THE IDENTITY OF SMALL BITTER CHERRY AND WESTERN X LITTLE CHERRY

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Lott
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Okanagan Valley ◽  
Cherry Trees

Small bitter cherry was found in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia in 1940, and was recognized as being different from little cherry in the Kootenay area of British Columbia and buckskin in California. Diseases similar to small bitter cherry were found in the northwestern states from 1942 to 1948 and were shown to be caused by the virus of western X-disease. Extensive surveys in British Columbia showed that small bitter cherry occurs only in the southern part of the Okanagan Valley and always in close proximity to western X-disease in peach. Small bitter cherry was inoculated into 48 peach seedlings and into 15 chokecherry trees. Symptoms of western X-disease appeared in 3 peach seedlings and in 2 chokecherry trees. Symptoms appeared up to 4 years after inoculation. The successful transmissions were obtained from 2 diseased sweet cherry trees. These limited transmissions, taken in conjunction with the other evidence submitted, support the conclusion that small bitter cherry is western X little cherry or a form of that disease.

A Note on Colour Preferences of Some Homoptera and Thysanoptera in British Columbia

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. A. Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Canada Department ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Colour Preferences ◽  
Cherry Trees

In pear and sweet cherry orchards near Creston, in the Kootenay Valley of British Columbia, populations of psyllids, aphids, thrips and leafhoppers were sampled by yellow, and white, sticky board traps hung in the trees. The psyllids were adult Psylla pyricola Först., caught in pear trees; the other insects were caught in cherry trees. The latter insects were: alate Myzus cerasi (F.), adults and nymphs of Taeniothrips sp., and adult leafhoppers of the following species: Edwardsiana rosae (L.), Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), Psammotettix lividellus (Zett.), Dikraneura absenta DeL. and C., Scaphytopius acutus (Say), Osbornellus borealis DeL. and Mohr., Neokolla hieroglyphics (Say), and Erythroneura spp. Identifications were made by the Systematics and Biological Control Unit of the Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

Helminth parasites of California quail (Lophortyx californicus) from the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
California Quail ◽  
Okanagan Valley

One hundred and thirty-seven California quail (Lophortyx californicus) were collected from the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia and examined for helminth parasites during the summers of 1965 and 1966. The following helminth species were found parasitizing California quail from four study areas: two cestodes, Rhabdometra odiosa and Choanotaenia infundibulum, and one nematode, Acuaria spinosa.R. odiosa was recovered from quail from all areas; the other two species were less common and more restricted in distribution. The frequency of infection for R. odiosa was 53.8% in adult quail and 45.8% in juvenile quail. Intensity of infection for R. odiosa was 13.5 specimens from adult and 22.4 from juvenile quail. For C. infundibulum the frequency was 1.5% from adult and 9.7% from juvenile quail; intensity was 2 and 1.7 specimens from adult and juvenile quail respectively. A. spinosa was recovered from three adult quail in 1965; none were found in 1966. Neither C. infundibulum nor A. spinosa has previously been reported from California quail.

scholarly journals Determining The Effects Of Different Treatments On The Flowering Of Sweet Cherry Trees And Fruit Quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Deniz EROĞUL ◽  
Canan YILMAZ ◽  
Fatih ŞEN
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Cherry Orchard ◽  
Cherry Trees

Earliness is also very important in addition to yield and fruit quality for more profitable production in sweet cherry cultivation. Therefore, some preparats are applied to get flowering even earlier in Kemalpaşa District of Izmir province, where sweet cherry fruits from Turkey are harvested the earliest. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of different treatments in the pre-flowering period on flowering and fruit quality of sweet cherry fruits. The study was carried out in the 2018 production year in a sweet cherry orchard established with the "0900 Ziraat" (Prunus avium L.) variety grafted on the "idris" (Prunus mahaleb) rootstock belonging to a producer in Kemalpaşa district of Izmir province. Approximately 30 days before flowering, Bud Feed 20 (BF20), 40 (BF40) and 60 mL L-1 (BF60) doses with Sett (3 mL L-1), Erger (50 mL L-1) + CaNO3 were treated to the sweet cherry trees from the leaf. The trees that are sprayed only with water were considered as control. Branches of similar size were selected from 4 different directions of the trees to determine flowering in sweet cherry trees, and the number of flowers bloomed on the branches recorded for 2-day intervals from March 17, when the first flowering was observed until the flowering was completed. The sweet cherry trees treated with BF40 + Sett, BF60 + Sett, and Erger + CaNO3 had the flowering 6-7 days and full bloom 7-8 days before compared to the control trees. The last flowering time of BF60 + Sett treated sweet cherry trees was 8 days earlier than the control trees, and 6 days earlier than the other treatments. It was determined that the weight and diameter of the fruits in  BF60 + Sett and Erger + CaNO3 treated sweet cherry trees were partially higher than the control, while the other quality parameters were similar. The results showed that BF60 + Sett, Erger + CaNO3 and BF40 + Sett treatments were effective in the early flowering of sweet cherry fruits.

