An investigation into the anatomical differences between flat and folded leaves in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Wrobel ◽  
B. E. Coulman ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Phalaris Arundinacea ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
Morphological Variants ◽  
Cool Season Grass ◽  
Respective Species

Reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L., is one of the most productive, perennial cool-season grasses. It is found in humid and subhumid regions of the northern United States and southern Canada. Reed canarygrass plants with folded leaves were observed in a space-planted nursery. Morphological variants involving leaf folding or rolling have been studied in a number of grass species. None of these studies have investigated the anatomical differences between the folded leaf and more frequently occurring flat leaves in the respective species. The objective of this study was to investigate the histological differences between the folded and flat leaves. Upon sectioning, the flat leaf type was observed to have turgid bulliform cells, while those in the folded leaves were flaccid. And the folded leaves appeared to have a larger sclerenchymal layer in the extended bundle sheaths compared with the flat leaves. Incorporating the folded leaf genotype into a breeding program may allow the cultivation of reed canarygrass in more arid regions, and may improve the biofuel quality of a resulting cultivar. Key words: Leaf morphology, anatomy, plant breeding, cool-season grass, folded leaf

scholarly journals Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Jochen Krauss ◽  
Veronika Vikuk ◽  
Carolyn A. Young ◽  
Markus Krischke ◽  
Martin J. Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Toxic Alkaloids ◽  
Cool Season Grass ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte ◽  
Seed Mixtures

Fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë live symbiotically in cool season grass species and can produce alkaloids toxic to insects and vertebrates, yet reports of intoxication of grazing animals have been rare in Europe in contrast to overseas. However, due to the beneficial resistance traits observed in Epichloë infected grasses, the inclusion of Epichloë in seed mixtures might become increasingly advantageous. Despite the toxicity of fungal alkaloids, European seed mixtures are rarely tested for Epichloë infection and their infection status is unknown for consumers. In this study, we tested 24 commercially available seed mixtures for their infection rates with Epichloë endophytes and measured the concentrations of the alkaloids ergovaline, lolitrem B, paxilline, and peramine. We detected Epichloë infections in six seed mixtures, and four contained vertebrate and insect toxic alkaloids typical for Epichloë festucae var. lolii infecting Lolium perenne. As Epichloë infected seed mixtures can harm livestock, when infected grasses become dominant in the seeded grasslands, we recommend seed producers to test and communicate Epichloë infection status or avoiding Epichloë infected seed mixtures.

scholarly journals Impact of Overseeded Grass Species, Seeding Rate and Seeding Time on Establishment and Persistence in Bermudagrass

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Thomas Serensits ◽  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Seeding Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Cool-season grass species are often overseeded into bermudagrass turf for both aesthetics and functionality during the winter months. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring, however, it becomes a weed. Experiments were conducted to evaluate overseeded grass species and seeding rate on turf cover during the fall, spring, and summer. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to then persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Both perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally had the most persistence one year after seeding, either because of the survival of plants through the summer or because of new germination the following fall. The highest cover seen one year after seeding was 24% with perennial ryegrass in the 2005 trial. Maximum cover seen with Italian ryegrass and hybrid bluegrass 12 months after seeding was 19 and 8%, respectively. Seeding perennial or Italian ryegrass in February achieved acceptable cover in spring in the first trial but not the second. Persistence the following fall, however, was greater in the second trial, suggesting new germination. Percent cover 12 months after seeding tended to increase as the seeding rate increased, also suggesting new germination the following fall. Although quality is lower with Italian ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year after fall seeding.

Nutritive Quality of Cool-Season Grass Monocultures and Binary Grass-Alfalfa Mixtures at Late Harvest

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Berdahl ◽  
James F. Karn ◽  
John R. Hendrickson
Keyword(s):  
Cool Season ◽  
Nutritive Quality ◽  
Cool Season Grass

scholarly journals Natural variation of physiological traits, molecular markers, and chlorophyll catabolic genes associated with heat tolerance in perennial ryegrass accessions

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Yiwei Jiang ◽  
Huibin Li ◽  
Zhipeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Catabolic Genes ◽  
Heat Tolerant ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Background Identification of genetic diversity in heat tolerance and associated traits is of great importance for improving heat tolerance in cool-season grass species. The objectives of this study were to determine genetic variations in heat tolerance associated with phenotypic and physiological traits and to identify molecular markers associated with heat tolerance in a diverse collection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Results Plants of 98 accessions were subjected to heat stress (35/30 °C, day/night) or optimal growth temperature (25/20 °C) for 24 d in growth chambers. Overall heat tolerance of those accessions was ranked by principal component analysis (PCA) based on eight phenotypic and physiological traits. Among these traits, electrolyte leakage (EL), chlorophyll content (Chl), relative water content (RWC) had high correlation coefficients (− 0.858, 0.769, and 0.764, respectively) with the PCA ranking of heat tolerance. We also found expression levels of four Chl catabolic genes (CCGs), including LpNYC1, LpNOL, LpSGR, and LpPPH, were significant higher in heat sensitive ryegrass accessions then heat tolerant ones under heat stress. Furthermore, 66 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to perform association analysis based on the PCA result. The population structure of ryegrass can be grouped into three clusters, and accessions in cluster C were relatively more heat tolerant than those in cluster A and B. SSR markers significantly associated with above-mentioned traits were identified (R2 > 0.05, p < 0.01)., including two pairs of markers located on chromosome 4 in association with Chl content and another four pairs of markers in association with EL. Conclusion The result not only identified useful physiological parameters, including EL, Chl content, and RWC, and their associated SSR markers for heat-tolerance breeding of perennial ryegrass, but also highlighted the involvement of Chl catabolism in ryegrass heat tolerance. Such knowledge is of significance for heat-tolerance breeding and heat tolerance mechanisms in perennial ryegrass as well as in other cool-season grass species.

Membrane Proteins Associated with Heat-Induced Leaf Senescence in a Cool-Season Grass Species

Crop Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 837-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jespersen ◽  
Chenping Xu ◽  
Bingru Huang
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Cool Season Grass
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