Environmental and genetic effects on birth weight in graded-up goat kids

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sánchez G. F. ◽  
H. Montaldo V. ◽  
A. Juárez L.
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
The North ◽  
Genetic Groups

A linear model analysis was carried out to study the effect of sex, litter size, age of dam, year, birth period and genetic group on birth weight in goats. Genetic groups consisted of graded-up goats from backcrosses of local goats with Alpine, Granadina, Nubian, Saanen and Toggenburg sires, classified as low grade (from 1/2 to 3/4 of exotic genes) and high grade (over 3/4 of exotic genes). Heritabilities were also obtained for low- and high-grade kids. The data concern 4623 records from a farm under a stall feeding system in the north of Mexico. All of the main fixed effects but only the genetic group × birth period interaction were significant (P < 0.05). Males were heavier than females and singles were heavier than double and multiple-born kids. Birth weight means increased as dam age increased. Birth weight means for high and low grade kids were, respectively, 3.3 and 3.2 kg in Alpine kids, 3.1 and 3.2 in Nubian, 2.7 and 2.9 in Granadina, 3.3 and 3.3 in Saanen and 3.3 and 3.1 in Toggenburg. Heritability estimates were 0.40 ± 0.14 and 0.44 ± 0.18 in high and low grade kids, respectively. Key words: Goat kids, birth weight, Alpine, Granadina, Nubian, Saanen, Toggenburg, crossbreds, heritability, non-genetic factors

High Grade Mental Deficiency in Relation to Differential Fertility

1947 ◽  
Vol 93 (391) ◽  
pp. 289-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Fraser Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
The People ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
The Individual

Mr. Caradoc Jones this morning emphasized very clearly indeed the important distinction between high and low grade mental deficiency. He showed us some very striking figures suggesting, not that heredity is not involved in both, but that it is a different sort of heredity. It always seems to me that in considering this and related matters the analogy of stature is a helpful one. Many of us remember those posters of the last war but one, which said “Your King and Country Need YOU,” coupled with the statement that “You” had to be 5 ft. 4 in. high—a standard which went down afterwards. If one rejects for any purpose a segment of the population on a measurement of this kind one is rejecting people for very different reasons. The arbitrary standard cuts off, of course, the dwarfs; the achondroplasics, the midgets, the cretins, the rachitic dwarfs, and so on; but it cuts off far more of those who are simply short. In causation we can normally expect the dwarf's condition to be due to hereditary factors, actually a single factor in achondroplasia; or it may be something environmental, as in the rachitic dwarfs or the cretins, but when we come to the people who are just short, it has been shown fairly conclusively that in a civilized community in which the standard of nutrition is adequate, at least 90 per cent. of the differences are due to heredity; but it is a different sort of heredity. We have a whole host of genetic factors, each one of which has a small effect; but the effect is cumulative; some factors make for greater stature, some for smaller, and it is on the sum total received from the parents that the stature of the individual depends.

Effect of Different genetic and non-genetic factors on Pre weaninglitter and growth performance of pigs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purabi Kaushik ◽  
S. Banik ◽  
S. Naskar ◽  
K. Barman ◽  
A. A. Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Litter Production ◽  
Season Of Birth ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Better Than

The study was carried out on two different genetic groups of pig viz. Duroc and Hampshire maintained at pig breeding farm of National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati. Effect of different genetic group and non-genetic factors (year and season of farrowing and parity) were estimated by least squares analysis of variance for different litter production, weight and pre weaning growth rate. Genetic group and parity revealed highly significant (P less than 0.01) effect on all the traits under study. However, effect of year and season of birth was non significant in most of the cases. The pre weaning mortality of Hampshire pigs was found to be less than Duroc. The performance of litter production and weight traits of Hampshire pigs were found to be better than Duroc pigs in the farm.

