Genetic variability of root growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
L O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Nodal Root ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Definition Of

Ten wheat genotypes were examined for their pattern of root development in glass-fronted growth containers in the greenhouse. Differences between genotypes were recorded in the number of first-order lateral roots at 2,3 and 4 weeks' growth, the number of second-order lateral roots, the maximum depth of penetration, and the angle between the seminal root axes at 4 weeks' growth and the length of lateral root per 10 cm depth increment at 5 weeks' growth. Significant positive correlations existed between many of the seminal root parameters. Differences between genotypes in the length of nodal root axes were recorded at 7 and 8 weeks' growth. Nodal root length was influenced by tiller number and the rate of tiller initiation. Tiller development, and consequently root growth, was related to plant phasic development. Genetic modification of seminal root development appears possible, with the direction of selection depending on the definition of an optimum root development pattern.

Differential Root Growth of FourSetariaTaxa

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Orwick ◽  
M. M. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
First Order ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Controlled Environments

We studied the early root growth of fourSetariataxa: giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), giant green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.major(Gaud.) Posp.], robust white foxtail (Setaria viridisvar.robusta-albaSchreiber), robust purple foxtail (Setaria viridisvar.robusta-purpureaSchreiber). Growth studies in controlled environments showed significant differences in root elongation among the taxa at three photoperiods. Seminal root lengths after 4 days followed the order presented for selectivity and metabolism of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] (robust white foxtail > giant green foxtail = robust purple foxtail > giant foxtail). Giant foxtail had the greatest root diameter, resulting in the greatest surface area and volume when lengths were equated. The order of seminal root lengths or diameters changed little after 7 days. Robust white foxtail had the most and longest first order lateral roots. Diameter of first order laterals showed giant foxtail > giant green foxtail = robust purple foxtail > robust white foxtail.

Effects of controlled-release fertilizers on shoot and root development of outplanted western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla Raf. Sarg.) seedlings

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 752-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Controlled-release fertilizers applied to the root zone of 1-0 plug western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla Raf. Sarg.) at planting stimulated shoot and root growth in the following two growing seasons. The number and diameter of lateral roots was increased by fertilizing, but fertilizing did not alter the shoot–root ratio. The shoot–root ratio did not increase with an increase in seedling size, height, or total weight.

scholarly journals Conserved LBL1-ta-siRNA and miR165/166-RLD1/2 modules regulate root development in maize

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. dev190033
Author(s):  
Vibhav Gautam ◽  
Archita Singh ◽  
Sandeep Yadav ◽  
Sharmila Singh ◽  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Maize Root ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Crown Roots

ABSTRACTRoot system architecture and anatomy of monocotyledonous maize is significantly different from dicotyledonous model Arabidopsis. The molecular role of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is poorly understood in maize root development. Here, we address the role of LEAFBLADELESS1 (LBL1), a component of maize trans-acting short-interfering RNA (ta-siRNA), in maize root development. We report that root growth, anatomical patterning, and the number of lateral roots (LRs), monocot-specific crown roots (CRs) and seminal roots (SRs) are significantly affected in lbl1-rgd1 mutant, which is defective in production of ta-siRNA, including tasiR-ARF that targets AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3) in maize. Altered accumulation and distribution of auxin, due to differential expression of auxin biosynthesis and transporter genes, created an imbalance in auxin signalling. Altered expression of microRNA165/166 (miR165/166) and its targets, ROLLED1 and ROLLED2 (RLD1/2), contributed to the changes in lbl1-rgd1 root growth and vascular patterning, as was evident by the altered root phenotype of Rld1-O semi-dominant mutant. Thus, LBL1/ta-siRNA module regulates root development, possibly by affecting auxin distribution and signalling, in crosstalk with miR165/166-RLD1/2 module. We further show that ZmLBL1 and its Arabidopsis homologue AtSGS3 proteins are functionally conserved.

Root growth of wheat. I. Early patterns of multiplication and extension of wheat roots including effects of levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Root Numbers ◽  
Nodal Root ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Wheat root growth was followed to 30 days from planting in wheat supplied with standard, twofold, half and nil levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Root numbers and lengths followed consistent patterns of increase in the seminal and nodal root systems of all treatments. Most root components demonstrated their highest rates of relative increase in length and number immediately after first appearance. Within a few days this decreased to a constant rate of increase which continued until the end of the experiment. Rates during the stages of constant relative increase were higher with increasing order of lateral, and the same for all treatments, except when nutrient deficiency seriously suppressed root growth. Potassium deficiency stopped root growth completely within 10–12 days of planting. Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies gave increasing delays in root component appearance with increasing order of lateral. Increasing suppression of seminal lateral numbers and a severe suppression of nodal root growth followed. Lower root numbers caused by nitrogen deficiency were compensated by greater lateral lengths in the seminal but not the nodal root systems. Some reduction in root growth resulted from application of the half and twofold levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. All responses to applied nutrient levels were more obvious with increasing order of lateral and with the nodal rather than seminal root systems. The nodal root system reflected plant response better than the seminal root system.

