COLD HARDINESS OF SPROUTING WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY DURATION OF HARDENING AND HARDENING TEMPERATURE

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Wheat Seeds

The cold hardiness of sprouting winter wheat seeds, as measured by exposure to −15 °C. for 16 hours, increased rapidly during the first 5 weeks of hardening and decreased rapidly between the seventh and eleventh week of hardening at 1.5 °C. in the dark. With a slightly higher hardening temperature (3.5 °C.) in the dark, a lower level of cold hardiness resulted; cold hardiness reached a maximum with 4 weeks of hardening and then decreased. Material grown at 5 °C. did not develop sufficient cold hardiness to withstand the freezing temperature. The application of supplementary light during hardening at 3.5 °C. resulted in a slight increase in average hardiness but did not prevent the rapid decrease in hardiness after the fourth week of growth.Sprouting winter wheat will harden to cold in the dark. The ultimate level of cold hardiness attained depends on the hardening temperature, the duration of hardening, and the stage of development of the seedling. Small changes in these factors can result in large differences in cold hardiness.

COLD HARDENING AND COLD HARDINESS OF YOUNG WINTER RYE SEEDLINGS AS AFFECTED BY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AND TEMPERATURE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Stages

Young winter rye seedlings, grown and hardened at 1° or 1.5 °C in the dark, developed a high level of cold hardiness at two stages prior to emergence of the first leaf. The first maximum occurred when coleoptiles were less than about 1 mm in length and was followed by a decrease in hardiness. A second and higher maximum occurred when coleoptiles were about 15–30 mm in length (5 weeks at 1.5 °C; 7 weeks at 1 °C) and it was followed by a rapid decrease in hardiness beginning at about the time the leaf broke through the coleoptile. Genetic differences corresponding with those obtained in the field were established by hardening seedlings for 7 weeks at 1 °C and exposure to −15 °C for 16 hours or by hardening for 5 weeks at 1.5 °C and exposure to −14 °C for 16 hours. The use of a lower (−4 °C) hardening temperature resulted in a large increase in cold hardiness at the younger stages of development but little or no increase where seedlings had already reached a maximum of hardiness from exposure to 1.5 °C for 5 weeks. Satisfactory genetic differences were not determined by exposure to −14 °C for 16 hours after hardening at −4 °C. In general the response to hardening of young winter rye seedlings was similar to that found with winter wheat.

COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Time Required

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.

The influence of light and diurnal freezing temperature on the cold hardiness of winter wheat seedlings

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 2539-2546 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Andrews ◽  
M. K. Pomeroy ◽  
I. A. de la Roche
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Low Temperature Growth

Seedlings of winter wheat (Triticum aestivwn cv. Rideau and Cappelle Desprez) grown on moist filter paper in petri plates in dark at low temperature increased in cold hardiness, as measured by changes in the LD50 temperatures. Rideau attained an LD50 temperature of −12 °C after 5 weeks, Cappelle Desprez, −6 °C. Exposure to light delayed the maximum hardiness by 2 weeks and increased it by 6 °C in both cultivars. Exposure to diurnal freezing temperature increased hardiness of both cultivars in the dark, and in light when excessive dehydration was prevented.Greater cold hardiness of plants of both cultivars was attained in soil in light at low temperature as compared with those in petri plates. Exposure of plants to diurnal freezing temperature maintained a higher level of hardiness after the maximum at 7 weeks than continuous low temperature without freezing. Diurnal freezing during active low temperature growth in petri plates or in soil increased hardiness of Rideau seedlings to an apparent maximum of −18 °C.

Duration of hardening and cold hardiness in winter wheat

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (14) ◽  
pp. 1511-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Additional Reason

