Effect of environmental temperature, dietary energy, and feeding level on growth and carcass composition of male broiler chickens to 35 days of age

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Perrault ◽  
S. Leeson
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effect of environment and nutrient intake on growth and development of commercial-strain broiler chicks, cage-reared to 35 days, was observed. Treatments involved high versus control dietary energy; ad libitum versus 80% of ad libitum intake; and cold control versus environment. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, with each represented by 14 cages with eight birds per cage. Environmental temperature was maintained at 15.5 °C versus 23.9 °C from day 21 to day 35. Birds in the cold environment weighed less at 35 days, as did birds subjected to 20% feed restriction (P < 0.01). Dietary energy level had no effect on body weight, although birds fed the high-energy diet consumed more energy and less protein (P < 0.01). Whole-body analysis revealed more fat in birds in the control environment and in those fed the high-energy diet. Feeding level had no effect on body composition. Comparable effects were seen in analysis of breast, thigh and drumstick portions. Details of significant interactions between the three treatments are discussed. Data suggest that feed intake is less dependent on energy requirement and perhaps more closely related to physical satiety. Broilers consume more energy when fed a very high energy diet, presumably because of a desire to achieve a certain physical intake of feed. However, when there is an apparent need to consume more energy because of a cooler environment, no adjustment occurs. Key words; Temperature, energy, carcass composition

The effects of environmental temperature and method of feeding on the performance and carcass composition of bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Holme ◽  
W. E. Coey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

A trial designed to investigate the effects of two environmental temperatures, three feeding regimes and the interactions between them is described. A temperature of 72° F. was better than one of 54° F. for bacon pigs between 40 lb. and 200 lb. weight. The higher temperature resulted in faster growth, more efficient feed conversion and increased length of carcass. Other carcass characteristics were not significantly altered. Ad libitum feeding resulted in faster growth and fatter carcasses than restricted feeding, but did not have a significant effect on efficiency of feed conversion. When feed intake was restricted, feeding pigs once daily or twice daily resulted in similar performance and carcass composition.There was a significant interaction between environmental temperature and feeding method for average daily gain in that pigs fed ad libitum grew faster at the low temperature and pigs fed restricted amounts of feed grew faster at the high temperature. No other interaction reached significant levels.

PSX-A-10 Late-Breaking: Effects of paternal high energy diets on blastocyst development during in vitro embryo production in the bovine

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 363-363
Author(s):  
Dylan B Davis ◽  
Zachary Seekford ◽  
Mackenzie Dickson ◽  
Lucas Gonçalves ◽  
Samir Burato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Blastocyst Development ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
In Vitro Embryo Production ◽  
To Receive

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paternal high energy diets on blastocyst development during in vitro embryo production (IVP). Eight sires were stratified by body weight (initial BW = 946 ± 85 kg) and randomly assigned to the same diet (NEm = 2.10, NEg = 1.44, CP = 14.1%, NDF = 16.6%, DM basis) fed at two different inclusion rates while having ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay (NEm = 1.02, NEg = 0.45, CP = 10.2%, NDF = 71.6). After a 10-d adaptation period, sires were individually fed to receive 0.5% (MAINT) or 1.25% [High gain (HG)] of their BW daily for 67 days. At the end of the feeding period, semen was collected through electroejaculation and frozen. Antral follicles were aspirated from ovaries obtained from a slaughterhouse and utilized for IVP in 4 independent replicates (n = 2,227 total oocytes). Cleavage rates were evaluated 48 h after fertilization and blastocyst development rates were evaluated after 7 days of embryo culture. The proposed treatments successfully induced differences in BW gain (P &lt; 0.01; 2.28 vs -0.04 kg/d) and carcass composition (Rump fat: 1.63 vs. 0.41 cm, P = 0.08; Rib fat: 1.06 vs. 0.41 cm, P = 0.02; intramuscular fat: 3.5 vs. 3.0%, P = 0.36; for HG vs. MAINT sires, respectively). There was a significant decrease in cleavage rates (69.9 ± 2.5 vs. 65.0 ± 2.7; P &lt; 0.04), blastocyst rate as a percentage of oocytes (16.7 ± 2.9 vs. 11.5 ± 2.1; P &lt; 0.01), and blastocyst rates as a percentage of cleaved structures (24.1 ± 3.8 vs. 11.5 ± 2.1; P &lt; 0.01) for HG compared with MAINT sires. In conclusion, sires fed diets that induce highly anabolic conditions had impaired blastocyst development compared to sires fed a maintenance diet.

