A Note on Colour Preferences of Some Homoptera and Thysanoptera in British Columbia

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. A. Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Canada Department ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Colour Preferences ◽  
Cherry Trees

In pear and sweet cherry orchards near Creston, in the Kootenay Valley of British Columbia, populations of psyllids, aphids, thrips and leafhoppers were sampled by yellow, and white, sticky board traps hung in the trees. The psyllids were adult Psylla pyricola Först., caught in pear trees; the other insects were caught in cherry trees. The latter insects were: alate Myzus cerasi (F.), adults and nymphs of Taeniothrips sp., and adult leafhoppers of the following species: Edwardsiana rosae (L.), Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), Psammotettix lividellus (Zett.), Dikraneura absenta DeL. and C., Scaphytopius acutus (Say), Osbornellus borealis DeL. and Mohr., Neokolla hieroglyphics (Say), and Erythroneura spp. Identifications were made by the Systematics and Biological Control Unit of the Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

THE IDENTITY OF SMALL BITTER CHERRY AND WESTERN X LITTLE CHERRY

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Lott
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Okanagan Valley ◽  
Cherry Trees

Small bitter cherry was found in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia in 1940, and was recognized as being different from little cherry in the Kootenay area of British Columbia and buckskin in California. Diseases similar to small bitter cherry were found in the northwestern states from 1942 to 1948 and were shown to be caused by the virus of western X-disease. Extensive surveys in British Columbia showed that small bitter cherry occurs only in the southern part of the Okanagan Valley and always in close proximity to western X-disease in peach. Small bitter cherry was inoculated into 48 peach seedlings and into 15 chokecherry trees. Symptoms of western X-disease appeared in 3 peach seedlings and in 2 chokecherry trees. Symptoms appeared up to 4 years after inoculation. The successful transmissions were obtained from 2 diseased sweet cherry trees. These limited transmissions, taken in conjunction with the other evidence submitted, support the conclusion that small bitter cherry is western X little cherry or a form of that disease.

AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CONTROL METHODS FOR DIFFUSE AND SPOTTED KNAPWEED IN WESTERN CANADA

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HARRIS ◽  
R. CRANSTON
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Introduced Weeds

Diffuse and spotted knapweed are introduced weeds that threaten to spread throughout the uncultivated drylands of Western Canada. By 1972 approximately 30 000 ha, mostly in British Columbia, were infested, with forage reductions of up to 88%. Presently the infestation may be increasing by 10% a year and it is estimated that 8.4–10.7 million ha are susceptible to invasion by one or the other species in Western Canada. This would be disastrous to both ranching and wildlife in the region. The economics of various options for control are discussed. Biological control, which is likely to require the introduction of six agents and cost a total of $1.8 million, is the most cost-effective solution. However, until it can be fully implemented (10–20 yr) new infestations can be spot-treated with picloram. It is also economic to convert dense stands to tame pasture after killing the knapweed with picloram at 0.5 kg/ha although the knapweed is likely to begin reinvasion after 4 yr.

FIRST REPORT OF THE DISPERSAL INTO MONTANA OF UROPHORA QUADRIFASCIATA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), A FLY RELEASED IN CANADA FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPOTTED AND DIFFUSE KNAPWEED

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (8) ◽  
pp. 1061-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim M. Story
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flower Head ◽  
The Other ◽  
Centaurea Maculosa ◽  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Diffuse Knapweed

Two tephritid flies of European origin have been introduced into North America for biological control of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam., and diffuse knapweed, C. diffusa Lam. One, Urophora affinis Frauenfeld, was released in British Columbia in 1970 and in 5 states, including Montana, in 1973 (Hanis 1980a; Maddox 1979; Story and Anderson 1978). The other, Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen), was introduced at Ned's Creek, British Columbia but was not released in the United States. The larvae of both flies induce galls (1 larva/gall) in immature knapweed flower heads and thus reduce seed production. Galls of Urophora affinis occur in the flower-head receptacle whereas galls of U. quadrifasciata are in the ovary wall. In contrast with U. affinis, which has only a partial second generation, U. quadrifasciata normally has 2 complete generations per year, induces thinner galls, and attacks more-mature flower heads than does U. affinis (Harris 1980a).

scholarly journals Determining The Effects Of Different Treatments On The Flowering Of Sweet Cherry Trees And Fruit Quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Deniz EROĞUL ◽  
Canan YILMAZ ◽  
Fatih ŞEN
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Cherry Orchard ◽  
Cherry Trees

