Prediction of rumen undegradable amino acids that are digested post-ruminally

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Boila ◽  
J. R. Ingalls
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
A Value ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

Data for in situ disappearance of DM, nitrogen (N) and amino acids in canola meal (CM) were used to determine degradation parameters required to estimate effective degradabilities of these nutrients. The non-digestible fraction of DM, N and amino acids in CM was determined using mobile bags after ruminal incubation for 12 h. Linear relationships were determined between dependent variables, ruminal disappearance (DIS) or effective degradability (EDEG) of amino acids and independent variables, DIS or EDEG of DM or N. Use of EDEG vs. EDEG relationships, (r2 greater than 0.87 for amino acids other than methionine and cystine) with the effective degradability of DM, as the independent variable, was the most effective approach over a wide range of rumen outflow rates (k) for prediction of amino acids that escaped ruminal degradation. Use of DIS vs. DIS (an estimate for EDEG of DM served as a value for the independent variable), or EDEG vs. DIS (disappearance of DM at incubation time equal to k−1 was the independent variable) relationships was not as effective. Post-ruminal digestion was predicted as the difference between ruminal escape (based on estimates of effective degradability) and that nutrient present in the residual DM in mobile bags recovered at the terminal ileum. Use of linear EDEG vs. EDEG equations, in association with a mobile bag technique, allowed for prediction of both ruminal escape and post-ruminal digestion of N and amino acids in CM over a range of outflow rates for feed particles from the rumen. Key words: Amino acids, canola meal, ruminal escape, post-ruminal digestion

Effect of extrusion on ruminal and intestinal disappearance of amino acids in white lupin seed

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cros ◽  
R. Moncoulon ◽  
C. Bayourthe ◽  
M. Vernay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Score Test ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Chemical Score ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

The effect of extruding white lupin seed (WLS) at 120 or 150 °C on the degradability of crude protein in the rumen and the intestine of nonlactating Holstein cows was determined in situ. Nylon bags were incubated in the rumen for 16 h and then introduced into the small intestine, through a duodenal cannula, for subsequent recovery in feces. Extrusion of WLS at 120 or 150 °C decreased the degradability of crude protein in the rumen (86.9–73.6 vs. 98.4%) and increased the amount of crude protein disappearing in the intestine (11.8–25.0 vs. 0.8%). Extrusion did not alter the amino acid (AA) profile of WLS, although the AA composition of the WLS protein that escaped ruminal digestion differed markedly both quantitatively and qualitatively, from its initial composition. Extruding WLS increased intestinal disappearance of most of the AA, but variation in disappearance among AA was substantial. Thus, WLS proteins that are not degraded in the rumen differ in their potential as a source of absorbable AA in the intestine from the original source. Comparison of essential AA profiles of original sources to that of milk indicated that the sulphur AA were first-limiting in WLS, with valine, lysine and leucine being second through fourth limiting. The estimated AA chemical score (test-to-milk ratio) for original WLS was 64%. For the rumen undegraded protein fractions disappearing in the intestine, the limiting AAs in descending order were: sulphur AA, valine, phenylalanine plus tyrosine and threonine for raw WLS; sulphur AA, lysine, valine and histidine for WLS extruded at 120 °C and lysine, valine, histidine and sulphur AA for WLS treated at 150 °C. The corresponding AA chemical scores were: 63, 76 and 72%. Consequently, after extrusion, the ruminally undegraded protein of WLS that disappeared in the intestine showed a higher protein quality. Key words: Cow, lupin, seed, amino acids, extrusion, ruminal degradation, intestinal disappearance

scholarly journals The action of potassium and other ions on the injury potential and action current in maia nerve

1934 ◽  
Vol 115 (793) ◽  
pp. 216-260 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Action Current ◽  
A Value ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Injury Potential

The electric currents in living tissues have interested physiologists ever since their existence was proved by Du Bois Reymond, but little was done towards explaining their origin and magnitude on a quantitative physico-chemical basis befor the pioneer researches og J. S. Macdonald. Work previous to Macdonald's has discussed fully by that anuthor (1902), hence it will not be mentioned here. macdonald found that the injury potential of medullated nerve, either frog's or mammal's (1900, a, b ; 1902), could be given a value greater or smaller than the normal by simply altering the concentration of the solution in contact with the external surfaces of the fibres. He showed that solutions of NaOH, HCl, NaCl, or KCl affected the potential according to their concentrations and that the relationship between the two variables was a logarithmic one, which fact was in agreement with the then new theory of concentration cells developed by Nernst. Macdonald went on to point out (1902) that the effects of potassium chloride solutions were particularly interesting, and to suggest that the difference between the concentration of potassium in the axis cylinder of the nerve and in the surrounding blood or salt solution was wholly responsible for the observed injury potential. Over a wide range of concentration, 1/8 to 1 molar, he demonstrated that there was nearly a linear relation between the injury potential and the logarithm of the potassium ion concentration. However, since he simply varied the concentrations of his electrolyte solutions, and made no effort to maintain them isotonic with blood by the addition of a non-electrolyte, exception might be taken to some of his results on the ground that the effects were due in part to the passage of water into or out of the nerve with a consequent dilution or concentration of the plasma.

Estimation of cashmere production from cashmere fibre length in goats

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Inexpensive Method ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Linear Regressions

Length was measured in situ on 1329 male and female goats and significant (P< 0.01) linear relationships between cashmere length and the weight of cashmere produced was found in all age groups and sexes. Values ofR2ranged from 0.50 to 0.75, suggesting that cashmere length is a reasonable independent variable for predicting cashmere production. Pooling data provided significant (P< 0.01) linear regressions of cashmere production (g) on length (mm) for one group composed of 18-, 21-, 33-month wethers, 9- month bucks and non-pregnant and pregnant does (y = 2.03x - 16.86), and another group composed of 5- and 9-month does (y= 1.51x- 10.99). The 6 regressions developed from this study provide the basis of a simple inexpensive method of estimating cashmere production in groups of goats within a flock.