Effect of postweaning implantation of zeranol and dietary energy level on growth and reproductive performance of replacement beef heifers

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Makarechian ◽  
P. F. Arthur ◽  
M. A. Price
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
And Control ◽  
Calving Difficulty ◽  
Effect On Growth

Eighty-one heifer calves weaned at an average age of 6 mo were used to study the effect of postweaning zeranol implantation, on the growth and reproductive performance of heifers fed to grow slowly on three dietary energy levels. Forty heifers were implanted with 36 mg of zeranol at 30 d and again at 120 d postweaning. The remaining heifers were used as ummplanted controls. Within the implanted and control groups, heifers were subdivided into three groups and fed either a low, medium or high energy diet, which provided approximately 105, 130 and 160%, respectively, of NRC maintenance energy requirement, until 1 yr of age. The heifers were then turned out to pasture with hay supplementation. Heifers were exposed to bulls for 35 d at approximately 14 mo of age. Zeranol had no significant effect on growth. The effect of zeranol on the reproductive traits studied was not significant, although the trend was that the zeranol implanted heifers had lower calf crop born (52.3 vs. 63.6%) and lower incidence of calving difficulty (18.5 vs. 32.1%) than control heifers. The level of energy in the diet had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on growth of the heifers, with those on the high energy diet having the highest mean growth rate, but no significant effect on reproductive performance. Key words: Zeranol, dietary energy, growth, reproduction, heifers

scholarly journals Performance and hormonal profile in broiler chickens fed with different energy levels during post restriction period

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poliana Fernanda Giachetto ◽  
Erika Nomura Guerreiro ◽  
Jesus Aparecido Ferro ◽  
Maria Inês Tiraboschi Ferro ◽  
Renato Luis Furlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Metabolic Hormone

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of diet energy level on performance and hormonal profiles of broilers during post restriction period. It was a split-plot experiment, and the main treatments were in a 2x2 factorial scheme. Birds were fed restricted to 30% of the ad libitum intake, from 7 to 14 days of age. After the restriction period, birds were fed ad libitum with diets containing low (2,900 kcal ME/kg) or high (3,200 kcal ME/kg) energy until 49 days of age. Broilers fed with high energy ration showed lower feed intake and better feed conversion and decreased carcass protein; however, abdominal fat pad, and total carcass fat were not affected by ration energy levels or feeding program. Neither diet energy level nor feed restriction program changed body weight at 49 days. The profile of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was reduced during the feed restriction period, but increased at refeeding period. Feeding program and ration energy level did not affect T3, T4 and growth hormone serum concentrations. Feed restriction at 30% of ad libitum intake is not enough to promote changes on carcass quality, related to fat deposition, and on metabolic hormone levels, except IGF-1 seric level that has rapid increase after feed restriction.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION AT THE STARTER PHASE ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
M Tion ◽  
M. T. Orga ◽  
I. A. Adeka
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Ad Libitum