Earliness is also very important in addition to yield and fruit quality for more profitable production in sweet cherry cultivation. Therefore, some preparats are applied to get flowering even earlier in Kemalpaşa District of Izmir province, where sweet cherry fruits from Turkey are harvested the earliest. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of different treatments in the pre-flowering period on flowering and fruit quality of sweet cherry fruits. The study was carried out in the 2018 production year in a sweet cherry orchard established with the "0900 Ziraat" (Prunus avium L.) variety grafted on the "idris" (Prunus mahaleb) rootstock belonging to a producer in Kemalpaşa district of Izmir province. Approximately 30 days before flowering, Bud Feed 20 (BF20), 40 (BF40) and 60 mL L-1 (BF60) doses with Sett (3 mL L-1), Erger (50 mL L-1) + CaNO3 were treated to the sweet cherry trees from the leaf. The trees that are sprayed only with water were considered as control. Branches of similar size were selected from 4 different directions of the trees to determine flowering in sweet cherry trees, and the number of flowers bloomed on the branches recorded for 2-day intervals from March 17, when the first flowering was observed until the flowering was completed. The sweet cherry trees treated with BF40 + Sett, BF60 + Sett, and Erger + CaNO3 had the flowering 6-7 days and full bloom 7-8 days before compared to the control trees. The last flowering time of BF60 + Sett treated sweet cherry trees was 8 days earlier than the control trees, and 6 days earlier than the other treatments. It was determined that the weight and diameter of the fruits in  BF60 + Sett and Erger + CaNO3 treated sweet cherry trees were partially higher than the control, while the other quality parameters were similar. The results showed that BF60 + Sett, Erger + CaNO3 and BF40 + Sett treatments were effective in the early flowering of sweet cherry fruits.

A new species of Casinaria from British Columbia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 565-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Stuart Walley
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Species ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Considerable Distance ◽  
Canada Department ◽  
Lateral Ocellus ◽  
Forest Biology ◽  
A New Species

Recent rearings of the geometrid Melanolophia imitata (Wlk.) by officers of the Vernon and Victoria, B.C., laboratories of the Forest Biology Division, Canada Department of Agriculture, have yielded a series of a new species of Casinaria for which the following description is offered.Casinaria melanolophiae, new speciesFemale. Length 7 mm. Head thin, temple rather weakly receding for a considerable distance behind eye, and beyond rather strongly rounded to occiput; antenna with 29-31 segments, the shortest flagellar segments at least a little longer than broad; cheek short, about 0.30 breadth of base of mandible; ocelli large; greatest diameter of lateral ocellus twice as great as ocellocular space and three-fourths as great as post-ocellar line; head and thorax dullish, with granular sculpture; mesoscutum and scutellum densely, shallowly punctate, with punctures somewhat obscured by granular sculpture; sides of thorax finely granular and with only a few minute punctures; propodeum and abdomen as in C. semiothisae Wly.

Effect of Temperature on Fecundity and Survival of Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffr.) and C. hyperici (Forst.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 774-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Low Density

Four colonies of Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffr.) and two of C. hyperici (Forst.) were released in 1951 and 1952 in the souvhern interior of British Columbia (Fig. 1) in the hope of duplicating the successful biological control of Hypericum perforatum L. in California. In 1956, Smith (1958) showed that though the colonies were still present, the weed had increased in all areas. By 1960, however, C. hyperici had greatly reduced the abundance of H. perforatum at Fruitvale (Fig. 2) while at Edgewood the beetle had disappeared. A colony of C. padrigmina at Edgewood had also disappeared and the three other C. quadrigemina colonies persisted at a low density without controlling the weed. For example, at Christina Lake (Fig. 3) a few beetles were found every year since release, though they had not always appeared in the sample plots. The annual fluctuations of the weed as indicated in the figure were probably of climatic origin as they were similar to those for the other areas. The most promising of the C. quadrigemina colonies was at Fife where, though there were few beetles in the release meadow itself, they were common on the slope below.

BIONOMICS OF THE PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA FOERSTER, IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 953-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. A. Wilde ◽  
T. K. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Pear Psylla ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Heavy Rains ◽  
Okanagan Valley

In the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, develops only on pear. It overwinters in a variety of protected situations in or near pear trees, e.g., under bark scales, in ground crevices, occasionally under the bark of apple tree interplants in pear orchards, and even in such unlikely quarters as the nests of hornets. Four summer generations and an over-wintering generation occurred in 1961 and 1962. Development of the psyllid from egg to adult required 6 to 7 weeks in the cool weather of spring but only 4 to 5 weeks in midsummer. Heavy rains readily remove nymphs from leaves and twigs but cannot dislodge the firmly attached eggs. Adults have been noted clinging to leaves and twigs in winds of up to 55 miles per hour. Biological control of the pear psylla is affected mainly by two predators, the anthocorid bug, Anthocorus melanocerus Reuter, and the neuropteran, Chrysopa oculatus Say. Dormant oil sprays are detrimental to the anthocorid. There was a major migratory flight of the pear psylla in August and September and two minor migratory flights in late March and mid-June. Aitborne psyllids decreased in numbers with elevation.

