Time-course accumulation of flavonoids in hydroponically grown Achillea millefolium L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Pedneault ◽  
Martine Dorais ◽  
Sébastien Léonhart ◽  
Paul Angers ◽  
André Gosselin
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

Pedneault, K., Dorais, M., Léonhart, S., Angers, P. and Gosselin, A. 2014. Time-course accumulation of flavonoids in hydroponically grown Achillea millefolium L. Can. J. Plant. Sci. 94: 383–395. In recent decades, the use of plant-based medicines as health products has increased considerably all over the world. As greenhouse hydroponic culture allows standardized cultural methods to be used, it may be valuable for reducing the risks associated with harvesting medicinal plants from the wild, such as species dissemination, species misidentification, adulteration, and non-hygienic handling, while allowing the production of high yields of clean, standardized biomass year-round. To evaluate the potential of hydroponic culture for medicinal plant production, the present study investigated the accumulation patterns of apigenin, luteolin, apigenin glycosides, and the chlorogenic acid 5-caffeoylquinic acid in the plant organs of A. millefolium at five phenological stages from 35 to 102 d after sowing, and drew a comparison with outdoor-grown plants at 122 d after sowing. The results showed two flavonoid accumulation peaks: one at the early growth stage (35 d after sowing) and one at early flowering (87 d after sowing). At 87 d after sowing, most of the apigenin glycosides were concentrated in the roots (3.80% wt/wt, dry weight basis), whereas free apigenin and luteolin were located mainly in the flower heads (1.25 and 0.86% wt/wt, dry weight basis, respectively). Early flowering was the best harvesting stage for optimal flavonoid production in terms of active compounds per plant and kilograms of plant biomass per cultivated area. At 122 d after sowing (phenological stage 4), the outdoor-grown plants were nine times smaller than the early flowering plants (87 d after sowing) from the hydroponic system and had a root-tissue apigenin glycoside level that was five times lower than that of the hydroponically grown plants. In conclusion, the use of a hydroponic growing system reduced by 29% the time required to reach phenological stage 4, which corresponds to maximum plant bioactive concentration, in comparison with field production. Therefore, hydroponic culture represents an effective alternative to outdoor production and can result in standardized, high-quality medicinal plant biomass with potential flavonoid yields approximating 515 mg per plant.

scholarly journals Plant composition and species relations on the Huntingdon Marsh, Quebec

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1231-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan N. Auclair ◽  
André Bouchard ◽  
Josephine Pajaczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Sedge Meadow ◽  
Calamagrostis Canadensis ◽  
Meadow Communities ◽  
Eleocharis Palustris

The purpose of this study was to identify significant species relationships and underlying ecological gradients characteristic of the Huntingdon Marsh, Quebec. In 1970, one hundred and seven 1-m2 samples of plant biomass were obtained from the marsh in conjunction with environmental measurements. These data were later analyzed using principal-components analysis.The marsh complex divided unambiguously into emergent aquatic and sedge meadow communities on the basis of distinct environmental and compositional differences. Equisetum fluviatile, Scirpus fluviatilis, Eleocharis palustris, and Scirpus validus were major species in the emergent aquatic community. Respectively, these species dominated 29, 25, 16, and 14% of 51 quadrats on a dry weight basis. Water depth accounted for almost one-third of the species variation in this community. Interaction between submerged and floating forms and competitive exclusion between dominant species explained much of the remaining species variance.On a dry weight basis, Carex aquatilis, C. lacustris, Calamagrostis canadensis, and Typha angustifolia dominated 36, 16, 16, and 11% of the 56 quadrats on the sedge meadow. As a group, Carex spp. dominated 63% of the quadrats. Disturbance related to chance perturbations, water depth, and the incidence of fire accounted for much of the variation in this community.The organization of emergent and sedge meadow communities was discussed in relation to continuum and community concepts with particular reference to relative changes in discontinuity of species relationships across the environmental gradient.

scholarly journals Time course of root initiation and development in perennial ryegrass - a new perspective

2010 ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H.K. Robin ◽  
C. Matthew ◽  
J.R. Crush
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Total Length ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Axis Length

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) tillers of cultivar 'Alto' were grown in hydroponic culture in winter- spring and autumn experiments and roots of known age were individually dissected and a number of properties including dry weight, main axis length and total length were measured to define root developmental status at successive positions or phytomers on the tiller axis.

ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH HERBAGE DISSECTION ANALYSES 2. Problems of species identification

1976 ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
I.M. Ritchie ◽  
C.C. Boswell ◽  
A.M. Badland
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Leaf Fragment ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Botanical Analysis

HERBACE DISSECTION is the process in which samples of herbage cut from trials are separated by hand into component species. Heavy reliance is placed on herbage dissection as an analytical tool ,in New Zealand, and in the four botanical analysis laboratories in the Research Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries about 20 000 samples are analysed each year. In the laboratory a representative subsample is taken by a rigorous quartering procedure until approximately 400 pieces of herbage remain. Each leaf fragment is then identified to species level or groups of these as appropriate. The fractions are then dried and the composition calculated on a percentage dry weight basis. The accuracy of the analyses of these laboratories has been monitored by a system of interchanging herbage dissection samples between them. From this, the need to separate subsampling errors from problems of plant identification was, appreciated and some of this work is described here.

Evaluation of Nurse Crops for Weed Control and Plant Establishment in Prairie Restoration

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 485b-485
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Barry ◽  
Michael N. Dana
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Prairie Restoration ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nurse Crops ◽  
Partridge Pea ◽  
Prairie Plant

Nurse crops are often recommended in prairie restoration planting. This work investigated several alternative nurse crops to determine their utility in prairie planting. Nurse crops were composed of increasing densities (900, 1800, or 2700 seeds/m2) of partridge pea, spring oats, spring barley, Canada wild rye, or equal mixtures of partridge pea and one of the grasses. The experimental design was a randomized complete-block set in two sites with three blocks per site and 48 treatments per block. Each 3 × 3-m plot contained 1 m2 planted in Dec. 1995 or Mar. 1996 with an equal mix of seven prairie species. The nurse crops were sown over each nine square meter area in April 1996. Plots lacking nurse crops served as controls. Evaluated data consisted of weed pressure rankings and weed and prairie plant dry weight. Nurse crop treatments had a significant effect on weed pressure in both sites. Barley (1800 and 2700 seeds/m2) as well as partridge pea + barley (2700 seeds/m2) were most effective at reducing weed pressure. When weed and prairie plant biomass values were compared, a significant difference was observed for site quality and planting season. Prairie plant establishment was significantly greater in the poorly drained, less-fertile site and spring-sown plots in both sites had significantly higher prairie biomass values. Overall, after two seasons, there was no advantage in using nurse crops over the control. Among nurse crop treatments, oats were most effective in reducing weed competition and enhancing prairie plant growth.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments of the Brisbane River (Australia) – Preliminary Results

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Kayal ◽  
D. W. Connell
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Petroleum Refineries

Results of the analysis of twenty-three composite sediment samples revealed that PAHs are widely distributed in the Brisbane River estuary. Mean concentrations for individual compounds, on a dry weight basis, ranged from 0.03 µg/g for dibenz [ah] anthracene to 2.34 µg/g for fluoranthene. Observed PAH assemblages were rich in compounds having pyrolytic origins. However, the presence of petroleum derived compounds was indicative of the importance of petroleum as a PAH source in the estuary. Petroleum refineries, a coal loading terminal and a major treated sewage outfall located at the mouth were not indicated as major contributing sources of PAH pollution in the estuary.

Mineral nutrition, dinitrogen fixation, and growth of Alnuscrispa and Alnusglutinosa

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Prégent ◽  
C. Camiré
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Dinitrogen Fixation ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
N Status

Invitro cultures of Alnuscrispa (Ait.) Pursh and Alnusglutinosa (L.) Gaertn. were used to estimate critical foliage levels of selected nutrients for optimal growth and dinitrogen (N2) fixation. For A. crispa to obtain 90% of maximum growth and N2 fixation, foliar levels of 0.12% P, 0.13% Mg, <0.31% K, and <0.04% Ca on a dry weight basis were needed. For A. glutinosa, the critical levels were 0.138% P, 0.10% Mg, 0.29% Ca, and ~0.20% K. From all the deficiencies observed, P had the more pronounced effects on N status of both species.

Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivar Response to Metribuzin in Solution Culture

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Hardcastle
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Dry Weight

Twenty-eight commercial soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars of maturity classes V through VIII were evaluated for differences in response to metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] 0.125 ppm w/w in hydroponic culture. Top dry weight (TDW) of treated ‘FFR 666’ soybeans equaled that of the cultivar check and five other cultivars were not significantly different (P = 5%). ‘Semmes' was most sensitive to the herbicide with TDW 40% of cultivar check. ‘Tracy’ and ‘Coker 156’ were not significantly different (P = 5%) from Semmes. The other cultivars tested were intermediate in response to metribuzin.

scholarly journals The effect of meal composition on the degree of satiation following a test meal and possible mechanisms involved

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. I. Driver
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
High Protein Meal ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Meal Composition

1. Possible links between metabolism and satiation were investigated using volunteer subjects given test meals based on milk solids. Satisfaction was rated by the subjects on a six-point scale and the course of metabolism was followed by measurement of the respiratory quotient (RQ).2. The time-course of satiation was the same for a high-carbohydrate, a high-fat and a high-protein meal, in spite of the very different time-course of metabolism. The degree of satiation was reduced by added sodium chloride, without affecting the RQ rise. On the other hand, calcium chloride produced a suppression of the RQ rise without altering the satiation.3. It is proposed that the results indicate that the primary receptors responsible for post-prandial satiation lie within the gut wall and that there is probably a number of receptor types. Likely candidates for these receptors are the gut hormone-secreting cells.4. Although very-low-protein meals produce less satiation than meals containing 220 g protein/kg dry weight, there is no additional satiation obtained by increasing the protein level further. This is not inconsistent with the possibility of a protein hunger separate from an energy hunger.

Distribution of proazulenes in Achillea millefolium s.l. wild populations in relation to phytosociological dependence and morphological characters

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolita Radušiene ◽  
Odeta Gudaityte
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Morphological Marker ◽  
Node Number

Millefolii herba is one of the oldest and most important drugs in Lithuania, used both in folk and official medicine. The raw material is usually gathered from spontaneous populations. It would be reasonable to develop methods to identify the populations which produce high plant biomass and accumulate high levels of proazulenes. The quantitative variation of proazulenes and their relationships with phytosociological dependence and morphological characters of Achillea millefolium from wild populations has been examined. The vegetation records were made at 140 growing sites of A. millefolium. The species was found in 29 types of community representing different growing habitats. The resources of milfoils prevailed in dry grasslands of Arrhenatheretalia communities and ruderal habitats of Dauco-Meliliotion. The data on productivity and morphological characters were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. A hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that higher productivity of A. millefolium populations was associated with their dependence on ruderal and segetal communities. The testing of A. millefolium plants revealed high variation for proazulenes in different communities. The proazulene-containing plants have been identified in 38% of all analysed cases. In the highest segetal and wasteland communities of Agropyretalia repentis, Sisybietalia, Digitario-Setarion, Aperion spicae-venti, Senecion fluviatilis only proazulene-free plants were found. Results of the ANOVA showed the proazulene-containing and proazulene-free plants significantly differed (P<0.05) for width of leaves and number of nodes. The presence of nodes in high number and narrow leaves in high proazulene-containing plants distinctly marked them from the proazulene-free plants. The study raised the possibility that selection based on the two morphological marker traits (node number and leaf width) and proazulene distribution in the populations would be effective for rapid identification of highly productive population(s) of pharmaceutical importance.

SOLUBLE SUGAR CHANGES OCCURRING DURING COLD HARDENING OF SPRING WHEAT, FALL RYE AND ALFALFA

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. GREEN
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Spring Type

Alfa, a relatively nonhardy alfalfa cultivar continued to accumulate, on a dry weight basis, fructose, α- and β-D-glucose, sucrose and maltose during the latter stages of cold hardening. Rambler, a hardier alfalfa cultivar conversely showed a decrease for these soluble sugars with hardening. Frontier rye, a very hardy winter habit cereal showed decreases in these soluble sugars plus melibiose during the same hardening period. These results support the hypothesis that hardy cereals and alfalfa undergo a decrease in soluble sugars with hardening, while less hardy cereals and alfalfa continue to increase in content of soluble sugars. Manitou wheat appeared not to fit this hypothesis and showed the decreased soluble sugars usually associated with hardy cultivars. Although Manitou is a spring type wheat, one of its parents, Thatcher, does contain gene(s) for the winter habit.Key words: Sugar, cold hardening, wheat, rye, alfalfa

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