Influence of weather on apricot, peach and sweet cherry production in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Caprio ◽  
H. A. Quamme
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca L ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Prunus Avium L ◽  
Okanagan Valley

An iterative χ2 method that generates indices of association was used to determine daily weather occurrences associated with annual variations in peach (Prunus persica Batch.), apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), and sweet cherry production (Prunus avium L.) in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia over a 72 yr period, 1920–1991. During September and early October of the pre-harvest year, warm daytime temperatures favoured apricot (≥ 26°C) and sweet cherry production (≥ 19°C), probably because this promoted flower bud development. High daytime temperatures (≥ 27°C) were detrimental to apricot production in August of the pre-harvest year. During the pre-harvest year, peach production was only weakly associated with daytime temperature. Precipitation adversely affected peach and sweet cherry production in the preharvest year indirectly by associated lower temperatures or directly by enhanced disease infection. The main climatic factor limiting production of these crops was low temperatures from November to February (critical value range, ≥ -13 to ≥ -24°C, nighttime temperature) that cause winter injury. Precipitation during this period, usually snowfall, mostly favoured production. Poor production years were also associated with low nighttime temperatures (≤ -2 to -5°C) in spring at the time the flowers are prone to frost injury. During the bloom period warm temperatures (≥16°C, daytime temperature) favoured Prunus production, probably because of the temperature requirements for good pollination and flower set. Rainfall during fruit development and harvest of sweet cherry reduced production because of rain-induced cracking. Daytime temperatures were detrimental to production of apricot (≥ 31°C) and sweet cherry (≥ 33°C to ≥ 37° C) during harvest. The anticipated climate change appears to favour Prunus production in the Okanagan Valley, except for increased rainfall on sweet cherry production. Key words: Prunus persica Batch., Prunus armeniaca L., Prunus avium L., tree fruit, climate, heat stress, spring frost, winter injury

Shifting Prevalence of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Orchards and Vineyards of the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Forge ◽  
Paige Munro ◽  
Andrew J. Midwood ◽  
Lori Philips ◽  
Kirsten Hannam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Plant Parasitic ◽  
Okanagan Valley

Fruit production in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia is dominated by apple, sweet cherry, and wine grape. The relative importance of sweet cherry and grape has increased in recent decades, but little was known of the plant-parasitic nematodes associated with those crops. Soil samples analyzed for plant-parasitic nematodes were collected from a total of 39 apple orchards, 61 cherry orchards, and 57 vineyards; most were collected in 2018, but 36 cherry orchards were sampled in 2012. Soil properties were also assessed and related to nematode population densities. Nematode genera of potential significance were, in order of prevalence, Pratylenchus, Mesocriconema, Xiphinema, Paratylenchus, Paratrichodorus, Hemicycliophora, and Meloidogyne. Pratylenchus were found in 79, 98, and 81% of the apple, cherry, and grape plantings, respectively; Mesocriconema were found in 51, 79, and 82%; and Xiphinema were found in 59, 51, and 77%. Population densities of the three dominant genera were influenced more by soil texture than any other soil characteristics, with Pratylenchus being negatively correlated with percentage clay, Mesocriconema positively correlated with percentage sand, and Xiphinema positively correlated with percentage silt. The high prevalence of Mesocriconema in cherry orchards and vineyards in this region is significant because Mesocriconema is known to be an important pest of other Prunus crop species and grapevines in other regions. This study therefore provides a rationale for increasing grower awareness and research efforts on the impacts and management of Mesocriconema and other plant-parasitic nematodes in orchards and vineyards in the region.

