Comparison of methods for isolation of protozoa from ruminal fluid

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Neill ◽  
M. Ivan
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Sedimentation Method ◽  
Isolation Methods ◽  
Polyester Monofilament

Isolation of protozoa from ruminal fluid taken from the same cow on five different days was carried out by three methods based on sedimentaton or on filtration using 10-μm mesh (PMB-10) or 20-μm mesh (PMB-20) polyester monofilament bags. Differences among means for percentage recoveries of protozoal numbers for the three isolation methods were statistically significant (P = 0.007), but those for dry matter and diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) recoveries were not (P > 0.1). The sedimentation method produced the lowest recovery of protozoa as well as the highest recovery of DAPA, which indicated the highest bacterial contamination. Among the filtration-based methods PMB-10 produced higher recoveries of protozoal numbers and dry matter than PMB-20, but with somewhat larger bacterial contamination. Among the three methods compared, filtration with PMB-10 was considered as the most suitable. Key words: Ruminal fluid, protozoal isolation, sedimentation, filtration

Effects of adaptation to lasalocid or monensin on in vitro fermentation of prairie hay

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-423
Author(s):  
G. C. Duff ◽  
M. L. Galyean ◽  
M. E. Branine
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Vitro Experiment ◽  
In Vitro Experiment

Effects of adaptation to lasalocid (L) or monensin (M) on in vitro fermentation of prairie hay were measured in a replicated in vitro experiment with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were adaptation of ruminal fluid donor steers (ADAPT; no ionophore, 200 mg steer−1 d−1 of L, or 200 mg steer−1 d−1 of M) and culture ionophores (IONO; no ionophore, 4 μg mL−1 of L, or 4 μg mL−1 of M). At 12 and 96 h of incubation, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was increased (P < 0.10 and P < 0.05, respectively) by M-ADAPT compared with L-ADAPT, and IVDMD was increased (P < 0.10) by ionophore adaptation treatments compared with control at 96 h of incubation. In contrast to effects of adaptation treatments, culture ionophore treatments decreased (P < 0.01) IVDMD at 12 and 96 h compared with control; furthermore, at 12 h, M in culture decreased (P < 0.05) IVDMD compared with L in culture. At 24, 48, and 72 h addition of both L and M in culture to unadapted inoculum decreased (P < 0.10) IVDMD compared with control. Addition of M in culture decreased (P < 0.10) the rate of IVDMD when added to unadapted and L-adapted inoculum compared with C and L in culture. Acetate was decreased (P < 0.10), propionate increased (P < 0.10), and the acetate:propionate ratio decreased (P < 0.05) by ionophore adaptation compared with control at 24 h of incubation and by culture ionophore treatments compared with control at 48 h of incubation. Results indicate that effects of ionophores on in vitro fermentation of prairie hay depended on adaptation of the donor animals to the ionophores. In addition, monensin, when added to the culture, seemed to be more detrimental to in vitro fermentation of a low-quality forage than lasalocid. Key words: In vitro, fermentation, ionophores, monensin, lasalocid

Effects of source of rumen fluid on in vitro dry matter digestibility of feeds determined using the DAISYII incubator

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. King ◽  
J. C. Plaizier
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Inoculum Source ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Grass Hay

Apparent (ADD) and true (TDD) in vitro dry matter digestibilities of 12 ruminant feeds were determined with the DAISYII incubator (ANKOM Technology Corp. Macedon, NY) using inoculum prepared from ruminal fluid obtained from steers fed grass hay or from cows fed total mixed ration (56% forage and 44% grain, DM basis). Inoculum source did not affect ADD and TDD. Averaged across feeds and sources of inoculum, ADD was 6.7 percentage points lower than TDD. Key words: In vitro dry matter digestibility, ruminant feeds, inoculum, ANKOM DAISYII incubator

scholarly journals A comparison of methods for the estimation of microbial nitrogen in duodenal digesta of sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
J. V. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Isotopic Labelling ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Microbial N