A New Species of Aphid From Rubus parviflorus Nutt.

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 672-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex R. Hill
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Plant Pathology ◽  
New Species ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Pathology Laboratory ◽  
Canada Department ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
A New Species

Through the kindness of Dr. R. Stace-Smith of the Canada Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C., I have been able to collect and examine specimens of a species of Amphorophora occurring on Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in British Columbia. This species, as well as showing morphological differences which separate it from all described species, differs also from them ecologically and in its ability to transmit certain Rubus viruses. (Stace-Smith, in press). Professors M. A. Palmer and George F. Knowlton have both seen some of this material and have given it as their opinion that it cannot be placed among the known species of Amphorophora. It is therefore described here as a new species.

Gemmae in Tetralophozia setiformis (Anastrophyllaceae, Marchantiophyta) and their second record in Eurasia

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
M. V. Dulin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Northern Urals ◽  
Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Murmansk Region

Tetralophozia setiformis is a widespread species occurring usually without organs of sexual and asexual reproduction. Gemmae of Tetralophozia setiformis were observed for the second time in Russia and Eurasia in the Northern Urals, Komi Republic. They form compact masses over upper leaves. The compact masses consist largely (70 %) of immature gemmae. Description of gemmae and gemmiparous shoots from the Northern Urals and their comparison with those from the other known localities, namely British Columbia (Canada) and the Murmansk Region (European Russia) were carried out. The gemmiparous plants of T. setiformis from the Northern Urals have approximately the same width as plants without gemmae but they are shorter. The leaves of gemmiparous plants from the Northern Urals are similar to leaves of gemmiparous plants from British Columbia. The leaf shape in upper part of the gemmiparous shoots varies from the typical to ± modified from gemmae production. These leaf shape transitions include reduction of leaf size and lobe number from 4 to 2–3, suppression of development and disappearance of characteristic teeth at the base of sinus. Gemmae size (17 × 22 μm) of plants from the Northern Urals is within variability recorded for plants from the Murmansk Region and British Columbia.

scholarly journals The influence of two wildfires and biological control agents on the population dynamics of Melaleuca quinquenervia in a seasonally inundated wetland

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Philip W. Tipping ◽  
Melissa R. Martin ◽  
Jeremiah R. Foley ◽  
Ryan M. Pierce ◽  
Lyn A. Gettys
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Seed Rain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Melaleuca Quinquenervia ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Sapling Growth

AbstractThe potential of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake to reinvade cleared areas was evaluated over a 13-yr period that included two wildfires and the introduction of biological control agents. The first wildfire occurred in 1998 and was followed by a mean of 591.5 recruited seedlings m−2. Recruits from that fire were cleared 7 yr later in July 2005 for a second experiment to evaluate seedling recruitment into cleared areas. Seed rain, seedling recruitment and mortality, and sapling growth rates were measured in four plots located around individual large reproductive trees. A second natural wildfire in 2007 burned through those plots, leading to increases in seed rain followed by a pulse in recruitment of 21.04 seedlings m−2, 96.5% fewer than after the 1998 fire. Recruits in half of the plots around each tree were then treated with regular applications of an insecticide to restrict herbivory by biological control agents, while herbivory was not restricted in the other half. There was no difference in seedling mortality between treatments 1,083 d post-fire (2007) with 96.6% seedling mortality in the unrestricted herbivory treatment and 89.4% mortality in the restricted herbivory treatment. Recruits subjected to the restricted herbivory treatment grew taller than those in the unrestricted herbivory treatment, 101.3 cm versus 37.4 cm. Many of the recruits were attacked by the biological control agents, which slowed their growth. Although solitary M. quinquenervia trees retain some capacity to reinvade areas under specific circumstances, there was a downward trend in their overall invasiveness at this site, with progressively smaller recruitment cohorts due to biological control agents. Land managers should prioritize removing large reproductive trees over treating recently recruited populations, which can be left for many years for the biological control agents to suppress before any additional treatment would be needed.

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