Two hundred and twenty five day old straight run broiler chicks were utilized in completely randomized design to test the effect of restricting feed intake of four groups of chicks to 92.5% 85.0%, 77.5% and 70.0% of the unrestricted (control) group in the starter phase and following adlibitum feeding for all groups in the finisher phase. The treatments were simply designated as A, B, C, D and E. The starter phase in which the restriction was carried out lasted 28 days and the finisher phase 42 days. Parameters evaluated during the starter and finisher phases included; growth rate, feed conversion ration and mortality rate. Results show gain in weight among all groups while the group fed diet B and the control had comparable weight gain at the starter phase. The percentage weight difference between the control and each of the other dietary groups was: 4.4%, 8.4%, 8.6% and 10.4% for the treatments B, C, D and E respectively. Feed gain ration improved as the level of restriction became stricter. Following ad-libitum feeding of all grops at the finisher phase, the feed restricted groups at the starter phase voraciously increased their feed intake, thus, producing comparable performance values with the unrestricted (control) group in weight gain in the 8th week of the study. Although birds in all groups averaged more than 2000g final live weight in 10weeks, significant differences exist between groups that were fed diets C, D, and E that were restricted at the starter phase, an indication that complete compensatory growth was not obtainable. Feed gain ration improved for restricted groups. Mortality rate did not show any trend attributable to levels of feed restriction. This study shows that broiler chicks fed restricted levels of balanced diet at the starter phase but later fed ad-libitum at the finisher phase could attain a finished weight of about 2000g or more at a market age of 10 weeks (70 days) with an improvement in feed gain ration.

scholarly journals Association between aggressive behaviour and high-energy feeding level in beef cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Bozkurt ◽  
S. Ozkaya ◽  
I. Ap Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
High Level

The aim of this study was to investigate an association between aggressiveness and high level of feeding in a half-open feedlot production system. An experiment was conducted on 72 head of beef cattle of different breeds. The animals were at about 10 months of age. Medium quality silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with high (HE) and low level (LE) of barley (2.5 and 1.5 kg/day/head, respectively) and supplemented without (nil) or with (+) extracted soybean meal (0.45 kg/day/head). Several types of animal behaviour were observed such as those parameters that are categorized to be main aggressive behaviours, butting, being butted, mounting and being mounted. Significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) were found in butting, being butted behaviours between HE and LE treatment groups. Mounting and being mounted behaviours were significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) in steers and heifers and between the seasons as well. Steers performed more incidents of mounting behaviour than heifers and it was the same for spring, during which animals had more mounting behaviours. It was concluded that there was a close relationship between high-energy diets and aggressive behaviour, which necessitates some management measures to be taken in order to ensure better animal welfare and beef production. &nbsp;

scholarly journals The melanocortin circuit in obese and lean strains of chicks

2006 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Hen ◽  
Sara Yosefi ◽  
Victoria Simchaev ◽  
Dmitry Shinder ◽  
Victor J Hruby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Pomc Mrna ◽  
Ad Libitum

Agonists of membranal melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors (MC3/4Rs) are known to take part in the complex control mechanism of energy balance. In this study, we compared the physiological response to an exogenous MC3/4R agonist and the hypothalamic expression of proopic melanocortin (POMC) gene, encoding few MC3/4R ligands, between broiler and layer chicken strains. These strains, representing the two most prominent commercial strains of chickens grown for meat (broilers) and egg production (layers), differ in their food intake, fat accumulation, and reproductive performance and, therefore, form a good model of obese and lean phenotypes, respectively. A single i.v. injection of the synthetic peptide melanotan-II (MT-II; 1 mg/kg body weight) into the wing vein of feed-restricted birds led to attenuation of food intake upon exposure to feeding ad libitum in both broiler and layer chickens. A study of the POMC mRNA encoding the two prominent natural MC3/4R agonists, α-MSH and ACTH, also revealed a general similarity between the strains. Under feeding conditions ad libitum, POMC mRNA levels were highly similar in chicks of both strains and this level was significantly reduced upon feed restriction. However, POMC mRNA down-regulation upon feed restriction was more pronounced in layers than in broilers. These results suggest: (i) a role for MC3/4R agonists in the control of appetite; (ii) that the physiological differences between broilers and layers are not related to unresponsiveness of broiler chickens to the satiety signal of MC3/4R ligands. Therefore, these findings suggest that artificial activation of this circuit in broiler chicks could help to accommodate with their agricultural shortcomings of overeating, fattening, and impaired reproduction.