1. Six sheep, each fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum, were given two diets (600 g dry matter (DM)/d) consisting of either grass silage (32·1 g nitrogen/kg DM) or dried grass (18·3 g N/kg DM). A net loss of N occurred between mouth and duodenum with the silage diet, indicating extensive ruminal degradation of dietary N, compared with a net gain on the dried-grass diet. Consequently, despite higher N intakes when silage was given, N flow at the duodenum was similar for both diets.2. The proportion of microbial N in duodenal digesta N was estimated using diaminopimelic acid (DAPA), [35S]methionine (35S), 15N-enriched non-ammonia-N (15NAN) and amino acid profiles (AAP) as microbial markers. Isotopic labelling of rumen micro-organisms was achieved by intraruminal infusions of Na235SO4 and (15NH4)2SO4.3. A comparison of all methods was made based on the marker concentrations in microbial fractions isolated by differential centrifuagation of strained rumen contents. With both diets, DAPA gave the highest estimates and AAP the lowest. Estimates based on 35S and 15NAN were intermediate and did not differ significantly (P > 0·05).4. For the 15NAN, 35S and AAP methods, the effect of site of sampling of the microbial fraction, i.e. from rumen contents or duodenal digesta, was examined and in all instances mean estimates based on duodenally-derived microbes were higher. However, the differences were significant for only 15NAN with both diets (P < 0·001), for 35S with the dried grass (P < 0·05), and for AAP with the silage (P < 0·05). Estimates based on duodenally-derived microbes were higher (P < 0·05) using 15NAN than those obtained using 35S with both diets.5. Depending on the method used for estimating microbial N, estimates of the efficieny ofmicrobial N synthesis in the rumen (g microbial N flow at duodenum/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen) ranged between 16 and 38 for the silage diet and 10 and46 for the dried grass diet. Similarly, estimates of feed N degradability in the rumen ranged between 0·62 and 0·97 for the silage and 0·00 and 0·93 for the dried grass.

HIGH MOISTURE GROUND EAR CORN, HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY OR SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATED BARLEY FOR LACTATING COWS: MILK PRODUCTION AND RATION UTILIZATION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. KUNG Jr. ◽  
B. W. JESSE ◽  
J. W. THOMAS ◽  
J. T. HUBER ◽  
R. S. EMERY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Fecal Ph

Whole barley was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in laboratory trials. Dry matter disappearance from nylon bags in the rumen of whole barley treated with 2.5, 3.5, or 4.9% NaOH for 30 h was 59.6, 72.4, and 93.0%, respectively, compared with 82.2% for untreated ground barley. In a subsequent lactation trial, 24 Holstein cows (eight per treatment) were fed high moisture ground ear corn, high moisture rolled barley or high moisture whole barley treated with 3.5% NaOH. Milk persistencies tended to be greater for cows fed high moisture rolled barley, next for ground ear corn and least for NaOH-treated barley. Milk composition was similar for all treatments. Dry matter intake was greatest for cows fed ground ear corn and lower for those fed the barley diets. Alpha-linked glucose and pH of feces were similar for cows fed ground ear corn and high moisture rolled barley diets, but fecal pH was lower and alpha-linked glucose concentrations three times greater for NaOH-treated barley. Digestibility percents of dry matter, acid detergent fiber and nitrogen were 61.4, 25.3, 64.7 for ground ear corn; 64.4, 38.0, 67.1 for high moisture rolled barley; and 56.8, 43.2, 54.8 for NaOH-treated barley, respectively. Rumen grain turnover estimated by excretion of ytterbium in feces was greatest for NaOH-treated barley (9.09%/h), intermediate for ground ear corn (6.10%/h) and lowest for high moisture rolled barley (4.93%/h). Key words: Dairy, sodium hydroxide, high moisture grains

