Survey of cholesterol level of commercial eggs produced on Canadian farms

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siew Lian Chung ◽  
L. K. Ferrier ◽  
E. J. Squires
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Key Words Cholesterol ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

A survey of the cholesterol levels of eggs from White Leghorn hens from across Canada was performed. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for cholesterol analysis. The cholesterol concentrations were found to range from 12 to 15 mg g−1 yolk, and the mean value for all eggs was 13.0 mg g−1 or 221 mg egg−1. Large eggs (35 out of 56) contained an average of 214 mg cholesterol egg−1. The effect of farm on cholesterol concentration (mg g−1 yolk) was significant (P < 0.05) and in most cases sample variation (P < 0.05) was found within each farm. Cholesterol content (mg egg−1) correlated positively with hen age, egg weight and yolk weight and negatively with dietary protein and fat. However, correlation of cholesterol concentration (mg g−1 yolk) with the above variables was not significant (P < 0.05). Selection of eggs for lower cholesterol content appears impractical under commercial operating conditions at this time. Key words: Cholesterol, Canadian, chicken egg

scholarly journals Nutrients: trace metals, micronutrients, oestrogen and B-vitamin content of Osun River: A River that runs southwestern Nigeria into the Atlantic Gulf of Guinea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.B. Afolabi-Balogun ◽  
O.A. Oni-Babalola ◽  
I.I. Adeleke ◽  
F.A. Oseni ◽  
R.H. Bello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metal ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Toxicological Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
B Vitamin

AbstractOsun-Osogbo Grove has a long history of healing and therapeutic claims by adherent believers, in spite of advancement in medicine. Scientists made attempts at investigating the biodiversity of the Grove, till date, there has not been convergence point between science and these indigenous beliefs. This study identified the presence of therapeutic agents in the water of Osun-Osogbo River, paying attention to at least six parameters; vitamin, phosphate, nitrate, amino acid, hormone and trace metal. Water samples were taken from two different sites during pre, during and post raining sessions (April 2017 - September 2019) were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Trace metal analysis revealed an average of 0.009-0.079 mg/Kg Zinc from site one and lower in site two. The mean value of manganese at both sites was virtually the same at 0.018-0.313 mg/kg, aluminum content was 0.045-0.179mg/Kg at site one, 0.050-0.192mg/kg at site two, cobalt was 0.024 mg/kg at site one, 0.026 mg/kg at site two while nickel was 0.006 mg/kg and 0.004 mg/kg for site one and two respectively. HPLC analysis shows mean Methionine content at both sites is higher than the FDA (56.6 ug/mL); site one had 74.41 ug/mL while site two had 57.11 ug/mL The mean values of two water-soluble vitamins; Thiamine (B1) was 3.758 mg/Kg and 2.355 mg/Kg while Pyridoxine (B6) was 0.108 mg/Kg and 0.072 mg/Kg at site one and two. GCMS analysis of steroidal content revealed values below lowest observed effect level (LOEL), testosterone (4.8 ng/L) and estrogen (2.4 ng/L) were still elevated while ethinylestradiol and estriol were ≥1.5 ng/L. Summarily, site one the major part for spiritual activities showed higher essential nutrient contents than site two which support the enrichment and potential therapeutic properties of the Osun river water. However, further scientific research is required to ensure that these therapeutic potentials supersede the toxicological effect.

scholarly journals Assessing terpene content variability of whitebark pine in order to estimate representative sample size

2013 ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Milena Stefanovic ◽  
Slobodanka Mitrovic ◽  
Dragica Obratov-Petkovic ◽  
Vera Vidakovic ◽  
Zorica Popovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Whitebark Pine ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

In studies of population variability, particular attention has to be paid to the selection of a representative sample. The aim of this study was to assess the size of the new representative sample on the basis of the variability of chemical content of the initial sample on the example of a whitebark pine population. Statistical analysis included the content of 19 characteristics (terpene hydrocarbons and their derivates) of the initial sample of 10 elements (trees). It was determined that the new sample should contain 20 trees so that the mean value calculated from it represents a basic set with a probability higher than 95 %. Determination of the lower limit of the representative sample size that guarantees a satisfactory reliability of generalization proved to be very important in order to achieve cost efficiency of the research.

