Effects of soil-borne Rhizoctonia solani on canola seedlings after application of glyphosate herbicide

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rashid ◽  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
H. U. Ahmed ◽  
G. D. Turnbull ◽  
S. E. Strelkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
The Impact

Rashid, A., Hwang, S. F., Ahmed, H. U., Turnbull, G. D., Strelkov, S. E. and Gossen, B. D. 2013. Effects of soil-borne Rhizoctonia solani on canola seedlings after application of glyphosate herbicide. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 97–107. Application of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) prior to seeding is a common weed management practice in many agricultural systems. However, there are concerns that this practice may increase the impact of soil-borne diseases on the crop, even in cultivars that are resistant to glyphosate. In the current study, the effects of pre-plant applications of glyphosate on seedling blight of canola caused by Rhizoctonia solani and subsequent crop growth were examined under field and greenhouse conditions. Under greenhouse conditions in soil inoculated with R. solani, glyphosate application 15 d before seeding reduced seedling emergence, increased damping-off, and decreased plant height and shoot dry weight of canola relative to a glyphosate-free control. However, the adverse effects were substantially reduced when the crop was seeded 33 d after glyphosate application. This indicates that glyphosate application prior to planting may increase the impact of R. solani on canola seedlings, but that this effect diminishes quite rapidly. Soil populations of R. solani declined over the 33-d period regardless of glyphosate treatment. Glyphosate application 10 d before seeding increased seedling emergence and seed yield (1 of 2 yr) of canola in field trials inoculated with R. solani.

Tolerance of Otebo Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to New Herbicides in Ontario

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 862-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Nader Soltani
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Moisture

Weed management is a major production issue facing otebo bean growers in Ontario. Field trials were conducted at six Ontario locations during a 2-yr period (2003 and 2004) to evaluate the tolerance of otebo bean to the preplant incorporated (PPI) application of EPTC at 4,400 and 8,800 g ai/ha, trifluralin at 1,155 and 2,310 g ai/ha, dimethenamid at 1,250 and 2,500 g ai/ha,S-metolachlor at 1,600 and 3,200 g ai/ha, and imazethapyr at 75 and 150 g ai/ha. EPTC, trifluralin, dimethenamid, andS-metolachlor applied PPI resulted in minimal (less than 5%) visual injury and with exception of the low rate of dimethenamid causing a 16% reduction in shoot dry weight and the high rate causing an 8% plant height reduction had no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content, and yield. Imazethapyr applied PPI caused up to 7% visual injury and reduced plant height, shoot dry weight, and yield 8, 18, and 12% at 75 g/ha and 19, 38, and 27% at 150 g/ ha, respectively. Seed moisture content was also reduced by 0.4% with both rates. Based on these results, otebo bean is not tolerant of imazethapyr applied PPI at rates as low as 75 g/ha, the proposed use rate. EPTC, trifluralin, dimethenamid, andS-metolachlor applied PPI have a 2× rate crop safety margin for use in otebo bean weed management.

The effect of seed size, seed treatment, seeding date and depth on Rhizoctonia seedling blight of canola

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
H. U. Ahmed ◽  
G. D. Turnbull ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
S. E. Strelkov
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
The Impact

Hwang, S. F., Ahmed, H. U., Turnbull, G. D., Gossen, B. D. and Strelkov, S. E. 2014. The effect of seed size, seed treatment, seeding date and depth on Rhizoctonia seedling blight of canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 311–321. Rhizoctonia solani can have a substantial impact on seedling establishment and productivity of canola (Brassica napus). The effects of seeding date, seeding depth, seed size, and seed treatment on seedling blight of canola were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Early seeding resulted in higher seedling emergence in one trial year and higher seed yield in all trial years relative to a late-seeded treatment. Mid-sized seed (range 0.7–2.0 mm diam.) had greater seedling emergence in R. solani-inoculated growth medium in a greenhouse trial and higher seed yield in one of two field trials compared with smaller seed (<0.7 mm). In the greenhouse study, sowing of large seed resulted in greater plant height and shoot weight compared with sowing of smaller seed. The effect of seeding depth was significant only on shoot dry weight, which increased at a seeding depth of 2.6 cm. Seed treatment with Helix Xtra (thiamethoxam+difenconazole+metalaxyl+fludioxonil), and Prosper FX (clothianidin+carboxin+trifloxystrobin+metalaxyl) resulted in a significant increase in seedling emergence and yield compared with the inoculated control. These results indicate that fungicidal seed treatment can minimize the impact of R. solani on canola.