EVALUATION OF TIMOTHY CULTIVARS FOR VOLUNTARY INTAKE AND NUTRIENT COMPONENTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. MASON ◽  
P. M. FLIPOT
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Flower Stage ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Five timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars, Clair, Champ, Milton, Climax and Bounty, were harvested at first flower stage during 2 consecutive years and in the regrowth for 1 yr. The forages were each offered as hay to 15 young rams to evaluate voluntary intake. Five animals were used to determine initial harvest dry matter digestibility. The cultivars varied significantly in voluntary intake at first flower stage. The highest intake (g kg−0.75 d−1) averaged for the years was obtained in the early cultivar Champ (65.9), which was 10% more than that of the medium-late cultivar Climax. The cultivars did not differ significantly in dry matter digestibility. In the regrowth, the relative intakes of the cultivars were essentially reversed from that of the initial harvest. The voluntary intake was substantially higher but the differences among forages were less marked. Climax regrowth voluntary intake was higher (P < 0.05) than all cultivars, except Bounty. A 15% range in digestible dry matter intake was present among cultivars. The ranking of the culivars for digestible dry matter was different than for dry matter yield. Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense L., voluntary intake, dry matter digestibility

scholarly journals Effects of sudden melon intake on ruminal parameters of non-adapted sheep

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco L.C. Oliveira ◽  
Raimundo A. Barrêto Júnior ◽  
Antonio H.H. Minervino ◽  
Marcondes Dias Tavares ◽  
Rodolfo Gurgel Vale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Lactic Acid Content ◽  
High Sugar Content ◽  
High Lactate

Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of varying amounts of melon with high sugar content offered to sheep without prior melon experience and that were not adapted to consuming it. We used 12 eight-month-old, rumen-cannulated crossbred sheep weighing 25 kg each. The animals received a base diet of roughage, and then half were randomly selected to have 25% of their diet replaced with melon (G25%) and the other half had 75% of their diet replaced with melon (75%). Ruminal fluid was collected before administration of melon and at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after the administration of the fruit. Sheep from the G25% group presented volatile fatty acid ruminal acidosis (sub-acute) between 3 and 6 h after consumption. This acidosis was characterized by a rumen pH slightly lower than 5.6, increased discrete L-lactic acid content, and increased redox potential (RP) and methylene blue redox (MBR) time of the ruminal fluid. The G75% group presented lactic ruminal acidosis at T6h, characterized by a rumen pH lower than 5.0, high lactate-L content, increased RP and MBR time, and increased ruminal fluid osmolarity. Therefore, offering large amounts of melon (75% of dry matter (DM)) is not recommended but 25% of DM of this fruit can be used safely.

EFFECTS OF RUMINAL EXPOSURE ON THE AMINO ACID PROFILE OF FEEDS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1143-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. CROOKER ◽  
J. H. CLARK ◽  
R. D. SHANKS ◽  
G. C. FAHEY Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Individual Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Compositions ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Key Words Amino Acid ◽  
Microbial Attachment

Seven feeds were individually incubated (12 h) in ruminally suspended polyester bags. Several alterations (P < 0.05) between individual amino acid compositions of feeds and their respective residues were detected after adjusting for microbial contamination of residues. Detection of diaminopimelic acid in feeds suggests that not all diaminopimelic acid in digesta originates from bacteria. Key words: Amino acid, ruminal degradation, microbial attachment, diaminopimelic acid

PERFORMANCE OF HEREFORD × SHORTHORN BULLS AND STEERS RAISED IN NORTHERN ONTARIO AND FED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GRASS SILAGE AND HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
A. FORTIN ◽  
M. IVAN ◽  
G. BUTLER ◽  
J. G. PROULX
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Ultrasound Measurement ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Different Levels