Root mapping of three tropical pasture species using 32P

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Bray ◽  
JB Hacker ◽  
DE Byth
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Initial Root

Root growth patterns of Glycine javanica, Setaria anceps, and Medicago sativa were studied by uptake of 32P from a sandy loam. Placement of isotope was through permanently positioned PVC conduit on a grid over a 90� quadrant of the root system. Detection of radioactivity was in in situ plant material. Lucerne had strong initial root development but was slow to form lateral roots. Glycine and Setaria had quite similar root systems although Setaria had more rapid vertical root development than Glycine. Both these species had strong lateral root systems. When a regression of minimum root length against time was calculated, lateral root growth was shown to be independent of depth and distance from the plant, suggesting that roots behave as if growing from a point source in random directions at a constant rate. This rate was the same for all species. There were also indications of strong vertical root systems in lucerne and Setaria.

Adventive-root development in mature black spruce and balsam fir in the boreal forests of Quebec, Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 2642-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Krause ◽  
H Morin
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Root Initiation

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) are the two main tree species in the boreal forests of Quebec, Canada, and both show adventive-root formation. Little is known about the dynamics of adventive-root initiation and the pattern of length growth. To gain a better understanding of root growth, the root systems of 30 mature black spruce and 30 mature balsam fir were excavated until the root diameter had decreased to 2 cm. Tree ages ranged from 100 to more than 250 years. All trees showed only adventive roots; this was confirmed by dating the root–shoot interface. The youngest lateral roots were located close to ground level, whereas the oldest ones occurred lower in the stump, suggesting a process of renewal for the latter. Reconstruction of the development of the root system revealed a specific root-growth pattern. Adventive roots grew, on average, more than 60% of their total length in the year of initiation, whereas more than 93% of lateral-root elongation was recorded in the first 10 years after adventive roots were initiated. This growth pattern was found to be similar in the two tree species in terms of lateral-root development (p = 0.68). More variability was observed for the ramified adventive roots. However, two patterns emerged. First, around 10% of total elongation was completed in the same year as that of the corresponding lateral roots. Second, several ramified adventive roots were initiated in the same calendar year but delayed by several years relative to lateral adventive root initiation. No significant differences were observed between black spruce and balsam fir (p = 0.1).

scholarly journals A wheat/rye polymorphism affects seminal root length and yield across different irrigation regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (15) ◽  
pp. 4027-4037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyson Howell ◽  
Jorge I Moriconi ◽  
Xueqiang Zhao ◽  
Joshua Hegarty ◽  
Tzion Fahima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Abstract The introgression of a small segment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosome arm 1BS in the distal region of the rye (Secale cereale L.) 1RS.1BL arm translocation in wheat (henceforth 1RSRW) was previously associated with reduced grain yield, carbon isotope discrimination, and stomatal conductance, suggesting reduced access to soil moisture. Here we show that lines with the normal 1RS arm have longer roots than lines with the 1RSRW arm in both field and hydroponic experiments. In the 1RSRW lines, differences in seminal root length were associated with a developmentally regulated arrest of the root apical meristem (RAM). Approximately 10 d after germination, the seminal roots of the 1RSRW plants showed a gradual reduction in elongation rate, and stopped growing a week later. Seventeen days after germination, the roots of the 1RSRW plants showed altered gradients of reactive oxygen species and emergence of lateral roots close to the RAM, suggesting changes in the root meristem. The 1RSRW lines also showed reduced biomass (estimated by the normalized difference vegetation index) and grain yield relative to the 1RS lines, with larger differences under reduced or excessive irrigation than under normal irrigation. These results suggest that this genetic variation could be useful to modulate root architecture.

CORN RESPONSE TO RESTRICTED NODAL ROOT GROWTH WITH RELEVANCE TO ZERO TILLAGE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. J. BARRY ◽  
M. H. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Nodal Root ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Dry Soil

In Ontario, corn (Zea mays L.) yields with zero tillage are 10–15% lower than those with conventional tillage. Slower growth with zero tillage usually begins at the four-or five-leaf stage and continues until the 10- to 12-leaf stage. We hypothesized that restriction of nodal root development occurs with zero tillage and causes the reductions in shoot growth and final yield. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in which nodal root development of corn plants was restricted by soil compaction or dry soil while the seminal roots grew in flowing nutrient culture. Compaction reduced nodal root length by 54%, and dry soil reduced it by 90% at the 10-leaf stage. Shoot dry weight at the 12-leaf stage was significantly reduced by dry soil but not by compaction. Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance at the 12-leaf stage were reduced by dry soil despite a negligible drop in pressure potential across the mesocotyl. Dry soil reduced shoot growth in terms of plant height after the eight-leaf stage. It was concluded that restriction of nodal root growth in zero tillage systems probably would not account for the reduced yields. Key words: Corn, Zea mays L., growth regulator, seminal roots, mesocotyl, xylem resistance

Understanding the root sink.

2022 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
T. M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
And Function ◽  
Shoot Meristems

Abstract Root development and growth is similar to shoot growth in that extension growth is initiated by an apical meristem and girth growth of mature roots is carried out by the vascular cambium. However, the initiation of lateral roots is entirely different than the initiation of lateral leaves or shoot meristems. This chapter deals with understanding the root sink in fruit trees by studying root growth, including the initiation of lateral roots, root classification according to size and function, factors affecting their growth, and rootstocks.

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