scholarly journals EFFECT OF MOISTURE, TEMPERATURE, AND NITROGEN ON YIELD AND PROTEIN QUALITY OF THATCHER WHEAT

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Sosulski ◽  
D. M. Lin ◽  
E. A. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Sedimentation Value

Soil moisture level was the most important factor controlling plant and grain yields while nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest influence on protein content and sedimentation value. Lower temperatures and nitrogen fertilization favored plant development at medium and high soil moisture levels but did not significantly alter the yield of plants subjected to periodic moisture stress. Temperature was the only treatment to have a consistent effect on kernel weight. However, seed yields were more closely associated with total plant weight and number of culms than kernel size.The sedimentation values of the flour, which ranged from 33.8 to 70.7 ml, were highly correlated with protein content. The wide range of sedimentation values approached the maximum range reported for very weak and very strong wheats. Within treatments receiving the same nitrogen applications, the sedimentation values and protein content were inversely related to grain yield.Variations in glutamic acid and proline content of the hydrolyzed flour proteins were positively associated with protein content and sedimentation value. Amino acids which were negatively correlated with protein content included alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cystine, glycine, and lysine. Contrary to previous reports the lysine content varied over the complete range of protein content in the flours. The significance of these variations in amino acid composition are discussed in relation to recent studies on the fractionation of flour proteins.

EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE TENSIONS ON GROWTH OF WHEAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Lehane ◽  
W. J. Staple
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Early Stress ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Greenhouse experiments in which wheat was grown on a limited amount of soil moisture showed that crops subjected to moisture stress at an early stage of growth yielded well on all soils tested, but that crops with moisture stress late in the season yielded poorly on loam soils. Late stress was less damaging on clay because high soil moisture tension in this soil resulted in better distribution of moisture use during the critical period.Crops grown under early stress used less moisture, but were equally as efficient in grain production as those grown under optimum conditions. Crops with moisture shortage during heading and filling were inefficient in moisture use.Similar variations in moisture efficiency caused by seasonal trends in available moisture supply have been observed under field conditions. For example, good yields of wheat were produced with a minimum of rainfall in Saskatchewan in 1958 when a shortage of moisture in May and June was followed by more favorable conditions in July.

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND MOISTURE ON YIELD AND PROTEIN IN FIELD PEAS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. McLEAN ◽  
F. W. SOSULSKI ◽  
C. G. YOUNGS
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Moisture Conditions

When averaged over a wide range in soil nitrogen and moisture conditions, cultivar differences in yield and protein content of non-inoculated field peas (Pisum sativum L.) were relatively small. The inherent differences in seed weight were responsible for most of the variations in yield among the three cultivars. Nitrogen fertilization in the growth room experiment markedly increased plant weight, seed yield and protein content, and water-use efficiency was substantially improved. When maintained within the upper half of the available range, soil moisture supply had only a limited influence on plant growth. Periodic wilting did cause a severe reduction in plant weight and seed yield, but there was little change in protein content. For these fertilizer and moisture treatments, responses in seed yield were primarily due to changes in number of pods per plant; the seeds per pod and seed weight were relatively stable. It appeared that field peas were efficient converters of soil nitrogen to seed protein and, in the absence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrogen fertilization was the principal factor influencing the protein content of field peas. The correlation coefficient between yield and protein content was very low.

Control and Seedhead Suppression of Red Rice (Oryza sativa) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick P. Salzman ◽  
Roy J. Smith ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
High Soil Moisture

Experiments were conducted in 1985 and 1986 at three locations in eastern Arkansas to evaluate red rice control in soybeans with postemergence grass herbicides and plant growth regulators applied singly or sequentially at early to late-tillering growth stages of red rice. Haloxyfop at 0.21 kg ai/ha and quizalofop at 0.14 kg ai/ha applied singly or sequentially and fluazifop at 0.21 kg ai/ha applied sequentially consistently controlled red rice and suppressed seedhead production in soybeans. Mid-season treatments were not beneficial when high soil moisture stress conditions existed. Mefluidide or sethoxydim applied singly or sequentially or amidochlor applied singly provided erratic control and seedhead suppression of red rice in soybeans.

INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE STRESS APPLIED AT VARIOUS STAGES OF GROWTH ON THE YIELD COMPONENTS OF CHINOOK WHEAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Main Components

Two series of moisture treatments were used to determine if there was a specific growth stage at which low soil moisture stress caused poor seed set in Chinook wheat, and also to determine whether grain yield could be maximized by manipulating time of increasing or decreasing moisture stress.Maintaining soil moisture at 25 to 10% (dry) until the shot-blade stage produced 80% seed set, compared with only 30% seed set when moisture was maintained at 25% to 16% (wet) during the same period. Increasing or decreasing the soil moisture stress at different growth stages had little effect on the number of florets per head or the mean kernel weight. Under the conditions of this experiment, the number of heads and percent seed set were the main components influencing grain yield. The highest grain yields were obtained when plants were grown under dry conditions until late shot-blade and under wet conditions thereafter. Conversely, minimum grain yields were realized where plants were grown under wet conditions until late shot-blade and under dry conditions thereafter. Straw yield was closely related to the total moisture used.

INFLUENCE OF AIR TEMPERATURE, LIGHT INTENSITY, SOIL MOISTURE STRESS AND SOIL AERATION ON MOISTURE USE BY WHEAT

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
W. S. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Reduced Rate

In growth chamber experiments, it was found that total and rate of moisture use by wheat were directly proportional to light intensity, except under conditions which restricted growth.Increasing the day temperature from 21° to 27 °C reduced the total moisture use. This was attributed to the greater vegetative dry matter produced at 21 °C. Under high soil moisture stress, (0.2 to 15 atm), plants used less water at a slower rate than at the lower stress (0.2 to 1.4 atm), but the moisture treatment had little effect on moisture use per gram of dry matter Apparently, under the conditions of this experiment the most important cause of reduced transpiration at high moisture stress was reduced plant growth.At about the late tillering to stem-extension stage, wheat was surprisingly insensitive to changes in moisture stress. An increase in soil moisture stress during this period did not result in the usual reduced rate of moisture consumption.Irrespective of the growth stage at which the stress was changed (increased or decreased), stress had little influence on moisture use per unit of straw dry matter. If the soil was "wet" (0.2 to 1.4 atm) at about the stem-extension stage, poor seed set occurred and thus moisture use per gram of seed was increased. When plants were provided with adequate aeration, moisture use per gram of seed was one-third that of plants grown under poor aeration.

INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE TENSION AND AMENDMENTS ON YIELD, OIL, AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF TARGET RAPE GROWN ON GRAY WOODED SOILS IN THE GREENHOUSE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. NUTTALL
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Loam Soil

Soil moisture tension (100 and 151 mbars) and amendments (straw, peat, manure, and ammonium nitrate) on three Gray Wooded and one Dark Gray soil significantly affected yield, oil, and protein content of Target rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Low soil moisture tension (LSMT) gave higher yields than high soil moisture tension (HSMT). In general, lower oil content and higher protein content were obtained under HSMT than under LSMT. Also, the ammonium nitrate treatment increased protein content of the grain more than the other amendments. Protein content ranged from 28.2 to 43.3% and oil content from 38.9 to 50.0%. Regression analysis revealed that protein and oil content were inversely related (R2 = 79.6%). Lowest fiber content (highest protein plus oil) was obtained with rape grown on Dark Gray, Nipawin loam soil. Ammonium nitrate (70 μg N/g soil) produced the lowest fiber content averaged over moisture tension and soil type treatments. Those treatments that helped to increase the available nitrogen supply to the crop and that increased protein contents of the grain produced the lowest fiber contents.

scholarly journals Assessment of Leitneria floridana in Disjunct Native Habitats: Implications for Horticulture and Conservation

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 897B-897
Author(s):  
Jyotsna Sharma* ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Managed Landscapes ◽  
Native Habitats