Over a 2-yr period, 44 bulls and 44 implanted steers of Hereford × Shorthorn breeding were fed, from weaning to slaughter, diets of grass silage with 0, 0.45, 0.9 or 1.35 kg barley dry matter (DM)/100 kg liveweight. Each animal was slaughtered when it had 8 mm of fat over the loin as determined by ultrasound measurement. As the level of barley in the diet increased the rate of gain increased (P < 0.01), as did DM intake (P < 0.05) while feed required per kilogram gained and days on feed decreased. Bulls and steers responded in a similar manner to the different diets. Bulls gained faster (P < 0.01) on similar intakes of DM with the result that feed required for kilogram gain was less for bulls (P < 0.05). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in days to market for bulls and steers. There was no consistent effect of diet on carcass characteristics. However, castration resulted in lighter (P < 0.01) slaughter and carcass weights as well as a smaller (P < 0.01) rib eye area. Key words: Cattle, castration, diet, growth, carcass

Comparative characteristics during wilting for alfalfa conditioned by maceration or by a conventional roller-conditioner

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwarno Suwarno ◽  
K. M. Wittenberg ◽  
W. P. McCaughey
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Nutrient Profile ◽  
Conditioning Treatment ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

A study was conducted to monitor nutrient and microbial count changes during wilting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in response to varying degrees of maceration at mowing. Early bloom alfalfa was mowed with either a roller-conditioner (CONV) or a macerator set to deliver four degrees of maceration during alfalfa mowing: LIGHT, LIGHT+, SEVERE, and SEVERE+. Macerated alfalfa reached 80% dry matter in 9–11 h compared with alfalfa mowed by roller-conditioner, which required 54 h. The most rapid wilting rates were associated with LIGHT+, SEVERE, and SEVERE+ maceration treatments when alfalfa was not exposed to precipitation. The wilting coefficient in the first 24 h was increased by more than 100% for the SEVERE treatment compared with alfalfa mowed using a conventional roller-conditioner in alfalfa that was not exposed to precipitation. Precipitation at 1.5 h post-mowing increased wilting time by 8.3 h to achieve 45% DM, and by 17.5 to achieve 80% DM in the SEVERE+ maceration treatment relative to alfalfa from the same conditioning treatment that was not exposed to precipitation. Precipitation at 24 h post-mowing increased wilting time to reach 80% DM by 11 h and 21 h for the LIGHT and LIGHT+ maceration treatments relative to alfalfa of the same mowing treatments not exposed to precipitation. Maceration of alfalfa resulted in a 24.2 to 26.8 h shorter wilting time relative to the conventional roller-conditioner treatment when alfalfa was exposed to precipitation at 24 h post-mowing. SEVERE and SEVERE+ maceration treatments at mowing resulted in higher (P < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre levels post-wilting. Lactic acid bacteria populations on alfalfa tended to be higher with maceration within 1 h post-mowing (P < 0.10) and post-wilting (P < 0.08). Key words: Alfalfa, maceration, precipitation, wilting time, bacteria, nutrient profile, compressibility

EFFECT OF SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON COPPER METABOLISM IN DAIRY COWS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. BUCKLEY ◽  
S. N. HUCKIN ◽  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
G. K. EIGENDORF
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Selenium Supplementation ◽  
Holstein Cows

Eight Holstein cows were fed a diet supplemented with selenium at a subtoxic level (2.37 mg kg−1 dry matter), or the same diet without selenium supplementation (0.31 mg kg−1 dry matter), for 276 d of lactation. Copper-65, a stable isotope, was administered intravenously after 14 d of adaptation to the diets, and samples of milk, blood and liver were obtained at intervals throughout the trial. The effect of selenium supplementation on copper metabolism of the cows was evaluated by determining concentrations of copper in plasma, milk and liver, by determining the activities of ferroxidase in plasma and superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes and by determining the pattern of dilution of the copper-65 tracer in plasma, milk and liver. No effect of selenium supplementation on any of the parameters of copper metabolism was observed. It was concluded that an interaction between copper and selenium did not occur under the conditions imposed in this study. Key words: Copper, selenium, interaction, dairy cows, copper stable isotope

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