scholarly journals The Impact of Blastocyst Grade on Singleton Birthweight in Fresh Transplanted Cycles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiongyao Shi ◽  
Senlin Shi ◽  
Wenyan Song ◽  
Feifei Zhao ◽  
Haixia Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: A retrospectively cohort study was performed to compare the birth weight of different blastocyst grades in fresh transplantation cycle and explore the related factors affecting the birth weight. Methods: The 1301 fresh cycles of single blastocyst transplantation and single live birth profile were analyzed,four groups were divided according to the grade of transplanted blastocyst. There are 170 cycles in group A with AA blastocyst grade, 312 cycles in group B with AB/BA blastocyst grade, 559 cycles in group C with BB/CA/AC blastocyst grade and 260 cycles in group D with BC/CB blastocyst grade. Comparison were made among four groups of birth weight, general conditions, fertilization rate, embryo rate, cleavage rate and D5,D6 blastocyst formation rate and other laboratory indicators. And then comparison were performed among the birth weight of different groups which were divided by the degree of blastocyst expansion, and the classification of inner cell mass(ICM) and the trophectoderm(TE). Results: The study shows that the birth weight of group A is significantly higher than that of the other three groups (P < 0.05). And the high quality embryo rate and blastocyst rate of group A are significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P < 0.05). What’s more, the clinical pregnancy rate, implantation rate and live birth rate of high grade blastocyst are higher, but there are no significant difference in abortion rate. The birth weight of the degree of blastocyst expansion in grade 3 and below is significantly lower than that of those with grade 3 and above (P < 0.05). The birth weight of grade A of ICM is significantly higher than that of grade B (P < 0.05). The birth weight of grade B of TE is significantly heavier than that of grade C (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results indicate that high grade blastocyst transplantation can achieve better pregnancy outcome. Different blastocyst grades affect birth weight, and low grade blastocyst transplantation is associated with a single birth weight loss.

REPEATABILITY OF OVULATION RATE, NUMBER OF LAMBS BORN AND OVA LOSS IN SHEEP WITH DIFFERENT OVULATION RATES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. FAHMY
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
First Record ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Quadratic Relationship

Ovulation and lambing records of 214 ewes from nine genetic groups varying in ovulation rate (OR) from 1.8 to 3.2 corpora lutea (CL) and number of lambs born (LB) from 1.2 to 2.1 were analyzed to study the relation between OR, LB, ova loss (OL) and their repeatabilities. The nine genetic groups were DLS, Finnsheep (F) and seven crosses from these two breeds ranging from 1/8 to 7/8 Finnsheep breeding. Intrayear repeatability of OR averaged 0.59 for all genetic groups combined. It ranged from −0.20 for DLS to 0.93 for 5/8 F. Interyear repeatability averaged 0.38 and ranged from 0 for DLS to 0.54 for 3/8 F. OR showed a linear increase (b = 0.22 ± 0.02) with increase in Finnsheep breeding whereas repeatabilities showed a significant quadratic relationship. Repeatability of OR was more associated with variability than with mean OR. Repeatability of OR for ewes which had 1, 2, 3 or 4 CL at first record and averaged 2.3 ± 0.5,2.5 ± 0.7,3.4 ± 1.0 and 3.4 ± 1.3 CL at the following two records was, −0.09, 0.33, 0.42 and 0.42, respectively. Lambs born increased with the increase in Finnsheep breeding from 1.2 for DLS to 2.1 for Finnsheep. Ova loss averaged 35% and was fairly constant in the different genetic groups. Repeatabilities for LB and OL for each genetic group were generally small and mostly nonsignificantly different from zero. For the genetic groups combined the estimates were 0.15 and 0.14 for LB and OL, respectively. The correlation between OR and LB (0.25) was lower than that between OR and OL (0.58) and LB and EM (−0.62). Key words: Ovulation rate, litter size, ova loss, repeatability, Finnsheep crosses, DLS sheep

scholarly journals Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Different Genetic Group of Buck’s Semen Quality and Quantity at National Livestock Breeding Center, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
R. Bastola ◽  
M.R. Kolachhapati ◽  
N.A. Gorkhali ◽  
R. Poudel ◽  
S. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Genetic Groups

This study was conducted to assess the quality and quantity aspects of different genetic group of buck’s semen used for Artificial Insemination (AI) at National Livestock Breeding Centre (NLBC), Pokhara. For this, records from different breeds and genetic groups of buck semen collected over 3 years (2014-2016) were analyzed. Parameters such as volume, density, mass motility, initial motility concentration and post thaw motility were analysed for various non-genetic factors like year, season, green based feeding. Data were analyzed by least square method using Harvey 1990 software package. The result showed that different genetic group of bucks (P<0.001) have highly significant effect (P=0.00) on volume of semen. Significant interaction (P=0.01, 0.001) was observed between year and season on volume and density of the semen. Similarly, different genetic group of bucks had significant effect on density (P=0.03). Year showed a significant effect (P=0.02) on initial motility of the buck semen. Similarly, significant interaction between year and season on initial motility percentage (P=0.01) and post thaw motility percentage (P=0.00) was found. Likewise, year has a significant effect (P=0.01) on the Post thaw motility percentage (P=0.03) of the semen. Also, a significant effect of different breed of buck was found on post thaw motility percentage (P=0.00). In addition, the average post thaw motility percentage semen of all the genetic groups of bucks was above 52% which is considered as a good percentage for the success of AI. This result might be due to use of egg yolk free extender which is soya-based protein. Moreover, adoption of new buck semen processing technologies might further improve the semen quality and long term storability along with better management and distribution of these buck semen by Government of Nepal through livestock unit at different municipalities will improve the conception rate and save huge effort and investment for the importation of buck semen.

