Root growth of interspecific sunflower seedlings derived from wild perennial sunflower species

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Helianthus Species ◽  
Positive Correlations

Early root and hypocotyl growth and root branching patterns were characterized for five genetically diverse interspecific sunflower hybrids derived from wild perennial Helianthus species and two cultivated hybrids. Seedlings were grown in polyethylene pouches at 25 °C in the dark for 10 d. The hybrid and days after sowing (DAS) were sources of variation for primary and lateral root length, number of lateral roots, root branching density, root fresh weight, and hypocotyl length and fresh weight. There were high positive correlations among root growth characteristics that should be helpful in selecting sunflower hybrids adapted to arid conditions. The wild interspecific sunflower hybrids derived from wild perennial species possessed less-than-expected variability in early root growth. Nevertheless, there appears to be adequate genetic variability for further selection and genetic improvement. Key words: Helianthus species, growth pouch, primary roots, lateral roots, branching density, hypocotyl

scholarly journals Effects of Phosphate Shortage on Root Growth and Hormone Content of Barley Depend on Capacity of the Roots to Accumulate ABA

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1722
Author(s):  
Lidiya Vysotskaya ◽  
Guzel Akhiyarova ◽  
Arina Feoktistova ◽  
Zarina Akhtyamova ◽  
Alla Korobova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Auxin Concentration ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Primary Root Length

Although changes in root architecture in response to the environment can optimize mineral and water nutrient uptake, mechanisms regulating these changes are not well-understood. We investigated whether P deprivation effects on root development are mediated by abscisic acid (ABA) and its interactions with other hormones. The ABA-deficient barley mutant Az34 and its wild-type (WT) were grown in P-deprived and P-replete conditions, and hormones were measured in whole roots and root tips. Although P deprivation decreased growth in shoot mass similarly in both genotypes, only the WT increased primary root length and number of lateral roots. The effect was accompanied by ABA accumulation in root tips, a response not seen in Az34. Increased ABA in P-deprived WT was accompanied by decreased concentrations of cytokinin, an inhibitor of root extension. Furthermore, P-deficiency in the WT increased auxin concentration in whole root systems in association with increased root branching. In the ABA-deficient mutant, P-starvation failed to stimulate root elongation or promote branching, and there was no decline in cytokinin and no increase in auxin. The results demonstrate ABA’s ability to mediate in root growth responses to P starvation in barley, an effect linked to its effects on cytokinin and auxin concentrations.

Genetic variability of root growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
L O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Nodal Root ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Definition Of

Ten wheat genotypes were examined for their pattern of root development in glass-fronted growth containers in the greenhouse. Differences between genotypes were recorded in the number of first-order lateral roots at 2,3 and 4 weeks' growth, the number of second-order lateral roots, the maximum depth of penetration, and the angle between the seminal root axes at 4 weeks' growth and the length of lateral root per 10 cm depth increment at 5 weeks' growth. Significant positive correlations existed between many of the seminal root parameters. Differences between genotypes in the length of nodal root axes were recorded at 7 and 8 weeks' growth. Nodal root length was influenced by tiller number and the rate of tiller initiation. Tiller development, and consequently root growth, was related to plant phasic development. Genetic modification of seminal root development appears possible, with the direction of selection depending on the definition of an optimum root development pattern.

Root growth in corn and soybeans: effects of cadmium and lead on lateral root initiation

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl P. Malone ◽  
Raymond J. Miller ◽  
D. E. Koeppe
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

This study examines the previously reported inhibitory effects of Cd on root growth. In hydroponic experiments, 100 μg Cd/ℓ effected a 33% inhibition of lateral root initiation of corn. The growth of corn and soybean primary roots was not reduced at Cd concentrations of 1 mg/ℓ, and the number of lateral root initials in soybeans was not reduced at 2 mg Cd/ℓ. The toxic effects of Cd were ameliorated by additions of Zn or by additions of Fe citrate to nutrient growth solutions. While both Zn and Fe additions did result in increased lateral root initiation, the number of initials was significantly lower than the controls. Lead had no effect on the initiation of soybean lateral roots at a concentration of 100 μg Pb/ℓ. However, 5 mg Pb/ℓ did effect a 21% decrease in corn lateral root initials, but this decrease could not be demonstrated with higher Pb concentrations.

scholarly journals Comparison of the penetration of primary and lateral roots of pea and different tree seedlings growing in hard soils

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gausul Azam ◽  
Cameron D. Grant ◽  
Robert S. Murray ◽  
Ian K. Nuberg ◽  
Rabindra K. Misra
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots ◽  
Hard Soils

