Nutritional suitability of viscid and whitethorn acacia for ruminants

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ishaque ◽  
Reldon F Beck ◽  
Rex D Pieper
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Chihuahuan Desert ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Larrea Tridentata ◽  
Acacia Species ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Forage Value

Leaves and pods of viscid acacia (Acacia neovernicosa Isley) and whitethorn acacia (Acacia constricta Benth) shrubs were analyzed for their nutritional suitability for livestock and wildlife. Leaves and pods were collected in mid-summer and at the end of the growing season in 1993 and 1994 from two sites in southern New Mexico in the Chihuahuan Desert. Chemical composition was determined by standard laboratory procedures. Pods of both species generally contained more crude protein, and phosphorus than the leaves. The difference in protein content between leaves and pods was not as great for whitethorn acacia as for viscid acacia. Calcium content of leaves for both species in 1994 (a drought year) was nearly double the calcium content measured in 1993 (near average precipitation). The amounts of crude protein, phosphorus and calcium in leaves and pods were adequate to meet the nutrient requirements of young immature animals and lactating females of livestock and wildlife during the summer and fall seasons. However, besides having thorns, both species also have secondary compounds including tannins and phenols, which reduce palatability and may limit intake and negate any benefit of the high crude protein content. Although a direct comparison was not possible, whitethorn acacia appears to have a higher potential forage value than viscid acacia because of higher protein content and lower tannin and phenol content. In southern New Mexico, desert grasslands, once common, are today dominated by many shrub species of low palatability. Both viscid acacia and whitethorn acacia species appear to have palatabilities similar to or higher than the two most common shrubs on these desert rangelands, mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torrey) and creosotebush [Larrea tridentata (D. C.) Coville]. With the continued decrease of herbaceous forage on these rangelands, and the continued expansion of the populations of these two acacia species, both have the potential to become more valuable as browse components in the diets of grazing animals. Key words: Viscid acacia, whitethorn acacia, crude proteins, condensed tannins, total phenolics, Chihuahuan Desert

Dietary selection by goats and the implications for range management in the Chihuahuan Desert: a review

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mellado
Keyword(s):  
Chihuahuan Desert ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Larrea Tridentata ◽  
Desert Rangelands ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Varied Diet ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Field studies characterising the forage resources of mixed-breed goats on Chihuahuan Desert rangelands were reviewed and the principal sources of variation in their diet choices discussed. Goats eat a varied diet comprising at least 126 plant species in this landscape. Goats are highly selective feeders, changing their diet from predominantly forbs (8–64%) to browse (35–88%). Graminoids make up only ~5% of the diet, but grasses could be important dietary components on rangelands in good condition. Feed intakes range between 0.8% and 3.4% of bodyweight, depending on the season. DM digestibility of forage selected by goats ranges between 44% and 65%. Annual crude protein (CP) in forages selected by goats varies from 80 to 160 g CP kg–1 DM. Overall, pregnant and lactating goats manage to ingest food that contains higher amounts of CP and lower amounts of cell wall than non-pregnant, non-lactating goats. Goats not adapted to severe shortage of forage select a diet that does not match their nutritional requirements and fetal losses occur. Goat kids select higher quality diets than do mature goats (94.5 vs 88.5 g CP kg–1 DM). Granadina goats eat ~20% more shrubs, including 3-fold more Larrea tridentata (DC) Cav., than Nubian goats. Goats with severely eroded incisors avoid grasses, focusing on tender-leaved shrubs. During the rainy season, bucks select mainly shrubs (78% of the diet) and avoid grasses (1.7% of the diet), whereas does rely heavily on forbs (about one-third of their diet). Alternating use of grazing grounds increases shrub ingestion by 25%. No evidence exists indicating that food choice by goats in this arid environment is biased towards forages with lower secondary compounds. It is concluded that the flexible, broad-scale and opportunistic feeding behaviour of goats make them an effective animal to sustainably exploit the forage resources of the Chihuahuan Desert.

Evaluation of a long-established silvopastoral Brachiaria decumbens system: plant characteristics and feeding value for cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina A. Lima ◽  
Domingos S. C. Paciullo ◽  
Fabyano F. Silva ◽  
Mirton J. F. Morenz ◽  
Carlos A. M. Gomide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Signal Grass ◽  
The Difference

One of the main challenges of using a silvopastoral system (SPS) is maintaining pasture and animal productivity over time. Our objective was to compare the productive characteristics and nutritive value of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) and the liveweight gain of dairy heifers in a SPS and open pasture (OP, signal grass under full sunlight) during the rainy seasons of four experiments between 2003 and 2016, which characterised systems from their 6th to 19th years after establishment in south-eastern Brazil when analysed together. The experimental design was a randomised complete block in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme (two production systems (SPS and OP) and four experiments (2003–2004, 2004–2007, 2011–2014 and 2014–2016)). From the 7th year onwards, the progressive reduction of photosynthetically active radiation negatively impacted the productive characteristics of the SPS pasture. Total forage mass was reduced by 19% in SPS compared with the OP in 2004–2007, 38% in 2011–2014 and 31% in 2014–2016. Crude protein content was 23% and 30% higher in the SPS than in the OP in 2011–2014 and 2014–2016, respectively. However, during the study period (until the 19th year), the liveweight gain of heifers was similar between systems since the higher crude protein content available in SPS contributed to improved forage nutritional value. From the 17th to the 19th year, weight gain per area was lower in the SPS compared with the OP (169 vs 199 kg ha–1), although the difference between systems was small. Signal grass presents a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in response to changes in shade levels, which gives this species a high potential for use in SPS.

