scholarly journals IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE FESTUCA SCABRELLA ASSOCIATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Bezeau ◽  
A. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Browse Species ◽  
Regional Adaptation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Digestible Protein

The in vitro digestibility of cellulose was determined for 20 grasses, 6 f orbs, and 6 miscellaneous browse species of the Festuca scabrella association of southwestern Alberta. From this was calculated the "Nutritive Value Index" (N.V.I.) and percentage of digestible protein. The mean N.V.I. and the mean digestible protein of the four cultivated grasses, Bromus inermis, Elymus junceus, Festuca rubra, and Phleum pratense, at each stage of growth, was higher than the respective mean of the native species of grasses. However, Bromus pumpellianus, a native species, had a higher mean N.V.I. for all stages of growth than any of the other grasses studied. The forbs as a class were equal or superior to the grasses in N.V.I. and percentage of digestible protein. It is suggested that other factors such as palatability, toxicity, and regional adaptation should be considered before a species is adequately evaluated as a range forage.

Yield and nutritive value of the spring growth of an ageing timothy sward

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Bélanger ◽  
Gaëtan F Tremblay ◽  
Danielle Mongrain
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility

The decline in productivity of forage grasses with age since establishment has been recognised for several years, but this yield reduction and its consequences on nutritive value have not been studied in timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Our objective was to characterize the dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value during spring growth of an ageing timothy sward grown under non-limiting N conditions. A timothy sward, seeded in 1998, was harvested at four developmental stages (stem elongation, early heading, late heading, and early flowering) during spring growth from 1999 to 2005. The average DM yield observed in production years 5, 6, and 7 was 43% of that measured in the first 4 production years when timothy was harvested at stem elongation or early heading, 52% when harvested at late heading, and 74% when harvested at early flowering. The yield potential of timothy during spring growth decreased with ageing at a rate of 0.66 and 0.91 Mg DM ha-1 yr-1 with harvests at early and late heading, respectively. The nutritive value of timothy harvested at stem elongation was greater in older (production years 5, 6, and 7) than in younger (first 4 production years) swards as indicated by in vitro true digestibility of DM (+ 48 g kg-1 DM), in vitro digestibility of NDF (+ 77 g kg-1 NDF), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration (-62 g kg-1 DM); this difference, explained mostly by the lower DM yield of older swards, disappeared when timothy was harvested later on in the growth cycle. Rates of change in nutritive value observed during the phase of reproductive development in spring growth were, therefore, greater in older than in younger swards. Our results demonstrate clearly the decline in timothy productivity with age and its consequences on nutritive value. Key words: Phleum pratense, harvesting year, stages of development, yield, digestibility

scholarly journals 202 In vitro digestibility of various browse species selected by goats over the growing season

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
Nikisha Ryan ◽  
Frank W Abrahamsen ◽  
Briana Epps ◽  
Mary K Mullenix ◽  
John Heath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Phytolacca Americana ◽  
Browse Species

Abstract Goats naturally prefer to consume browse species given the choice. Browsing away from the ground may help avoid internal parasites; however, goats cannot consume more than 50% of their diet as browse due to the prevalence of toxins in the browse species. The objective of this project was to determine in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of preferred browse species consumed by goats at Tuskegee University browsing demonstration site over the growing season. Three samples were collected from each of the 35 different browse species in April and July 2018. Samples consisted of leaves and edible twigs. Browse IVTD was determined according to the Van Soest et al. (1991) modification of the Tilley and Terry (1963) procedure using the Ankom Daisy II incubator system. Data were analyzed for the months of April and July utilizing the two-sample T-test of SYSTAT, Version 13. Browse IVTD values differed (Pteridium aquilinum (Brakenfern) to 94.7% in Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) while the July values ranged from 33.59% in Pteridium aquilinum to 88.5% for Morus rubra (Mulberry). Significant differences were also observed among browse species with regards to dry matter content. Dry matter content values ranged from 10.5 (Albizia julibrissin; White mimosa) to 81% (Prunus americana; American Plum) in April and 12.5 Phytolacca americana to 89% Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) in July. Results showed natural variability in IVTD of various browse species throughout the growing season. Future experiments will analyze additional nutritive value parameters such as ADF, NDF, total digestible nutrients, and lignin values over three collection times (April, July, and October). The experiment will be continued for two additional years to provide meaningful results.

