The effects of fat thickness and degree of marbling on pork colour and structure

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
A. K. W. Tong ◽  
R. Dyck ◽  
C. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Pork Quality ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Commercial Processing ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Structure Score ◽  
Lower Frequencies

Fat thickness (3rd–4th last rib) was weakly correlated with subjective pork structure score (R2 = 1.0%) and marbling score (R2 = 1.6%) in 399 boneless pork backs sampled from commercial processing plants. Pork colour and structure scores (R2 = 5.9 and 11.1%) were more highly correlated with marbling score than carcass fat and muscle depths (R2 = < 2.0%). Pork backs that had structure scores of 1 and 2 (extreme to slight soft and exudative pork) tended to have low amounts of marbling (traces or less). A second trial with 311 pork backs also indicated that higher marbling scores were associated with lower frequencies of pale, soft and exudative pork. Key words: Pork quality, marbling, PSE

scholarly journals Reduction of slaughter age of Hanwoo steers by early genotyping based on meat yield index

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 770-777
Author(s):  
Chang Dae Jeong ◽  
Mahfuzul Islam ◽  
Jong-Joo Kim ◽  
Yong-Il Cho ◽  
Sang-Suk Lee
Keyword(s):  
Snp Array ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Slaughter Age ◽  
Snp Array Analysis ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Highly Correlated

Objective: This study was conducted to determine early hereditary endowment to establish a short-term feeding program.Methods: Hanwoo steers (n = 140) were equally distributed into four groups (35/group) based on genetic meat yield index (MYI) viz. the greatest, great, low, and the lowest at Jukam Hanwoo farm, Goheung. All animals were fed in group pens (5 animals/pen) with similar feed depending on the growth stage. Rice straw was provided ad libitum, whereas concentrate was fed at 5.71 kg during the growing period (6 to 13 mo) and 9.4 kg during the fattening period (13 to 28 mo). Body weight (BW) was measured at two-month intervals, whereas carcass weight was determined at slaughtering at about 31 months of age. The Affymetrix Bovine Axiom Array 640K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip was used to determine the meat quantity-related gene in the blood.Results: After 6 months, the highest (p<0.05) BW was observed in the greatest MYI group (190.77 kg) and the lowest (p<0.05) in the lowest MYI group (173.51 kg). The great MYI group also showed significantly (p<0.05) higher BW than the lowest MYI group. After 16 and 24 months, the greatest MYI group had the highest BW gain (p<0.05) and were therefore slaughtered the earliest. Carcass weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the greatest and the great MYI groups followed by the low and the lowest MYI groups. Back-fat thickness in the greatest MYI group was highly correlated to carcass weight and marbling score. The SNP array analysis identified the carcass-weight related gene BTB-01280026 with an additive effect. The steers with the allele increasing carcass weight had heavier slaughter weight of about 12 kg.Conclusion: Genetic MYI is a potential tool for calf selection, which will reduce the slaughter age while simultaneously increasing carcass weight, back-fat thickness, and marbling score.

A survey of marbling fat in Canadian beef carcasses

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
A. K. W. Tong ◽  
S. Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Beef Carcass

Marbling score was assessed in 20 437 Canadian beef carcasses on a 10-point scale (1 = very abundant, 10 = devoid) in six provinces during the period August to November 1989. Heifer carcasses had a lower marbling score (more marbling fat) than steer carcasses, and both had lower marbling scores (more marbling fat) than bull carcasses. Marbling increased as Canada grade changed from B1 to A1 and from A1 through to A4, indicating that marbling fat increased with carcass fatness. The regression of marbling score on carcass weight and carcass 12th rib fat thickness, although significant, showed that these traits only accounted for 0.5 and 6%, respectively, of the overall variation in marbling score. The overall distribution of marbling scores showed that 20.6% of carcasses had small or more marbling, 57.9% had slight marbling, 20.4% had traces of marbling and 1.1% were devoid of marbling. Key words: Beef, carcass, marbling, survey

Preslaughter stress and muscle energy largely determine pork quality at two commercial processing plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1401-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Hambrecht ◽  
J. J. Eissen ◽  
R. I. J. Nooijen ◽  
B. J. Ducro ◽  
C. H. M. Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pork Quality ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Commercial Processing ◽  
Muscle Energy

scholarly journals PORK QUALITY IN RELATION TO CARCASS FATNESS AND MUSCLING

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Pork Quality ◽  
Muscle Proteins ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Color Structure ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Structure Score