Response of adzuki bean to pre-emergence herbicides

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Sikkema ◽  
N. Soltani ◽  
C. Shropshire ◽  
D. E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Adzuki Bean ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Adequate Margin

Limited herbicide options are available to adzuki bean growers in southwestern Ontario. Six field trials were conducted in Ontario during 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the tolerance of adzuki bean to dimethenamid (1250 and 2500 g a.i. ha-1), S-metolachlor (1600 and 3200 g a.i. ha-1), clomazone (1000 and 2000 g a.i. ha-1), and imazethapyr (75 and 150 g a.i. ha-1) applied pre-emergence. Dimethenamid caused up to 37% visual injury and reduced plant height, shoot dry weight and yield 27, 59 and 52%, respectively. Seed maturity was also delayed by dimethenamid at 2500 g ha-1. S-metolachlor caused up to 34% visual inj ury and reduced plant height, shoot dry weight and yield 27, 48 and 48%, respectively. Clomazone caused 53% visual injury and reduced plant height, shoot dry weight and yield 47, 84 and 78%, respectively. Imazethapyr caused up to 6% visual injury; however, this injury was transient with no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and yield of adzuki bean. Based on these results, dimethenamid, S-metolachlor and clomazone applied pre-emergence (PRE) do not have an adequate margin of crop safety for use in adzuki bean at the doses evaluated. However, imazethapyr applied PRE has an adequate margin of crop safety for weed management in adzuki bean production in Ontario at the doses evaluated. Key words: Clomazone, dimethenamid, imazethapyr, S-metolachlor, tolerance

scholarly journals Exogenous Antioxidants Enhance Seedling Growth and Yield of Artificially Aged Cabbage and Lettuce Seeds

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Ademola Adetunji ◽  
Sershen ◽  
Boby Varghese ◽  
Norman Pammenter
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System ◽  
Aged Seeds

Aged seeds exhibit compromised vigour in terms of germination, seedling emergence and growth, but this can to some extent be alleviated by invigoration treatments before sowing. This study aimed to investigate ageing rates and patterns in cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds and whether the beneficial effects of invigorating aged seeds with exogenous antioxidants translate to enhanced seedling performance. Seeds were artificially aged to 25% viability before soaking in 0.4 mM glycerol, 0.6 mM GSH and 0.2 mM trolox for cabbage, and 0.6 mM glycerol, GSH and trolox for lettuce; deionised water served as a control. After 14 days of sowing, seedling emergence percentage, mean emergence time, mean daily emergence, and time taken to 25% emergence were computed. Seedling vigour index, root and shoot dry weight, root:shoot ratio, leaf area, leaf area ratio, and leaf chlorophyll content were assessed 6 weeks after sowing. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured 6 weeks after sowing. Notably, ageing resulted in the loss of seed vigour and viability at higher rates in lettuce than cabbage. Seed pretreatment with glycerol promoted seedling growth in both species and shoot dry weight in lettuce, while glycerol and GSH enhanced Pn, Gs and E in lettuce. Trolox also enhanced Pn and E in lettuce. The beneficial effects of the antioxidant treatments are thought to be associated with the protection of photosystems from oxidative stress and/or stimulation of enzymes involved in photosynthesis, possibly through an enhanced antioxidant defence system during the early development stages when seedlings are particularly vulnerable to stress.