In situ amino acid disappearance from regular, low and high fiber canola meal

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Mustafa ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
D. A. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
High Fiber

In situ rumen disappearance of low and high fiber canola meal relative to regular canola meal was determined following 12 h of rumen incubation. In situ amino acid disappearance was similar in low and high fiber and regular canola meal except for threonine and glutamate which was lower (P < 0.05) in high fiber canola meal. It was concluded that ruminal disappearance of amino acids was similar across the three meal types. Key words: Tail-end dehulling, canola meal, high fiber canola meal, low fiber canola meal

Variability in the rumen degradability and postruminal digestion of the dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids of canola meal

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Kendall ◽  
J. R. Ingalls ◽  
R. J. Boila
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Processing Plants

The rumen degradability and postruminal digestion of rumen escape dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and metabolically essential amino acids (EAA) for canola meal (CM) from five different processing plants (samples 1–5) and one sample of soybean meal (SBM) were compared. Rumen degradability was estimated by incubating sample-filled small nylon bags in situ in the rumen of steers for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 30 h. Postruminal digestion was estimated using a sequence of ruminal in situ incubations for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 h, in vitro incubation in an acid-pepsin solution and a mobile nylon bag technique distal to the abomasum. The rumen escape of nutrients for CM1 was consistently lower compared to other CM samples, while CM4 resulted in the highest escape of nutrients at 30 h. An estimate of maximum degradability of EAA measured at 30 h differed among CM samples, with the rumen escape of EAA being CM4 > CM2 = CM5 ≥ CM1 = CM3 > SBM. The DM, N and EAA content of mobile bag residues was relatively uniform among CM samples, particularly after 12 and 16 h of ruminal fermentation, but was higher for CM than for SBM, probably due to a low digestibility of CM hulls. The rumen degradability of CM from different processing plants differed and as a consequence the postruminal digestion of nutrients in CM differed. Key words: Canola meal, rumen degradability, postruminal digestion, dry matter, nitrogen, amino acids

scholarly journals Effect of tannic acid on rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of treated soya bean meals in sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. HERVÁS ◽  
P. FRUTOS ◽  
E. SERRANO ◽  
A. R. MANTECÓN ◽  
F. J. GIRÁLDEZ
Keyword(s):  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Digestion ◽  
Different Doses

The current experiment was conducted to study the effect of different doses of tannic acid, a hydrolysable tannin, on ruminal degradation and post-ruminal digestion of treated soya bean meals (SBM) in sheep. Samples of SBM were prepared by spraying 100 g SBM with 100 ml distilled water containing 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 or 25 g of commercial tannic acid (S0, STA1, STA2, STA3, STA4 and STA5, respectively). Three ruminally cannulated ewes, that had never consumed tannic acid previously, were used to determine in situ degradability of tannic acid-treated SBM. Intestinal digestibility of protein remaining after 16 h rumen incubation was estimated in vitro. Extent of rumen degradation of SBMs was significantly (P < 0·05) affected by the tannic acid treatment. All doses of tannic acid used in this experiment, even the lowest one (STA1), significantly decreased the extent of N degradation but only doses higher than that used to treat STA3 reduced the extent of DM degradation. This reduction in the extent of DM and N degradation was mainly due to a marked decrease in the immediately degradable fraction (a), which was observed in all treated SBM, and to a lower rate of degradation (c), observed in meals STA3, STA4 and STA5. Intestinal digestion of the non-degraded protein was decreased (P < 0·05) by treatment with the two highest doses of tannic acid (those used to treat meals STA4 and STA5). It was therefore concluded that tannic acid can exert a negative effect both on rumen degradation and on intestinal digestion of SBM, this effect being clearly dependent on the dose used to treat the SBM.

Strain in Electroless Copper Films: Analysis by in situ X-Ray Diffraction and Curvature Methods

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001358-001388
Author(s):  
Simon Bamberg ◽  
Tobias Bernhard (corresponding author) ◽  
Laurence J. Gregoriades (presenting author) ◽  
Frank Brüning ◽  
Ralf Brüning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Copper Film ◽  
Film Stress ◽  
Copper Films ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Electroless Copper ◽  
The Difference

Strain in chemically deposited copper films on polymer substrates was determined by means of in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), deposit stress analyzer (DSA) and spiral contractometer (SC). The strain evolution of the films was studied as a function of copper film thickness and electroless copper bath parameters, during and after deposition. The results are not indicative of a preferred crystallite orientation or texturing in the deposit. The copper film stress is controllable over a wide range of some 100 MPa from compressive to tensile stress by appropriate variation of bath parameters (e.g. temperature, concentration of bath components such as nickel, stabilizer and formaldehyde). A higher tendency of blister generation for relaxed or compressively stressed films is apparent, which implies that a sufficient level of tensile stress throughout the deposition promotes film adhesion. An observable change from tensile to compressive film stress during the cooling of the sample from bath operation to rinse water temperature is discussed in terms of substrate-induced thermal stress to the copper film. In this context, the difference in the substrate materials required for XRD (polymer), DSA (copper) and SC (stainless steel) may be a significant factor contributing to the diverging measured stress behaviors of the methods. Moreover, it is questionable whether SC stress data can be compared with XRD and DSA stress data, due to the low resolution of the SC method (~60 MPa).

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