Experiments in which winter wheat plants were exposed to two different controlled hardening-temperature regimes (constant 3 °C, and 5.5 °C (day): 3.5 °C (night)) for long periods (up to 15 weeks) indicate that cold hardiness changes with time.The cold hardiness in plants grown from seed at 3 °C drops rapidly immediately after moistening and reaches a minimum 2–3 weeks later. Hardiness then begins to increase and reaches a maximum that lasts approximately from the 7th to the 11th week of growth after which it slowly declines.The patterns of change in cold hardiness during growth at 3 °C, and 5.5 °C:3.5 °C were almost synchronous if hardiness was plotted against duration of hardening, but were not synchronous if hardiness was plotted against stage of development as measured by the number of leaves produced. A somewhat similar result was obtained if plants grown for 3 weeks at 21 °C before hardening were compared with plants grown from dry seeds under the same hardening conditions. These experiments show that duration of hardening is more important in determining the level of cold resistance and the ability of wheat to retain its cold resistance than is stage of development, as measured by the number of leaves produced at the time cold resistance is measured.When plants seeded outdoors in mid-September were transferred at various dates (0–30 weeks after seeding) during the fall or winter to standardized hardening conditions in a growth cabinet for 0–15 weeks before freezing, their cold resistance changed in a way that suggests that plants in the field undergo the same pattern of changes in cold resistance as plants reared continuously in a growth chamber. This result suggests that the long exposure to hardening temperatures is one of the reasons why wheat in the field has less cold resistance in late winter than in autumn. Loss of carbohydrate reserves during winter may be an additional reason for this phenomenon.Under both growth cabinet and field conditions, increasing cold hardiness coincided with vernalization. Maximum cold hardiness was retained for several weeks after the completion of vernalization. These results suggest that the development of the maximum level of cold resistance may be related to the vernalization process.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION AND COLD HARDENING IN YOUNG WINTER WHEAT SEEDLINGS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Andrews ◽  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

The ascorbic acid content of winter wheat varieties, germinated in the dark at various temperatures on the surface of moist vermiculite, was much higher at a hardening temperature of 1.5 °C than at higher temperatures of 5°, 10°, or 20 °C. There were no differences between the ascorbic acid contents of wheat grown at the three higher temperatures. Ascorbic acid content was dependent on the stage of development at all temperatures. At 1.5 °C, the ascorbic acid content increased during the first 6 weeks of growth (shoots about 15 mm) and then decreased rapidly. This variation in ascorbic acid content was closely associated with the increase and decrease in cold hardiness of wheat grown under similar conditions.Ascorbic acid content was highest in shoots, intermediate in roots, and lowest in the endosperm of wheat grown for 6 weeks at 1.5 °C.At hardening temperatures (1.5° and 3 °C) the more cold hardy winter wheat varieties had higher contents of ascorbic acid. At higher temperatures the differences between varieties were small. The ranking of varieties by ascorbic acid content could be influenced by relative stages of growth.Artificial cold hardiness was imparted to winter wheat seedlings by feeding them aqueous ascorbic acid solutions of adequate concentration. The ascorbic acid content of leaves required for artificial hardening appeared to be similar to that accumulated in sprouts hardened fully by growth at low temperature.

scholarly journals Improving the efficiency of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with low power coherent optical radiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 659 (1) ◽  
pp. 012019
Author(s):  
M A Taranov ◽  
A S Kazakova ◽  
P V Gulyaev ◽  
M M Ukraintsev ◽  
A S Tatarintsev
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Optical Radiation ◽  
Wheat Seeds

THE EFFECT OF MANGANESE AND MOLYBDENUM FERTILIZERS ON THE SOWING QUALITIES OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Mikhailovna Onishchenko ◽  
Lyubov Vladimirovna Streletskaya ◽  
Daniil Sergeevich Karikov
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Seeds

scholarly journals Determination of Main Spectral and Luminescent Characteristics of Winter Wheat Seeds Infected with Pathogenic Microflora

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Alexey M. Bashilov ◽  
Igor Yu. Efremenkov ◽  
Mikhail V. Belyakov ◽  
Alexander V. Lavrov ◽  
Anatoly A. Gulyaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Fusarium Infection ◽  
Constant Growth ◽  
Wheat Seeds

In connection with the constant growth of demand for high-quality food products, there is a need to develop effective methods for storing agricultural products, and the registration and predicting infection in the early stages. The studying of the physical properties of infected plants and seeds has fundamental importance for determining crop losses, conducting a survey of diseases, and assessing the effectiveness of their control (assessment of the resistance of crops and varieties, the effect of fungicides, etc.). Presently, photoluminescent methods for diagnosing seeds in the ultraviolet and visible ranges have not been studied. For research, seeds of winter wheat were selected, and were infected with one of the most common and dangerous diseases for plants—fusarium. The research of luminescence was carried out based on a hardware–software complex consisting of a multifunctional spectrofluorometer “Fluorat-02-Panorama”, a computer with software “Panorama Pro” installed, and an external camera for the samples under study. Spectra were obtained with a diagnostic range of winter wheat seeds of 220–400 nm. Based on the results obtained for winter wheat seeds, it is possible to further develop a method for determining the degree of fusarium infection.

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