Tolerance of shade, flooding, drought, and nutrient-poor substrate is desirable among ornamental plants installed in managed landscapes. Many attractive native taxa have not been evaluated for their resistance to environmental stressors. We assessed Florida corkwood (Leitneria floridana Chapman) in its natural habitat in four disjunct populations in the United States and tested the physical and chemical properties of the soil at the study sites. Measures at all sites were made within two weeks in late June, 2003. Leaf area, plant height, length of new shoots, and the rate of photosynthesis were higher among plants receiving more than 600 μmol·m-2·s-1 of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) compared to plants that occurred where maximum PAR was lower. Soil texture ranged from clay loam to fine sand, and soil pH across sites was 4.5 to 6.6. Concentration of nitrate-nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ranged from 3 to 75 mg·L-1, 7 to 11 mg·L-1, and 3 to 64 mg·L-1, respectively. Bases of plants in Florida were submersed in water, while soil moisture percentages in Missouri and Texas were 6 to 30. The apparent tolerance of L. floridana to shade, low and high soil moisture, and nutrient-poor soil in native habitats indicates that it could be used in a wide range of managed landscapes. Its capacity to adapt to shade may permit the use of L. floridana as an understory species in managed landscapes, but stewards of natural areas may need to maintain open sites within its native habitat to allow expansion of populations. Because this assessment of L. floridana included native populations across the natural range of the species, our results are uniquely suited for both horticultural and ecological interpretation and application.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF VARYING ROW SPACINGS ON THE AGRONOMIC AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CEREALS AND FLAX

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Siemens
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Kernel Weights

During a 3-year study (1957–1959) at three Manitoba locations, agronomic and quality characteristics of Selkirk wheat, Garry oats, Swan barley and Raja flax were studied when crops were seeded in rows spaced 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 inches apart. Within crops the same seedling rate per row was used for all spacings.A row spacings increased from 6 to 30 inches, yields of all crops gradually declined whereas tillering and seed return increased. The 1000-kernel weight of barley increased substantially with wider row spacings, but in wheat and flax the lowest 1000-kernel weights were recorded at the widest spacing. The kernel weight of oats and the bushel weight of all crops were not affected noticeably by row spacing. Protein content of wheat at 30-inch spacing averaged 3.2 per cent higher than wheat at 6-inch spacing. Protein in barley and flax also appeared to increase at wider row spacings, but not as sharply as in wheat.Average soil moisture content between 30-inch flax rows was higher at the time of boll formation than between 6- and 18-inch rows. A similar trend was found in wheat at time of heading.Wheat variety by spacing interactions was studied in one test in which Lerma, Lee, Thatcher and Selkirk wheats were seeded in rows spaced 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 inches apart. No significant interactions were observed in tillering and protein content, whereas interactions in yield and 1000-kernel weights were highly significant.

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOIL MOISTURE STRESS, PLANT POPULATIONS, ROW SPACING AND YIELD OF CORN

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. FULTON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
High Population ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Available Soil Moisture

Experiments including variables of soil moisture, plant populations and row spacings were conducted in four consecutive seasons. In two of the years precipitation was inadequate to produce maximum yield of corn.Yield was reduced by soil moisture tension in excess of five bars at a point 40 cm below the soil surface. Substantial yield reduction occurred even where the moisture stress was confined to the period subsequent to tassel emergence. Highest yields were obtained where high soil moisture levels (minimum available soil moisture 25% at 40 cm) were combined with high population (54,362 plants per hectare) and narrow (50 cm) rows. However, interactions among these variables were such that narrow rows increased yield only in the presence of both high population and high soil moisture supply. High plant populations increased yield only where soil moisture levels were high.

Variation between and within species of rapeseed (Brassica campestris and B. napus) in response to drought stress. II.* Growth and development under natural drought stresses

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Richards ◽  
N Thurling
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Plant Weight

Two rapeseed species and cultivars within each of these species differed significantly with respect to the influence of variation in sowing date on growth, development and yield on two different soil types. Soil moisture stress, particularly after anthesis, was the major environmental factor affecting these processes. Grain yield declined markedly with later sowings in both species, and B. napus, despite its later maturity, was more tolerant of severe soil moisture deficits since its grain yield was consistently higher than B. campestris in the more stressed environments. The major distinguishing feature between species contributing most to this difference in yield was the pattern of dry matter accumulation. In B. campestris most of the dry weight of the plant was accumulated after anthesis when drought was most severe, whereas in B. napus dry weight accumulation occurred before anthesis. This resulted in a greater contribution of reserves accumulated by anthesis to grain-filling in B. napus. Most of the variation in seed yield resulted from differences in sowing dates and soil types. When these environmental effects were excluded, the main determinants of genotypic variation in yield were the numbers of pods and branches and harvest index in both species, growth rate in the post-anthesis phase in B. campestris, and plant weight and root/shoot ratio at anthesis in B. napus. Selection strategies for yield improvement in rapeseed growing in drought-stressed environments are discussed. _____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 469 (1978).

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