Carcasses from 146 barrows, 192 gilts and 120 boars were evaluated to determine interrelationships among measures of carcass muscling, fatness and pork quality. On the basis of subjective color-structure scores 11 and 3% of the population were classified Pale Soft Exudative and Dark Firm Dry, respectively, with no difference evident in frequencies among sexes. Increasing values for color-structure score were accompanied by significant (P < 0.05) increases in pH, color brightness and marbling score, and decreases in percent transmission and shear value. There were no differences among classes in area or intramuscular fat of the longissimus dorsi. Carcasses were categorized into fat and muscling classes. There was no relationship of initial pH (40 min postmortem) with either fatness or muscle/bone ratio indicated, although ultimate pH was significantly higher for the high backfat and low muscle/bone classes. Tenderness (shear values) and precipitation of muscle proteins (% transmission) increased, and marbling score decreased, with increased muscle/bone and decreased backfat. Color brightness and percent intramuscular fat were not influenced by fat or muscling category. Averages for subjective color-structure scores did not show a consistent pattern in relation to total backfat, but they tended to decrease slightly as muscle/bone increased. Various correlations were computed among carcass and muscle properties and it was concluded that measures of carcass fatness and carcass muscling were relatively independent. Correlations among measures of carcass composition and pork quality were low.

EXTRACTION OF BORON FROM CSSC REFERENCE SOILS BY HOT WATER, DILUTE CaCl2 AND MANNITOL-CaCl2 SOLUTIONS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. SCHUPPLI
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Reference Soil ◽  
Highly Correlated

Soils were extracted by hot water, dilute CaCl2, and by mannitol-CaCl2 solutions and boron was determined by either azomethine-H or the curcumin method. Results were strongly method dependent; in particular results by the simplest method, mannitol-CaCl2, were generally lower and not highly correlated (r = 0.64) with those by the recommended procedure. This procedure involves extraction with hot distilled H2O (2:1 solution:soil), centrifugation, filtration, color development with azomethine-H and correction for background color. Extractable boron values by this procedure ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 mg kg−1. Background color can be further reduced by the substitution of 0.02 M CaCl2 for distilled water. Key words: CSSC reference soil samples, hot-water-soluble boron

274 Comparison of Two Ultrasound Systems for Estimation of Carcass Attributes in Feedlot Steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
Noah P Jesko ◽  
Thomas L Perkins ◽  
Ty E Lawrence ◽  
John Richeson ◽  
Charles Looney
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
The West ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
A Value ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
Ribeye Area ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Sixty-eight (68) crossbred steers were evaluated using two real-time, B-mode ultrasound units to estimate final carcass attributes. The cattle were ultrasounded at the West Texas A&M research feedlot (Canyon, Texas) and carcass data was collected at the West Texas A&M Meats Laboratory (Canyon, Texas) or Tyson Fresh Meats (Amarillo, Texas). Objectives of the study were 1) to compare ultrasound live animal data to carcass attributes at harvest 2) to evaluate the performance differences between the ALOKA 500 (ALK) and the EVO ultrasound units All ultrasound images were captured by the same Ultrasound Guidelines Council (UGC) certified technician with images being processed at the UltraInsights Laboratory (Pierce, Colorado). The correlations between 12th rib fat thickness of the carcass (FTC) and ultrasound (FTU) were 0.84 for the ALK and 0.85 for the EVO, with no differences being found between the two units (P = 0.15). Correlations between the 12-13th rib carcass ribeye area (REAC) and ultrasound ribeye area (REAU) were 0.69 for the ALK and 0.66 for the EVO. There was no difference in REAU size between the two units. Carcass marbling score (MS) and ultrasound intramuscular fat (IMFU) correlations were 0.78 for the ALK and 0.84 for the EVO. The IMF data were found to be different between the two units, with the EVO measuring a mean IMFU value of 6.03 and the ALK a value of 5.26 with the change of 0.77 being different (P &lt; 0.01). It is concluded that both ultrasound units performed favorably when predicting FTC and marbling score but were not highly correlated for REAU. It was found that the predictions between the two units on FT and REA were the same, though the EVO was higher on both. The IMFU values between the ALK and EVO were different, with the EVO again predicting higher values.