Effects of feed intake and environmental temperature on chick growth and development

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Smith ◽  
R. G. Teeter
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Chick Growth ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

SUMMARYBroiler chicks reared under three environmental temperatures (7·2, 23·9 and 35 °C) in the Southeastern United States of America in 1988/89 were precision-fed to levels which were c. 70, 90, 110 and 130% of the consumption observed in ad libitum-fed controls at 23·9°C, in order to examine the limitations imposed by feed intake upon growth rate, feed efficiency and survival. Ad libitum-fed birds that were housed at 7·2, 23·9 and 35 °C consumed feed at 12·1, 9·4 and 8·5% of body weight, respectively. Liveweight gain of birds consuming feed ad libitum was depressed by 26 and 46% in the 7·2 and 35 °C environments respectively. Increasing feed intake by precision feeding exceeded ad libitum consumption in the 23·9 and 35 °C environments, but not at 7·2 °C. Consumption of feed above thermoneutral ad libitum levels failed to increase (p <0·l) liveweight of carcass gain. Ration digestibility and dressing out percentage declined (P < 0·05) at the higher feed intake levels in the 7·2 °C environment.

The effects of in ovo feeding of threonine and carbohydrates on growth performance of broiler chickens

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
S N Mousavi ◽  
F Foroudi ◽  
F Arab Baghi ◽  
M Shivazad ◽  
H Ghahri
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Efficient Uptake ◽  
In Ovo Feeding

The few days before and after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers. Glycogen reserves in the chick embryo are significantly depleted during the perihatch period in order to meet the high energy demands during the process of emergence (Uni and Ferket, 2004). The immediate posthatch period is characterized by a transition from the use of lipid-rich yolk as the nutrient source to exogenous feed rich in carbohydrates and proteins. This transition is accompanied by rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (Sklan, 2001). The accelerated rate of development posthatch is reflected in the several-fold improvement in the development of the gastrointestinal tract and organ growth which will allow for a more efficient uptake of nutrients for muscle development. During late embryogenesis, solutions administered into the amniontic fluid (in ovo feeding) are consumed by the embryo, digested, and absorbed by the embryonic intestine prior to pipping (Uni et al., 2005). In ovo feeding of supplemental nutrients may help to overcome the constraint of limited egg nutrients (Foye et al., 2006). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and threonine, alone or in combination, on growth performance of broiler chicks from 1 to 42 d of age.

The effects of dietary energy and crude protein concentration on growth and serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels of cattle that differ in mature body size

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
R. D. H. Cohen ◽  
B. Laarveld ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
S. D. M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Growth Factor I

An experiment was conducted to examine the influence of dietary energy level (11.17 and 11.88 MJ ME kg−1 DM) and crude protein (CP) level (11, 13 and 15% DM basis) on growth and carcass composition and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels of medium frame (MF) and large frame (LF) cattle. Dietary energy level or CP level did not influence the growth of MF steers. Averaged across energy levels, the growth of LF steers increased linearly (P < 0.01; R2 = 0.60) with dietary CP level. No influence of protein level was observed on carcass tissue gain. Apparent CP and DM digestibilities increased (P < 0.05) with increasing CP level on low- but not high-energy rations. Serum IGF-I levels were higher (P < 0.05) in MF steers and in animals fed high-energy rations. Little or no association was observed between serum IGF-I levels and indices of growth or carcass composition. It was concluded that the growth of LF steers was improved on diets formulated to CP levels in excess of those currently recommended. However, the biological mechanism responsible for the improved growth is not clear. Key words: Steers, frame size, protein, energy, IGF-I

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