The nutritive value of native forage plants of Armenia

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
B. Kh. Mezhunts ◽  
E. R. Deaville ◽  
D. I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Feed Material ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Government

Armenia is a typical highland country with an average altitude of 1800 m. More than half of its territory is occupied by natural pastures and hay producing areas which form an important source of feed material for animal husbandry. However, in recent years the country has been experiencing an acute shortage of feed materials and as a result the total number of livestock and animal derived products has drastically dropped. During the transition to a market economy the government has been unable to import additional forage materials, therefore there is a need to utilise local resources more rationally. Limited studies of the nutritive value of Armenia’s forage plants has been carried out. Moreover, in previous studies the fundamental criteria for measuring forage quality has been largely limited to an assessment of crude protein (CP), total ash (TA), crude fat (CF), nitrogen-free extractable substances (NFS) and crude cellulose (CC) contents. Only recently have studies been undertaken to assess gross energy (GE) and in-vitro digestible organic matter (OM) in the dry matter (DOMD) contents, and OM digestibility (OMD) and digestible energy (DE) value of OM. The objective of this work was to summarize the published studies on chemical composition and to discuss the results of recent measurements of energy value and in-vitro digestibility of native forages in Armenia in order to facilitate the selection and utilisation of high quality forages by farmers.

EFFECTS OF 25 YEARS OF N, P AND K FERTILIZATION ON YIELD, PERSISTENCE AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF A TIMOTHY SWARD

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. BÉLANGER ◽  
J. E. RICHARDS ◽  
R. B. WALTON
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Phleum Pratense L ◽  
K Fertilization

The effects of over 25 yr of levels of applied N, P and K on forage DM yield, crude protein content, in vitro digestibility (IVD), botanical composition and persistence of a timothy (Phleum pratense L.) sward were assessed in a long-term field experiment on an acidic Riverbank L. Ammonium nitrate (0, 90, 180, 270 kg N ha−1), superphosphate (0, 15, 29, 44 kg P ha−1) and muriate of potash (0, 47, 94, 141 kg K ha−1) were applied annually in all possible combinations to a timothy sward since 1960. In the first 3 yr of the experiment, only N and K were required for maximum yield and persistence of timothy. The requirement for applied P, however, increased with time; in the last 3 yr (1985–1987) of the trial, the highest level of applied P resulted in profitable forage DM yield increases. After 25 yr, the productivity of the timothy sward was dependent upon a balanced application of all three macronutrients; absence of any one nutrient resulted in little or no response to applications of the other nutrients. The long-term persistence of timothy was solely dependent on K fertilization. The proportion of bentgrass and bluegrass species declined with increasing levels of applied K while that of timothy increased. The change in botanical composition due to applied N and K significantly affected IVD and crude protein content.Key words: N, P, K, fertilization, yield, persistence, timothy

Factors affecting diet selection by sheep. 1. Potential intake rate and acceptability of feed

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Kenney ◽  
JL Black
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clover Pasture