Establishment and survival of tree seedlings in hard soils depends on production of deep root systems. This study evaluated the primary and lateral roots of an annual crop and several tree species growing in soils of varying strength. We grew peas and acacias by direct seeding, plus three eucalypts by direct seeding and transplanting, and measured various root characteristics. At all levels of soil compaction, the primary roots of acacia were thicker and they elongated faster than did those of the eucalypts. However, lateral roots of transplanted eucalypts elongated faster than their primary roots, and the rate of root elongation was negatively correlated with soil penetration resistance, especially for Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The primary root diameter of all plants increased with increasing penetration resistance, but acacia roots continued to elongate faster than pea roots. Pea plants produced most of their roots in the top 5 cm, whereas tree roots were more uniformly distributed with depth. Although not statistically significant at P = 0.05, the relative rate of root elongation in very hard soil correlated modestly (P = 0.11) with the maximum root growth pressure of four tree species. These variations in root growth behaviour can be related to the intrinsic variability of root characteristics for each plant species and the natural abundance of each species in different environments.

scholarly journals Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Impact on Post-Germination Seedling Growth

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Charles L. Webber III ◽  
Paul M. White Jr ◽  
Dwight L. Myers ◽  
James W. Shrefler ◽  
Merritt J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Green Bean ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Radicle Growth ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Mixed Response ◽  
The Impact

<p>The chemical interaction between plants, which is referred to as allelopathy, may result in the inhibition of plant growth and development. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of kenaf (<em>Hibiscus cannabinus</em> L.) plant extracts on the post-germination growth of five plant species. Four concentrations (0, 16.7, 33.3 and 66.7 g/L) of kenaf bark, core, and leaf extracts were applied to the germinated seeds of redroot pigweed (<em>Amaranthus retroflexus</em> L.), green bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em> L.), tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum </em>Mill.), cucumber (<em>Cucumis sativus</em> L.), and Italian ryegrass (<em>Lolium multiflorum</em> Lam.). After 7 days, the developing seedlings were measured to determine the length of their hypocotyls (mm) and radicles (mm), and the number of hair roots. Tomato, Italian ryegrass, and redroot pigweed followed similar negative trends in their responses to the extract source (kenaf bark, core, and leaves) and the impact of extract concentration, whereas, cucumber had a mixed response and green bean reacted positively to the kenaf extracts. Tomato was the most sensitive species tested across all kenaf extracts and concentrations, resulting in decreased hypocotyl, radicle, and root growth. Green bean exhibited no negative effects due to the kenaf extracts, but actually produced increased hypocotyl growth as a result of the kenaf bark, core, and leaf extracts. The kenaf extracts resulted in a mixed response for cucumber. The kenaf leaf and bark extract decreased cucumber radicle growth, whereas, the bark and core extracts increased hypocotyl growth. Italian ryegrass hypocotyl growth decreased across all extract sources (bark, core, and leaf), while the leaf extract also reduced root growth. All kenaf extracts reduced redroot pigweed radicle growth, while the core and leaf extracts reduced hypocotyl growth. The research demonstrated that kenaf leaf extracts were the most allelopathic and the hypocotyls were the most sensitive. Future research should isolate the chemicals responsible for both the negative and positive allelopathic impact on the various plant species, determine if the extracts will influence more mature plants, and pursue cultural practices to utilize these natural allelopathic materials to benefit crop production and limit weed competition.</p>

Interaction of silicon and cadmium in Brassica juncea and Brassica napus

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Vatehová ◽  
Karin Kollárová ◽  
Ivan Zelko ◽  
Danica Richterová-Kučerová ◽  
Marek Bujdoš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Si Addition

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of silicon (Si) and cadmium (Cd) on root and shoot growth and Cd uptake in two hydroponically cultivated Brassica species (B. juncea (L.) Czern. cv. Vitasso and B. napus L. cv. Atlantic). Both species are potentially usable for phytoextraction. Inhibitory effects of Cd on root elongation were diminished by the impact of Si. Primary roots elongation in the presence of Cd + Si compared with Cd was stronger and the number of lateral roots was lower in B. juncea than in B. napus. Cd content per plant was higher in B. napus roots and shoots compared with B. juncea. Suberin lamellae were formed closer to the root apex in Cd + Si than in Cd treated plants and this effect was stronger in B. napus than in B. juncea. Accelerated maturation of endodermis was associated with reduced Cd uptake. Cd decreased the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in both species, but Si addition positively influenced the content of photosynthetic pigments which was higher in B. napus than in B. juncea. Si enhanced more substantially translocation of Cd into the shoot of B. napus than of B. juncea. Based on our results B. napus seems to be more suitable for Cd phytoextraction than B. juncea because these plants produce more biomass and accumulate higher amount of Cd. The protective effect of Si on Cd treated Brassica plants could be attributed to more extensive development of suberin lamellae in endodermis.

scholarly journals Effects of warming and fertilization interacting with intraspecific competition on fine root traits of Picea asperata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan-Dan Li ◽  
Hong-Wei Nan ◽  
Chun-Zhang Zhao ◽  
Chun-Ying Yin ◽  
Qing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Picea Asperata

