancestors from south-east Asia, and this difference has a genetic basis indicative of evolution in Australia. There is abundant evidence that native prey species on mainland Australia recognise and respond to them as a dangerous predator, which they are. But there is strong evidence that dingo impacts on prey are not exaggerated, with effect sizes from mensurative experiments similar to those of experiments on native predators rather than alien predators. These three lines of evidence suggest dingoes should be considered native to mainland Australia. I suggest this eco-evolutionary approach to defining native status can be helpful in resolving the often-heated debates about when an alien species becomes native.

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