In experiment 1, potential intake rates of several dried forages, varying widely in nutritive value, were measured by offering each alone to six hungry sheep for eight, separate 1-min periods. Intake rates ranged from 5.5 to 26.1 g/min, but, within each forage, it varied little between sheep (c.v. 13%) or between measurements with the same sheep (c.v. 8%). The forages were then offered in pairs in separate containers and preference for one forage was defined as the percentage of total intake derived from that forage. With the exception of a dried clover pasture, preference for a forage was strongly related to the rate at which it could be eaten. Reducing the length of wheaten straw particles from 30 to 10 mm increased intake rate from 5.5 to 12.4 g/min and resulted in an absolute preference for the short material. The mean preference for a forage over all comparisons was more strongly correlated with intake rate of the forage (r2 = 0.87) than with in vitro digestibility of organic matter (r2 = 0.30). In experiment 2, two wheaten straws and two wheaten hays were each chopped to two lengths and, within each forage, mixed (w/w) in the short : long ratios of 0 : 1, 1 : 2, 2 : 1 and 1 : 0. Mean intake rates were 7.3 and 12.5 g/min for the two straws and 15.7 and 23.2 g/min for the two hays. Within each forage, all mixtures were offered in pairs to establish preference. The slopes of regression equations relating preference (%) to intake rate (g/min) were 21.4, 17.0, 5.9 and 2.7 (%.min/g) for the four forages as mean intake rate increased from 7.3 to 23 2 g/min, which indicates that discrimination between forages with the same difference in intake rate was greater when mean intake rate was low. In experiment 3, finely ground clover pasture, lucerne hay, wheaten hay or wheaten straw were added to a base diet of either chopped lucerne or wheaten straw in the ratio 1 : 10. Although the additive had little effect on intake rate, sheep preferred lucerne to clover pasture and wheaten hay to wheaten straw. Equations developed from the results of experiment 2 to predict the preference for one forage over another on the basis of their relative intake rates, showed fair agreement with observations from experiment 1, particularly when the effects of acceptability factors such as taste, odour or feel were translated into differences in potential intake rate.

scholarly journals Leaf protein production from energy willow leaves

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Leaf Protein Concentrate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Leaf Juice

The extraction of protein from leaves of two energy willow clones (Salic cv. Aquatica and S. viminalis) and the chemical composition and nutritive value of the leaf fractions were investigated in six experiments. The preservation of leaf juice and wet leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was also studied. The extraction of juice averaged 33 % of the fresh weight, and the extraction ratios of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were 10.5 % and 2.9 %. The percentages of juice DM, CP and TP (true protein) separated in LPC were 6 %, 21 % and 48 %, respectively. The separation values were higher when LPC was precipitated by heating than by acidification. Removal of nutrients from the leaves was low and there were only minor differences in composition between the pressed pulp and the leaves. The leaf juice contained 8.3 % DM, of which 20.9 % was ash, 4.9 % CP, 1.9 % TP and 43.2 % sugars. The LPC had an average DM content of 19.6 %, CP being 21.4 % and TP 19.5 % of DM. The in vitro digestibility and pepsin-HCI-solubility of the protein were low. The mean tannin content of the LPC averaged 3.6 % of DM. The mean lysine and methionine contents of the LPC were low, 3.3 and 1.5 g/16 g N, respectively. The preservation of the leaf juice was satisfactory even without addition of preservative. Preservation of wet LPC was good with additives used at the 1.0 % v/w level. Leaf protein extraction was low and the nutritive value of LPC was not particularly high. This may have been partly due to the late date of harvesting and to the fact that the leaves were frozen for storage.

Perennial legumes native to Australia — a preliminary investigation of nutritive value and response to cutting

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Robinson ◽  
L. W. Bell ◽  
R. G. Bennett ◽  
D. A. Henry ◽  
M. Tibbett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Six Australian native herbaceous perennial legumes (Lotus australis, Swainsona colutoides, Swainsona swainsonioides, Cullen tenax, Glycine tabacina and Kennedia prorepens) were assessed in the glasshouse for nutritive value, soluble condensed tannins and production of herbage in response to three cutting treatments (regrowth harvested every 4 and 6 weeks and plants left uncut for 12 weeks). The Mediterranean perennial legumes Medicago sativa and Lotus corniculatus were also included. Dry matter (DM) yield of some native legumes was comparable to L. corniculatus, but M. sativa produced more DM than all species except S. swainsonioides after 12 weeks of regrowth. Dry matter yield of all native legumes decreased with increased cutting frequency, indicating a susceptibility to frequent defoliation. Shoot in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) was high (>70%) in most native legumes, except G. tabacina (65%) and K. prorepens (55%). Crude protein ranged from 21–28% for all legumes except K. prorepens (12%). More frequent cutting resulted in higher DMD and crude protein in all species, except for the DMD of C. tenax and L. australis, which did not change. Concentrations of soluble condensed tannins were 2–9 g/kg DM in the Lotus spp., 10–18 g/kg DM in K. prorepens and negligible (<1 g/kg) in the other legumes. Of the native species, C. tenax, S. swainsonioides and L. australis showed the most promise for use as forage plants and further evaluation under field conditions is now warranted.