Effect of weed management on weeds, and on the nodulation, nitrogenase activity, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Singh ◽  
D. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
N Content ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Effects of one pre-emergence herbicide (terbutryn/terbuthylazine) and one post-emergence herbicide (bentazone) along with unweeded and hand-weeded controls on weeds and on the nodulation, nitrogenase activity, nitrogen content, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum) were studied. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine was applied pre-emergence @ 1.40, 2.80 and 5.60 kg/hawhereas bentazone was sprayed 6 weeks after sowing @ 1.44, 2.88 and 5.76 kg/h. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine controlled all the weeds very effectively, whereas bentazone did not control some weeds such as Polygonum aviculare, Poa annua and Elymus repens. The herbicides decreased the number of nodules, the dry weight of nodules, the nitrogenase activity, the shoot dry weight, the nitrogen content in the straw and seeds, and the seed yield of peas, the effects generally being higher at higher rates of application. The adverse effects of herbicides on these parameters might be due to their effects on plant growth, as both the herbicides are known to adversely affect photosynthesis. Nitrogenase activity did not correlate well with plant-N content or shoot dry weight. However, there was a strong relationship between plant biomass and plant-N content, which suggests that researchers can rely on these parameters for studying the effects of treatments on nitrogen fixation, rather than measuring nitrogenase activity.

scholarly journals The Impact of Nickel Mining on Soil Properties and Growth of Two Fast-Growing Tropical Trees Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ricksy Prematuri ◽  
Maman Turjaman ◽  
Takumi Sato ◽  
Keitaro Tawaraya
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Nickel Mining ◽  
The Impact

Opencast nickel mining is common in natural forests of Indonesia. However, rehabilitation of postmining degraded land is difficult. We investigated the effect of opencast nickel mining on soil chemical properties and the growth of two fast-growing tropical tree species, Falcataria moluccana and Albizia saman. Soil was collected from post-nickel mining land and a nearby natural forest. Soil pH, available phosphorus (P) concentration, total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentration, C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Ni concentrations were determined. Falcataria moluccana and A. saman were then grown in the collected soils for 15 weeks in a greenhouse. Shoot height and shoot and root dry weights of the seedlings were measured. The post--nickel mining soils TN, TC, available P, CEC, and exchangeable Ca and Na concentrations decreased by 98%, 93%, 11%, 62%, 85%, and 74%, respectively, in comparison with the natural forest soils. The pH of postmining soil was higher than natural forest soil. Shoot dry weight of F. moluccana seedlings grown in postmining soil was significantly ( P < 0.05 ) lower than that of seedlings grown in natural forest soil. However, there was no difference in shoot dry weight between A. saman seedlings grown in natural forest soil and postmining soil, as well as root dry weights of both species. The results indicate that opencast nickel mining decreased soil fertility, which subsequently inhibited the growth of F. moluccana and A. saman seedlings.

scholarly journals A linuron-free weed management strategy for carrots

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 464-474
Author(s):  
Tessa de Boer ◽  
Peter Smith ◽  
Kevin Chandler ◽  
Robert Nurse ◽  
Kristen Obeid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Biologically Effective Dose ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe development of a linuron-free weed management strategy for carrot production is essential as a result of the herbicide reevaluation programs launched by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency in Canada for herbicides registered before 1995 and the discovery of linuron-resistant pigweed species in Ontario. Field trials were conducted in one of Ontario’s main carrot-growing regions on high organic soils in 2016 and 2017. Pigweed species seedlings were effectively controlled with PRE treatments of prometryn, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, or glufosinate. POST treatments of pyroxasulfone and metribuzin followed by predetermined biologically effective dose (≥90% control of pigweed seedlings) of acifluorfen, oxyfluorfen, fluthiacet-methyl, and fomesafen achieved excellent crop selectivity and commercially acceptable pigweed species seedling control under field conditions. Carfentrazone-ethyl or fomesafen applied PRE severely reduced seedling emergence and yield in the wet growing season of 2017. This study demonstrated clearly that an alternative linuron-free strategy can be developed for carrots. The strategy of exploring the potential to use the biologically effective dose of selected herbicides to achieve crop selectivity and control of pigweed species seedlings was verified.