scholarly journals Agronomic bases of precision barley production

2012 ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
Juliana Molnárová
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Soil Cultivation ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Multifactor Experiment ◽  
Multifactor Analysis ◽  
The Difference

To ascertain the importance of individual preciosion factors in achieving yield and quality of malting barley, we established a multifactor experiment at the research station of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra in 2009 and 2010. Four variants of fertilization, 2 ways of soil cultivation and four varieties 'Bojos’, 'Kangoo’, 'Marthe’ and 'Xanadu’ were observed. From the quality indicators the nitrogen content (%) was observed. The results were statistically analyzed by using a multifactor analysis of variance by using Statistica 8, the program Statgraphics. The difference between years was statistically significant (1.87 t ha-1) in favour of 2010. The difference was also significant between the varieties 'Bojos’ and ’Kangoo’(1.07 t ha-1), respectively. 'Martha’ and 'Xanadu’ as well as 'Kangoo’ (0.56 resp. 0.33 t ha-1). Conventional soil cultivation incomparison with a minimalization technology, demonstrated a  tatistically insignificant increase of yield. Significant differences were obtained between the variants of fertilization. Treatment by using Condit (b-var.) showed a very positive impact in climatic favorable year (2010) with a yield result of 7.42 t ha-1. In comparison with an untreated control, the difference in yield was 0.89 t ha-1. A significant increase of yield was achieved by using the combination of solid fertilizer with foliar fertilizer (LAV + Hakofyt, var.c) 0.47 t ha-1. The crude protein content was statistically influenced by a variety and year. In 2009, the crude protein content was above average (12.38%). Significantly lower attributes were achieved in 2010 (9.90%). From the studied/observed varieties the lowest crude protein content was showed by a variety 'Kangoo’ (1.68%).

scholarly journals Comparative Productivity of Merker Grass and of a Kudzu-Merker Grass Mixture as Affected by Season and Cutting Height

1969 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
Ruben Caro-Costas ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cutting Height

The yields of a tropical kudzu-Merker grass association were compared to those of Merker grass growing alone and fertilized with 300 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly. The effect of two heights of cutting and of season of the year on the productivity of these forages was also studied. Merker grass produced 23,652 pounds of dry matter and 1,773 pounds of crude protein per acre yearly, or about twice as much dry matter and protein as did the kudzu-Merker grass association. Kudzu contributed about 19 percent of the dry matter and almost 40 percent of the protein produced by the association. The Merker grass growing alone had a higher protein content than that growing with kudzu. Merker grass both alone and in association with kudzu yielded more when cut at a height of 2 inches from the ground than when cut at a 10-inch height. The reverse was true with tropical kudzu. Because of this compensating effect cutting height had no significant effect on yields of the kudzu-Merker grass mixture. Because of a higher proportion of kudzu, the protein content of the mixture was greater with high cutting, however. Both Merker grass and the kudzu-Merker grass association yielded about twice as much forage during the "summer" months as during the "winter" months. Lower rainfall, cooler temperature, and shorter days during the "winter" months appeared to be responsible for the reduction in growth occurring during this season. The latter two factors were apparently responsible for most of the difference in growth rates which suggest that only limited benefits may accrue from supplemental irrigation of forages during the "winter" months in the humid areas of Puerto Rico.

Intake, retention time in the rumen and microbial protein production of Bos indicus steers consuming grasses varying in crude protein content

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Panjaitan ◽  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
T. Swain ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
The Difference