scholarly journals Temporal Variations in Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility, and Metabolizable Energy of Plant Species Browsed by Goats in Southern Mediterranean Forest Rangeland

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1441
Author(s):  
Youssef Chebli ◽  
Samira El Otmani ◽  
Mouad Chentouf ◽  
Jean-Luc Hornick ◽  
Jean-François Cabaraux
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mediterranean Forest ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Southern Mediterranean

Forest rangelands contribute largely to goat diets in the Mediterranean area. Information about browsed plant quality is essential for adequate feeding management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temporal changes in chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the main plant species selected by goats in the Southern Mediterranean forest rangeland during two consecutive years; these were very contrasted (dry and wet). The browsed species were composed of herbaceous, eleven shrubs, and four tree species. Overall, large variability in chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and metabolizable energy (ME) was observed among species, grazing season (spring, summer, and autumn), and years within each species. Crude protein (CP) content varied from 60 to 240 g/kg dry matter (DM). The fiber fractions, except for Quercus suber, increased significantly by advancing maturity. Due to the water stress, the lignin level presented a higher value during the spring of the dry year. Condensed tannin (CT) content varied from 2 to 184 g/kg DM. CP, IVOMD, and ME showed a negative correlation with lignin and CT. Based on the results presented herein, it is concluded that the nutritive value of the browsed plant species was highest in the spring and lowest during the summer and autumn of both studied years. With a good grazing management strategy, the selected plant species by goats could guarantee high-quality feeding resources throughout the year.

The use ofin vitrogas production to evaluate rumen fermentation of leaves of 24 browse species indigenous to semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
L. R. Ndlovu ◽  
L. Hove
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
Browse Species ◽  
Semi Arid

Browse species are important food resources in semi-arid areas, especially during the dry season when the nutritive value of grass is at its lowest. However, browse plants often contain secondary plant compounds which limit their nutritive value. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) (also called condensed tannins) and related flavonoids are a common constituent of woody plants in tropical regions (Mangan, 1988). PAs cause a bitter and astringent taste which lowers food palatability and they also lower the digestibility of proteins and carbohydrates (Jacksonet al., 1996). PAs also interfere with current chemical methods that are used for estimating nutritive value of foods (Reed, 1995). Biological assays, especially ,in vitrotechniques, have a potential to reflect better the nutritive value of foods that contain PAs. Thein vitrogas production technique has been found to reliably predict the nutritive value of temperate forages (Makkaret al., 1996). There has been limited research on its efficacy with tropical forages. The experiment reported here was conducted to test the hypothesis that gas production of tropical browse species reflects their content of fibre, protein and/or PAs.

scholarly journals Improving ensiling characteristics by adding lactic acid bacteria modifies in vitro digestibility and methane production of forage-sorghum mixture silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chatchai Kaewpila ◽  
Pongsatorn Gunun ◽  
Piyawit Kesorn ◽  
Sayan Subepang ◽  
Suwit Thip-uten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
Forage Sorghum ◽  
Randomized Design

AbstractImproving the nutrition of livestock is an important aspect of global food production sustainability. This study verified whether lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant could promote ensiling characteristics, nutritive value, and in vitro enteric methane (CH4) mitigation of forage sorghum (FS) mixture silage in attacking malnutrition in Zebu beef cattle. The FS at the soft dough stage, Cavalcade hay (CH), and cassava chip (CC) were obtained. The treatments were designed as a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Factor A was FS prepared without or with CH, CC, and CH + CC. Factor B was untreated or treated with Lactobacillus casei TH14. The results showed that all FS mixture silages preserved well with lower pH values below 4.0 and higher lactic acid contents above 56.4 g/kg dry matter (DM). Adding LAB boosted the lactic acid content of silages. After 24 h and 48 h of in vitro rumen incubation, the CC-treated silage increased in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) with increased total gas production and CH4 production. The LAB-treated silage increased IVDMD but decreased CH4 production. Thus, the addition of L. casei TH14 inoculant could improve lactic acid fermentation, in vitro digestibility, and CH4 mitigation in the FS mixture silages.

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