Seed production and seedbank dynamics in subthreshold velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) populations

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cardina ◽  
Heather M. Norquay
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Seed Rain ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Single Seed ◽  
No Till ◽  
The Impact

The impact of seed production by subthreshold weed populations on future weed problems has impeded the adoption of integrated pest-management principles for weed management. Studies were conducted in fields with no velvetleaf history to determine how seedbanks and seedling populations change following seed production 1 yr or 5 consecutive yr in plow-disk and no-tillage corn. Cumulative seed production by 0.19 velvetleaf plants m−2increased in a linear fashion from 1989 to 1994, with annual additions averaging from 330 seeds m−2for velvetleaf in corn to 2,500 seeds m−2for velvetleaf without competition from corn. Five-year cumulative seed production was 1,480 seeds m−2in plow-disk and 1,810 seeds m−2in no-till corn. In no-till corn, 42 velvetleaf seedlings m−2emerged the 1st year after the 1989 seed rain, but only 35 seedlings m−2emerged over the next 4 yr. In plow-disk plots, annual emergence averaged 12 seedlings m−2. Five years after the 1989 seed rain, the proportion of seeds lost to emergence was about 20% in both tillage treatments. Where velvetleaf seeds were allowed to return to the soil every year, cumulative seedling emergence was lower in plow-disk than in no-till corn, with total emergence of 70 and 360 seedlings m−2, respectively, after 5 yr. Seedbank numbers ranged from 10 seeds m−25 yr after a single seed rain (290 seeds m−2) by velvetleaf in plow-disk corn to 1,020 seeds m−2following 5 consecutive yr of seed rain where 12,580 seeds m−2were returned without corn competition in no-till. Seedbank samples in the fall of the 5th year had 69 to 98% fewer seeds than were accounted for by cumulative seed rain and seedling emergence, with greater apparent seed losses in plow-disk corn than in no-till corn. Over 90% velvetleaf control would be required annually to maintain subthreshold populations for 5 yr following a single seed rain. By comparison, over 95% control would be required annually to maintain subthreshold populations where velvetleaf seed return is permitted each year.

Dry Bean Response to Preemergence-Applied KIH-485

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Nader Soltani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Pinto Beans

Three field trials were conducted over a 2-yr period (2004 and 2005) at Exeter and Ridgetown, Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of eight market classes of dry beans to KIH-485 applied PRE at 210 and 420 g ai/ha. KIH-485 PRE caused as much as 67% visual injury in small-seeded and 44% visual injury in large-seeded dry beans. KIH-485 applied PRE at 420 g/ha reduced plant height up to 47% at Ridgetown and 8% at Exeter in 2004, and reduced height of brown and white bean by 15 and 19%, respectively, but had no effect on the height of the other beans in 2005. Shoot dry weight was not affected at Exeter in 2004 but was reduced by 46% at Ridgetown in 2004 and 14% at Exeter in 2005. In 2004, seed moisture content increased by 5, 6, and 12% in black, otebo, and pinto beans, respectively. Seed yield was reduced up to 27% at Ridgetown and 11% at Exeter in 2004 but was not affected at Exeter in 2005. On the basis of this research, KIH-485 PRE causes unacceptable injury in some dry bean market classes.

Control of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) in corn

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Soltani ◽  
C. Shropshire ◽  
P.H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Excellent Control

Nine field trials (five with PRE and four with POST herbicides) were conducted in 2006 to 2009 on various Ontario farms with heavy common cocklebur infestations to determine the effectiveness of PRE and POST herbicides for the control of common cocklebur in corn. There was no commercially significant corn injury from the PRE herbicides evaluated. Saflufenacil, saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p, isoxaflutole + atrazine, mesotrione + atrazine and dicamba/atrazine, applied PRE provided 85, 85, 76, 73 and 67% control of common cocklebur in corn 8 wk after emergence (WAE), respectively. Common cocklebur shoot dry weight was reduced 84, 80, 79, 75 and 68% with saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p, isoxaflutole + atrazine, mesotrione + atrazine, saflufenacil and dicamba/atrazine, respectively. There was no effect on corn yield compared with the weedy control with the PRE herbicides evaluated. The application of 2,4-D/atrazine POST resulted in unacceptable injury (28%) in corn. Dicamba/atrazine, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, dicamba and mesotrione + atrazine provided up to 98, 95, 90 and 90% control of common cocklebur 8 wk after application (WAA), respectively. All POST herbicide treatments increased corn yield compared with the non-treated control. Saflufenacil and saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p applied PRE and dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, dicamba/atrazine or mesotrione + atrazine applied POST have potential to provide good to excellent control of common cocklebur in corn under Ontario environmental conditions.

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