Gemmae in Tetralophozia setiformis (Anastrophyllaceae, Marchantiophyta) and their second record in Eurasia

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
M. V. Dulin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Northern Urals ◽  
Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Murmansk Region

Tetralophozia setiformis is a widespread species occurring usually without organs of sexual and asexual reproduction. Gemmae of Tetralophozia setiformis were observed for the second time in Russia and Eurasia in the Northern Urals, Komi Republic. They form compact masses over upper leaves. The compact masses consist largely (70 %) of immature gemmae. Description of gemmae and gemmiparous shoots from the Northern Urals and their comparison with those from the other known localities, namely British Columbia (Canada) and the Murmansk Region (European Russia) were carried out. The gemmiparous plants of T. setiformis from the Northern Urals have approximately the same width as plants without gemmae but they are shorter. The leaves of gemmiparous plants from the Northern Urals are similar to leaves of gemmiparous plants from British Columbia. The leaf shape in upper part of the gemmiparous shoots varies from the typical to ± modified from gemmae production. These leaf shape transitions include reduction of leaf size and lobe number from 4 to 2–3, suppression of development and disappearance of characteristic teeth at the base of sinus. Gemmae size (17 × 22 μm) of plants from the Northern Urals is within variability recorded for plants from the Murmansk Region and British Columbia.

scholarly journals The Properties of Cu Ions in Zeolites CuY Studied by IR Spectroscopy

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4686
Author(s):  
Jerzy Podobiński ◽  
Mariusz Gackowski ◽  
Grzegorz Mordarski ◽  
Katarzyna Samson ◽  
Michał Śliwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Co Adsorption ◽  
The Other ◽  
Probe Molecules ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
No And Co Adsorption ◽  
Cu Ions

The properties of both Cu2+ and Cu+ ions in zeolite CuY were followed with NO and CO as probe molecules. Cu2+ was found to be located in SII, SII*, and SIII sites, whereas Cu+ was found in SII and SII* sites. The fine analysis of the spectra of Cu2+-NO and Cu+-CO adducts suggests that both in SII and in SII* sites two kinds of Cu cations exist. They differ in the positive charge, which may be related to the varying numbers of AlO4− in close proximity. The experiments of NO and CO adsorption and desorption evidenced that both Cu2+ and Cu+ sites of highest positive charge bind probe molecules most strongly but activate them to a lesser extent than the Cu sites of lowest positive charge. The experiments of reduction with hydrogen evidenced that the Cu ions of higher positive charge are first reduced by hydrogen. On the other hand, Cu sites of the lowest positive charge are first oxidized by oxygen. The experiments with CuNaY zeolites of various Cu contents suggest that the first introduced Cu (at low Cu contents) created Cu+, which was the most neutralized by framework oxygens. Such Cu cations are the most stabilized by framework oxygens.

scholarly journals The Effect of Route Choice in Children’s Exposure to Ultrafine Particles Whilst Walking to School

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7808
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Rafiepourgatabi ◽  
Alistair Woodward ◽  
Jennifer A. Salmond ◽  
Kim Natasha Dirks
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Route Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Walking To School ◽  
Elevated Exposure ◽  
Children’S Exposure

Children walking to school are at a high risk of exposure to air pollution compared with other modes because of the time they spend in close proximity to traffic during their commute. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a walker’s route choice on their exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) on the walk to school. During morning commutes over a period of three weeks, exposure to UFP was measured along three routes: two routes were alongside both sides of a busy arterial road with significantly higher levels of traffic on one side compared to the other, and the third route passed through quiet streets (the background route). The results indicate that the mean exposure for the pedestrian walking along the background route was half the exposure experienced on the other two routes. Walkers on the trafficked side were exposed to elevated concentrations (>100,000 pt/cc) 2.5 times longer than the low-trafficked side. However, the duration of the elevated exposure for the background route was close to zero. Public health officials and urban planners may use the results of this study to promote healthier walking routes to schools, especially those planned as part of organized commutes.

Applied Anthropology in 1860

1942 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
H. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Applied Anthropology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Long Life

Much has been written of William Duncan, "the Apostle of Alaska", who came to the coast of northern British Columbia in 1857 as a missionary to the Tsimshian Indians. Although he deplored it, in the course of his sixty years' residence in this area controversy raged around him as a result of his clashes with church and state, and his work has been the subject of numerous investigations, both public and private. His enemies have called him a tyrant and a ruthless exploiter of the Indians under his control; and there are men still living who find a disproportionate amount of evil in the good that he did, especially during the declining years of his long life. On the other hand, he has had ardent and articulate supporters who have written numerous articles and no less than three books in praise of his self-sacrificing ideals and the soundness of his program for civilizing the Indian.

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