PSIII-8 Sire breed differences for carcass attributes in feedlot steers using ultrasound technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 291-291
Author(s):  
Harley Buie ◽  
Noah P Jesko
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ultrasound Measurements ◽  
Ribeye Area ◽  
Ultrasound Technology ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Sire Breed

Abstract Live animal ultrasound measurements were taken on thirty-two feedlot steers and heifers for estimation of carcass endpoints including 12th rib fat thickness (FTU), ribeye area (REAU) and intramuscular fat (%FatU). Ultrasound measurements were collected by an inexperienced technician using an Aloka 500 ultrasound unit using Beef Image Analysis (BIA) software. The objective of the study was to evaluate carcass differences of four sire breed types including Angus (n = 11), Ultrablack (n = 6), Nelore (n = 6), Braunvieh (n = 1) and Angus X Nelore X Braunvieh hybrid (n = 8). Carcass data collected at harvest included 12th rib fat Thickness (FTC), Ribeye area (REAC), marbling score (MS), Yield Grade (YG), and Quality Grade (QG). The data were analyzed using SAS to determine breed effects. Means for FTU, FTC, REAU, REAC, %FatU and MS were 0.59 cm, 0.57 cm, 90.80 cm2, 83.53 cm2, 4.83%, and 483.75, respectively. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in YG and FT due to breed of sire. However, there was a trend for sire breed for ribeye area (P = 0.0728) for Angus X Nelore X Braunvieh cross and MS (P = 0.0786) for Ultrablack. Pearson correlation values between FTU and FTC, REAU and REAC, and %FatU and MS were 0.1217 (P = 0.05068), 0.3545 (P = .0465) and 0.5161 (P = 0.0025), respectively. These data suggest little differences existed in carcass attributes between various sire breeds out of a set of crossbred commercial cows.

PSVIII-21 Multi-strain probiotics improved carcass characteristics and meat quality in pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 426-426
Author(s):  
Ting-Yu Lee ◽  
San-Land Young ◽  
Chin-Sheng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Pork Quality ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Carcass Characteristic

Abstract Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Many studies have demonstrated that probiotics could enhance the growth performance of swine, but rare evidence on meat quality. Therefore, a combination of Lactobacillus and Bacillus strains, SYNLACTMLeanAd (SLA), on carcass characteristic, meat quality and cecal microbiota of pig was conducted. 60 LYD weaned pigs were randomly allotted to control (corn-SBM based diet, CT), antibiotic (basal diet with 200 ppm Amoxicillin, AB), and multi-strain probiotics (basal diet with SLA at 106 CFU/g feed, SLA). Pigs fed treatment diets from 7 to 130 Kg BW (24 wks) with 20 pigs/TRT, and individual pigs used as experimental unit for carcass evaluation. There were no differences on carcass weight and carcass yield. Lean percentage of CT, AB and SLA were 54.01, 51.54, and 54.75%, respectively (P &gt; 0.05) with subcutaneous fat 21.59, 21.21, 17.22%, and backfat 3.08, 3.21, 2.76 cm, individually (P &gt; 0.05). However, the longissimus muscles area was improved (62.77 vs. 68.42 vs. 91.59 cm2, P &lt; 0.05), loin weight increased (3.52 vs. 3.49 vs. 4.52 Kg, P &lt; 0.05) with greater marbling score (2.38 vs. 1.80 vs.2.78, P &lt; 0.05) in SLA. Sensory evaluation showed pigs fed SLA had higher juiciness score (3.55 vs. 3.18 vs. 3.91, P &lt; 0.05) with better overall acceptance. It is unclear pork quality was different between treatments; however, cecal microbiome gene sequencing suggested a potential linkage of gut microbiota modification and pork quality by AB or SLA feeding.

scholarly journals PSIX-24 Comparison of serial real-time A-mode vs. B-mode ultrasound fat depth measures on prediction of final carcass value endpoints