Abstract Aims Competition, temperature, and nutrient are the most important determinants of tree growth in the cold climate on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Although many studies have reported their individual effects on tree growth, little is known about how the interactions of competition with fertilization and temperature affect root growth. We aim to test whether climate warming and fertilization promote competition and to explore the functional strategies of Picea asperata in response to the interactions of these factors. Methods We conducted a paired experiment including competition and non-competition treatments under elevated temperature (ET) and fertilization. We measured root traits, including the root tip number over the root surface (RTRS), the root branching events over the root surface (RBRS), the specific root length (SRL), the specific root area (SRA), the total fine root length and area (RL and RA), the root tips (RT) and root branching events (RB). These root traits are considered to be indicators of plant resource uptake capacity and root growth. The root biomass and the nutrient concentrations in the roots were also determined. Important Findings The results indicated that ET, fertilization and competition individually enhanced the nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) concentrations in fine roots, but they did not affect fine root biomass or root traits, including RL, RT, RA and RB. However, both temperature and fertilization, as well as their interaction, interacting with competition increased RL, RA, RT, RB, and nutrient uptake. In addition, the SRL, SRA, RTRS and RBRS decreased under fertilization, the interaction between temperature and competition decreased SRL and SRA, while the other parameters were not affected by temperature or competition. These results indicate that Picea asperata maintains a conservative nutrient strategy in response to competition, climate warming, fertilization, and their interactions. Our results improve our understanding of the physiological and ecological adaptability of trees to global change.

scholarly journals Influence of hydroxyurea on the course of germination and growth of rape (Brasica napus L.) seedlings

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1–2) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kuraś ◽  
H. Teleżyński
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Elongation Growth ◽  
Complete Inhibition ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Synthesis

The effects of continuous incubation in hydroxyurea (HU) solutions (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg/ml) on germination of rape seeds and growth of young seedling axes were studied during 132 hours from initial soaking. Germination turned out to be unaffected by the treatment. Root growth was first increasingly inhibited by the HU concentration tested, but after prolonged incubation a complete arrest of the root growth was noted at all HU concentrations. The elongation growth of hypocotyls was found to be stimulated by a HU 0.2 mg/ml concentration while it was markedly suppressed by 0.4 mg/ml, and completely arrested by 0.8 mg/ml Inhibition of growth of the upright hypocotyl part at higher HU concentration was found to be accompanied by the unbending of the hooked under-cotyledonary part. It is suggested that inhibition of nuclear endomitotic DNA synthesis In elongating hypocotyl cells, suppresses only partially their growth, whereas a complete inhibition of the hypocotyl growth results from arrest of the mitochondrial DNA synthesis.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Green Ash, Scarlet Oak, Turkish Hazelnut, and Tree Lilac

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk ◽  
Richard W. Zobel ◽  
Thomas H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Measurement ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Periodicity

The objectives of this study were to determine root and shoot growth periodicity for established Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak), Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut), and Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees and to evaluate three methods of root growth periodicity measurement. Two methods were evaluated using a rhizotron. One method measured the extension rate (RE) ofindividual roots, and the second method measured change in root length (RL) against an observation grid. A third method, using periodic counts of new roots present on minirhizotrons (MR), was also evaluated. RE showed the least variability among individual trees. Shoot growth began before or simultaneously with the beginning of root growth for all species with all root growth measurement methods. All species had concurrent shoot and root growth, and no distinct alternating growth patterns were evident when root growth was measured by RE. Alternating root and shoot growth was evident, however, when root growth was measured by RL and MR. RE measured extension rate of larger diameter lateral roots, RL measured increase in root length of all diameter lateral roots and MR measured new root count of all sizes of lateral and vertical roots. Root growth periodicity patterns differed with the measurement method and the types of roots measured.

scholarly journals Effects of light intensity and co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium on root growth and nodulation of Indigofera tinctoria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Maria Theresia Sri Budiastuti ◽  
Djoko Purnomo ◽  
Supriyono Supriyono ◽  
Bambang Pujiasmanto ◽  
Desy Setyaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Microbial Inoculation ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Indigofera Tinctoria

<p class="Default"><em>Indigofera tinctoria</em> is a legume that is cultivated as a source of natural indigo dyes. As a legume, <em>Indigofera tinctoria</em> is capable of symbiosis with soil microbes. This study evaluates the effects of light intensity and microbial inoculation on root growth and nodulation. The study used a complete randomized block design with a split-plot pattern. Light intensity was the main plot with four levels of light intensity 100%, 50%, 25%, and 10%. Microbial inoculation was a subplot with four levels without inoculation, mycorrhizae inoculation, rhizobium inoculation, and double inoculation with both mycorrhizae and rhizobium. The results obtained show that light intensity and microbial inoculation affected root length, root fresh weight, root biomass, and the number of nodules. 50% light intensity was optimum for root length, while 100% light intensity was optimum for root fresh weight, root biomass, and a number of nodules. Root growth and nodulation were further increased with double inoculation. The combination of light intensity and microbial inoculation affected root biomass and nodulation. The combination of 100% light intensity and double inoculation resulted in the highest root biomass and nodule numbers. Mycorrhizae and rhizobium have a synergistic relationship to nodulation and root growth. Double inoculation with mycorrhizae and rhizobium efficiently increased root biomass and the number of nodules under low or high light intensity.</p>

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