scholarly journals Genetic trends of some important dairy traits of crossbred cows at Baghabarighat milk shed area in Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
MS Hossen ◽  
SS Hossain ◽  
AKFH Bhuiyan ◽  
MA Hoque ◽  
MR Amin
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Negative Trend ◽  
Genetic Trend ◽  
High Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Dairy Traits ◽  
Genetic Trends

Data on 3637 cows of seven genetic groups at Baghabarighat milk shed area during the period from 1991 to 2000 were analyzed. The genetic groups were Pabna Milking (PM) cows, ½PM×½ Sahiwal (PM×SL), ½PM×½Friesian (PM×FN), Australian Friesian Sahiwal (AFS), ½Sahiwal×¼PM×¼ Friesian [SL(PM×FN)], ½Friesian×¼PM×¼Sahiwal [FN(PM×SL)] and ½Friesian×¼Sahiwal×¼Jersey [FN(SL× JR)]. The purpose of this study was to estimate genetic trends of some dairy traits (birth weight, lactation yield, fat% and SNF %). The heritability values were estimated as 0.27±0.05 for birth weight, 0.45±0.03 for lactation yield, 0.37±0.04 for fat% and 0.46±0.01 for SNF %.  The genetic trends for the dairy traits were computed as average of breeding values using all data for cows born during 1991- 2000. It was observed that the genetic trend of birth weight of calves increased in PM×SL, PM×FN, AFS and FN(SL×JR) at the rate of 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 and 0.05 kg per year, respectively. The same for lactation yield of genetic group PM×FN, AFS, SL(PM×FN) and FN (SL×JR) rose up at the rate of 6.78, 5.20, 4.14 and 5.19 liters per year, respectively. The genetic group PM, PM×SL and PM×FN showed negative trend for fat % at the rate of 0.0005, 0.002 and 0.004% per year, respectively. But the same increased in AFS, SL(PM×FN), FN(PM×SL) and FN(SL×JR) at the rate of 0.002, 0.013, 0.011 and 0.004% per year, respectively. The genetic trend of SNF % in only one group showed negative trend in PM×SL at the rate of 0.01 % per year. On the contrary, PM, PM×FN, AFS, SL(PM×FN), FN(PM×SL) and FN (SL×JR) increased at the rate of 0.005, 0.010, 0.011, 0.0002, 0.014 and 0.003% per year, respectively. The high genetic variability of birth weight, lactation yield, fat and SNF% indicated that there are good opportunities for genetic improvement when including these traits in a selection scheme.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14103Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2012. 41 (2): 67-73

HEIFER GROWTH IN SEVERAL STRAINS OF HOLSTEINS AND AYRSHIRES AND IN PROGENY OF AYRSHIRE COWS MATED TO BROW SWISS AND NORWEGIAN RED BULLS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. LEE ◽  
A. J. McALLISTER ◽  
T. R. BATRA ◽  
A. E. EMSLEY ◽  
J. P. F. DARISSE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Key Words ◽  
The Other ◽  
Season Of Birth ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Key Words Growth ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
First Time

Body weights and measurements were compared among several genetic groups from the 496 Holstein-based H line heifers and 344 Ayrshire-based A line heifers. Differences among herds (Charlottetown, P.E.I., Lennoxville and Normandin, Que.; Ottawa, Ont., and Lethbridge, Alta) were large and highly significant (P < 0.01) for age at first calving and all weights and measurements except birth weight. Year and season of birth effects were small and generally not significant (P > 0.05). Birth weights were 4.1 kg lighter for calves from first parity dams and 1.4 kg lighter for second parity dams than fourth or later parity dams. Heifers calving at earlier ages for the first time were generally heavier and larger at 66 and 82 wk than those calving later, reflecting the effects of concurrent pregnancy. H line heifers were significantly heavier and larger in all measurements than A line heifers. Differences among the Canadian, American, and Research Branch Holstein sire groups were small and generally not significant (P > 0.05). Brown Swiss progeny were significantly (P < 0.05) taller at the withers and longer in the rump and generally larger than progeny of other A line sire groups. Norwegian Red progeny were the most similar to the Brown Swiss, followed by the other Ayrshire groups. Key words: Growth, heifers, Holsteins, Ayrshires, Brown Swiss, Norwegian Red

Reproductive traits of Angus, Criollo and reciprocal crossbred females in the temperate area of Argentina

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Corva ◽  
E. L. Villarreal ◽  
C. A. Mezzadra ◽  
L. M. Melucci
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Temperate Area ◽  
Genetic Groups