Feed intake, rumen function, microbial protein (MCP) production and the efficiency of MCP production were determined in steers fed four different forage hays varying markedly in crude protein content. Low quality tropical forage (speargrass and Mitchell grass) hays had lower crude protein content, higher neutral detergent fibre content and lower digestibility than a medium quality tropical forage (pangola grass) hay and a temperate forage (ryegrass) hay. Steers fed speargrass and Mitchell grass hays had lower MCP production (80 and 170 g MCP/day, respectively) and efficiency of MCP production [78 and 79 g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM), respectively] than steers fed pangola grass (328 g MCP/day; 102 g MCP/kg DOM) and ryegrass (627 g MCP/day; 135 g MCP/kg DOM) hays, which was directly related to the supply of DOM and rumen degradable protein. Intake was greatest for ryegrass hay, followed by pangola grass, Mitchell grass and speargrass hays [17.6, 15.6, 10.1 and 5.5 g DM/kg W.day, respectively]. The retention time of DM in the rumen was 72.1, 47.7, 28.6 and 19.1 h for speargrass, Mitchell grass, pangola grass and ryegrass hays, respectively, with a similar trend apparent for the retention time of neutral detergent fibre, lignin, chromium-EDTA and ytterbium labelled digesta. The difference in the protein : energy ratio of absorbed substrates (measured as efficiency of MCP production) did not appear to account for all the differences in intake, nor did a purely physical mechanism.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Rates, Harvest Interval and Cutting Heights on Yield and Composition of Star Grass in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-279
Author(s):  
Rubén Caro-Costas ◽  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
Jacinto Figarella
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Percent Nitrogen ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The effect of nitrogen rates, length of harvest intervals, and cutting heights on the yield and composition of a Puerto Rico cultivar of Star grass were determined during 2 consecutive years. Dry matter yields increased with nitrogen rates at the two cutting heights tested. However, the response at the various harvest intervals tested (30, 45, 60 and 90 days) was dependent on cutting height. Low cut Star grass responded sharply up to 400 to 600 pounds of nitrogen depending on harvest interval. High cut Star grass responded sharply to 400 to 600 pounds of nitrogen depending on harvest interval. The crude protein yield and content increased up to the highest nitrogen rate tested at all harvest intervals and cutting heights. The percent nitrogen recovered in the forage was of the same magnitude as that obtained with other grasses. However, the nitrogen rates did not have a pronounced effect on the percent nitrogen recovered in the forage. The proportion of leaves to stems was not affected by nitrogen rates. Leaves were higher in protein content than the stems at all nitrogen rates and harvest intervals. Dry matter yields increased but protein content decreased as length of harvest interval increased from 30 to 90 days. Length of harvest interval did not affect the percent nitrogen recovered in the forage, but had a marked effect on chemical composition of the forage. The content of N, P and K decreased at both cutting heights and at all nitrogen rates as the length of the harvest interval increased from 30 to 90 days. The apparent digestibility of the forage decreased and lignin content increased as length of harvest interval increased. Star grass produced higher yields when cut low than high. The difference was more evident as the length of the harvest interval increased from 30 to 90 days.

Comparative Study of Size, Total Protein, Fibrinogen and 5-HT Content of Human and Canine Platelet Density Subpopulations

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (03) ◽  
pp. 288-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Mezzano ◽  
Eduardo Aranda ◽  
Arnaldo Foradori
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Artifactual Changes ◽  
Platelet Release ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe size, total protein, fibrinogen and 5-HT content were evaluated in density subpopulations of human and canine platelets fractionated in linear arabinogalactan gradients. The methodology was assessed to ascertain that platelet separation was by density and to discard artifactual changes and platelet release during the procedure. EDTA or PGEi increased the size of human PRP-platelets, but not of dog platelets. In humans, high density (HD) platelets were 1.26 times larger and contained 1.88 times more fibrinogen, 2.23 times more 5-HT and 1.37 times more protein than low density (LD) platelets; in dogs, these density cohorts did not differ in protein content, but LD platelets were 1.29 times larger and had 1.33 times more fibrinogen and 5-HT than HD platelets. These findings suggest that cell density is mostly dependent on the protein content per unit volume of platelets (and not on dense bodies). The differences in fibrinogen and 5-HT content between HD and LD cohorts in humans and dogs may be related to platelet age. The difference in volume between HD and LD platelets in dogs is of uncertain interpretation.

Variasi Penambahan Tepung Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) pada Pembuatan Flakes Ditinjau dari Sifat Fisik, Sifat Organoleptik dan Kadar Kalsium

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Frieda Rosita Majid ◽  
Nur Hidayat ◽  
Waluyo Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Characteristic ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Lam

Background:Moringa (Moringaoleifera Lam.) Is a plant of high nutritional value, grows scattered in the tropics and sub-tropics, but utilization is still low. Each section has its benefits Moringa one part is the Moringa leaves contain a high calcium. In 100 grams of material, fresh Moringa leaves contain as much as 440 mg of calcium in the form of flour whereas if it contains as much as 2,003 mg of calcium. One of its use in the manufacture of flakes added. Objective: Know the difference physical harateristi, organoleptic characteristic and calcium levels in flakes variations addition of Moringa leaf powder. Methods: The study is a randomized experimental design with simple, includes four kinds of treatments, two replications with two experimental units. Observations of physical characteristic were analyzed by descriptive, the organoleptic characteristic of data analysis using statistical test Kruskal-Wallis continued Mann-Whitney and methods of test calcium content using permanganometri then the data were analyzed descriptive. Results: The physical characteristics of flakes greenish-yellow, slightly fragrant aroma typical of flakes, rather unpleasant taste typical of Moringa leaves and a slightly crunchy texture. Organoleptic characteristics the color of flakes with moringa leaf powder 5%, the aroma of the flakes without addition moringa leaf powder, the flavour of flakes with additions moringa leaf powder 5% and the texture of flakes with additions moringa leaf powder 7,5% most prefered panelist and high levels calcium of flakes with additions 10% moringa leaf powder. Conclusion: There is a difference variations addition of moringa leaf powder on physical, organoleptic characteristic (color) and the level of calcium flakes.Flakes with the addition of 5% moringa leaf powder is the most prefered panelist.   Keywords:Moringa Leaf Flour, Flakes, Physical characteristic, organoleptic, Calcium

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