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 332-332
Author(s):  
Chandler A Dockray ◽  
Tommy L Perkins ◽  
Flavio Riberio ◽  
Tylo J Kirkpatrick ◽  
Kaitlyn R Wesley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Ultrasound Scanning ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Ultrasound Measurements ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Charolais x Angus steers (n = 80) were evaluated across a 378-day feeding period in response to administration of a growth promoting implant containing trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol (E2) using A-mode and B-mode ultrasound. Steers were scanned at 42-d intervals (0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336) during 10 separate ultrasound scanning sessions 24-h prior to harvest. Ultrasound B-mode rump fat images (BRFU) were obtained by a certified Ultrasound Guidelines Council (UGC) technician using an ALOKA 500V console equipped with a 17.2 cm carcass probe. Ultrasound A-mode images (ARFU) were obtained by a non-UGC certified technician using a RENCO Lean Meater. Images of BRFU were analyzed by the CUP lab whereas ARFU image results were determined chute side by the scanning technician. Carcasses were dissected into total lean, fat and bone post-harvest. Rump fat thickness ultrasound measurements were compared to carcass traits used to determine carcass value. Carcass endpoints included 12th–rib fat thickness (FTC), 12th rib-eye area (REAC), marbling score (MARB), and total percentage of carcass fat (PCF). The correlation between BRFU and ARFU was 0.70 (P &lt; 0.01). Positive correlations (P &lt; 0.01) between ultrasound rump fat measures taken the day before harvest and carcass measurements indicated moderate relationships between BRFU and FTC (r=0.80); BRFU and REAC (r=0.66); BRFU and MARB (r=0.68); BRFU and PCF (r=0.75); ARFU and FTC (r=0.69); ARFU and REAC (r=0.76); ARFU and MARB (r=0.79); and ARFU and PCF (r=0.80). These results indicate A- and B-mode ultrasound measures of rump fat may be adequate measures for estimation of total percent carcass fat.

scholarly journals Effect of metabolizable protein intake on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior in finishing steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1173-1181
Author(s):  
Leonardo G Sitorski ◽  
Marc L Bauer ◽  
Kendall C Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Time Eating

Abstract One-hundred thirty-two finishing steers (300 ± 2.7 kg body weight [BW]) predominately of Angus, Simmental, and Shorthorn breeding were used to study the effect of metabolizable protein (MP) intake on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior. Steers were stratified by initial BW across five pens and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to supply an average of 626, 906, 1,209, and 1,444 g MP/d (n = 33 per treatment). Feed intake and feeding behavior were measured using radio frequency identification tags and the Insentec feeding system. For feeding behavior, a visit was defined as each time the Insentec system detected a steer at the feed bunk. A meal was defined as eating periods by intervals no longer than 7 min. Steers were fed until they reached an average BW of 598 ± 3.1 kg. Average daily gain (ADG) responded quadratically (P &lt; 0.01) with ADG increasing in steers fed 906 g MP/d and plateauing thereafter. Dry-matter intake (DMI; kg) responded quadratically (P = 0.009) with DMI increasing with MP intake up to 1,209 g/d MP and decreasing thereafter. Gain to feed ratio (G:F) increased linearly (P = 0.04) and tended (P = 0.10) to respond quadratically, as G:F increased up to 906 g MP/d and plateaued thereafter. A quadratic response (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively) was observed for marbling score and 12th rib subcutaneous fat thickness with steers fed 1,209 g MP/d having the greatest marbling score and back fat thickness. A quadratic effect for visits and meals per day was observed (P &lt; 0.01) with steers fed the 1,209 g MP/d treatment having the least visits and meals per day. In addition, time eating per visit responded quadratically (P = 0.05) with time increasing from 626 to 906 g MP/d. There was a linear increase (P ≤ 0.02) in time eating per meal and per day with increasing MP intake. A quadratic effect (P &lt; 0.03) was observed for DMI per visit, meal, and minute with steers fed 1,209 g MP/d having the greatest DMI. In summary, steers fed 626 g MP/d had increased visits and meals per day. However, DMI per visit, meal, and minute were greater in steers fed 1,209 g MP/d. A day × treatment interaction (P &lt; 0.001) was observed for plasma urea N as concentrations increased to a greater extent over time in the higher MP treatments than in the lower MP treatments. These data indicate that MP supply (from deficient to excess) influences growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior of finishing steers.

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