AbstractReproductive performance of purebred Angus (A) and Criollo (C) cows and crossbred CA and AC cows in the temperate area of Buenos Aires, Argentina, was assessed through the study of reproductive rates, calving date, first insemination date, number of inseminations and weight related variables. The herd was grazed on pastures all year round. Matings were by artificial insemination with visual oestrus detection, from October to December. Heifers first calving was at 3 years of age. All traits were analysed with general linear models including, as corresponded, fixed effects of dam and calf genetic groups, calving year and month, dam physiological status, calving age and first order interactions. Female genetic group adjusted means were used to estimate direct (gl) and maternal (gM) breed differences and heterosis (hl) effects on reproductive traits. Weaning rate was mostly determined by oestrons detection rate. Due to the inhibitory effects of nursing on reproduction, female genetic group effects were significant for suckling cows only: mean oestrous detection rate was higher (P < 0·05) for crossbred cows (AC: 91·2 (s.e. 5-1) %; CA: 88·4 (s.e. 2·9) %) than for A (76·3 (s.e. 2·0) %) and C (49·9 (s.e. 3·3) %); direct breed effects favoured A (glA - g1c = 26·4 (s.e. 3·7) %; P < 0·001) and h1 was 26·7 (s.e. 3·4) % (P < 0·001). When only oestrous-detected cows were considered, direct breed effects were significant only for pregnancy rate fg1A —g1c = 8·5 (s.e. 4·4) %) whereas h1 was significant for pregnancy (8·3 (s.e. 3·8) %), calving (9·3 (s.e. 4·1) %) and weaning (10·1 (s.e. 4·1) %) rates (P < 0·05). Criollo cows calved later than crossbred (≍19 days) and A (≍15 days) cows mainly due to longer post-partum anoestrous. For calving date, direct breed effects favoured A (g1A — g1c = 20·8 (s.e. 5·9) days; P <0·0·001) and h1 was 11·4 (s.e. 2·8) days (P < 0·001). Low reproductive performance in C was not associated with live iveight at the beginning of mating. This genetic group was the latest in showing oestrous behaviour, even when not suckling. Number of inseminations was similar for the four genetic groups. These results sustain the principle of utilizing Fl Criollo-Angus cows to improve beef herd productivity, whereas they do not support the recommendation of using purebred Criollo females under this type of production system.

scholarly journals Survivability in Nilagiri and Nilagiri Synthetic Sheep: Genetic and Non-Genetic Effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arth B. Chaudhari ◽  
R. Rajendran ◽  
R. Venkataramanan ◽  
S. N. Sivaselvam
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Sheep Breeding ◽  
Contemporary Group ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Breeding Research ◽  
Birth Type

Data on 9333 records of Sheep Breeding Research Station, Sandynallah, The Nilagiris (Tamil Nadu) available for 25 years (1989 to 2015) were analyzed for pre- and post-weaning survivability (0- 3 months, 3-6 months, 6-9 months and 9-12 months of age). The effect of various genetic and non-genetic factors, viz., breed, contemporary group of birth, birth type, inbreeding, sex and birth weight on survivability were analyzed. The least squares means for survivability during 0-3, 3-6, 6-9 and 9-12 months were 92.8 ± 0.8, 95.3 ± 0.8, 98.6 ± 0.6 and 98.2 ± 0.7 % for Nilagiri sheep and 89.9 ± 1.0, 92.9 ± 1.0, 96.9 ± 0.7 and 97.0 ± 0.8 % for Nilagiri synthetic sheep, respectively. Breed and contemporary group of birth had significant (P less than 0.01) effects on pre-weaning survivability. Post-weaning survivability was significantly different in the two genetic groups. Contemporary groups and sex of lamb had a significant effect on all the survivability traits, except that for the period from 9-12 months. Birth weight of lambs had a significant influence on early survivability traits of preweaning and 3-6 months group.

Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting body weights in Sahiwal × Friesian crosses

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Taneja ◽  
P. N. Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Body Weights

SUMMARYThe data were collected from seven dairy farms in India on Sahiwal × Friesian crosses over a period of 30 years (1937–1966). There were nine distinct genetic groups (grades); Sahiwal, 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4 and 7/8 Friesian and Indian Friesians (animals having 15/16 or more Friesian blood).Least-square analysis of variance was run to examine the effects of grades, farms, periods, seasons, and breed of sire on body weights at birth, 19 weeks, 12 months and 3 years. The effects due to grades, farms and periods were significant for all the traits. The effects due to season and breed of sire were significant for all traits except for weight at 3 years.The least-square constants showed that, with increase in Friesian inheritance, birth weight increased considerably, while the increase in body weights at 19 weeks, 12 months and 3 years was only marked up to the 1/2-Friesian group.

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