Investigation on the Degree of Reaction in Twin Scroll Radial Turbines at Different Operating Conditions for Turbocharging Applications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Cravero ◽  
Davide De Domenico ◽  
Andrea Ottonello
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Axial Thrust ◽  
Degree Of Reaction ◽  
Radial Turbine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Partial Admission ◽  
Rotor Losses ◽  
Radial Turbines

Abstract Frequently in turbocharging radial turbine studies, some assumptions have to be done in order to make 1D matching calculations as easy as possible and to develop simulation approaches that can be useful for different purposes, like axial thrust prediction. One of these assumptions concerns the degree of reaction, which is often considered constant and equal to the value 0.5. In standard radial turbines design the velocity triangles are set by the target to keep a mean degree of reaction of 50%, in order to obtain low rotor losses and to minimize the exit swirl to get lower losses in the exhaust diffuser. From the experience gained on radial turbines operating in a wide range of conditions, it is evident that: the degree of reaction presents large variations along a given isospeed (especially at low rotational speed) and the mean value is far from 0.5 (particularly true in high performance applications). In the present work a method for the representation of the degree of reaction for radial turbine is suggested. The approach has been developed onto a twin scroll radial turbine for turbocharging, considering a large dataset of operating conditions (at both equal and partial admission). The discussion and the method suggested are based on a rich database from experimental data and numerical simulations developed by the authors on the 3D configuration of the turbines under investigation.

Plasma Cholesterol Levels of 6585 Children in the United States: Results of the Know Your Body Screening in Five States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-976
Author(s):  
Ken Resnicow ◽  
Jane Morley-kotchen ◽  
Ernst Wynder
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
School Health ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
American Children

Medical and public health recommendations regarding detection and treatment of hyperlipidemia in children have generally been based on two principal epidemiologic studies: the Lipids Research Clinics Population Study (1972 to 1976) and the Bogalusa Heart Study (1973 to 1974). The present study was initiated to further describe the distribution of plasma cholesterol levels in a multiracial sample of American children. Between 1984 and 1988, the total cholesterol levels of 6585 children from 22 schools were measured as part of the Know Your Body School Health Program. For the entire population, ages 5 to 18 years, the mean total cholesterol concentration was 166.4 mg/dL. Total cholesterol was significantly greater in girls (168 mg/dL) than in boys (165 mg/dL), although sex differences were inconsistent across race/ethnicity. The mean value for blacks, 173 mg/dL, and Hispanics, 168 mg/dL, was higher than for Asians, 165 mg/dL, and whites, 163 mg/dL. Across race/ethnicity, values tended to peak between ages 8 and 10 years for girls and approximately 10 years of age for boys. These values are slightly higher than those reported in the Lipids Research Clinics and Bogalusa studies. Public health implications of these findings are discussed.

Transfer of aflatoxins from naturally contaminated feed to milk of Nili-Ravi buffaloes fed a mycotoxin binder

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aslam ◽  
I. Rodrigues ◽  
D. M. McGill ◽  
H. M. Warriach ◽  
A. Cowling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Daily Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Carry Over

The objectives of this study were to observe the extent of transfer of aflatoxin B1 in feed to the aflatoxin M1 metabolite in milk in Nili-Ravi buffaloes and to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial mycotoxin binder (Mycofix, Biomin Singapore) incorporated into feed to minimise this transfer. Multiparous animals (n = 28) were randomly distributed to four groups corresponding to two treatments each with two levels of aflatoxin B1. Individual animals were exposed to naturally contaminated feed providing a total of 1475 µg/day (Groups A and B) or 2950 µg/day (Groups C and D) of aflatoxin B1. Groups B and D were given 50 g of mycotoxin binder daily mixed with feed whereas Groups A and C were kept as controls. Feed samples were analysed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for aflatoxin B1 and milk samples were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the liver metabolite aflatoxin M1. The mean value of total daily aflatoxin M1 excretion for animals fed 2950 µg/day of aflatoxin B1 (112.6 µg/day) was almost double (P < 0.001) than the excretion in buffaloes fed 1475 µg/day (62.2 µg/day). The mean daily concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk of animals from both treatment groups supplemented with 50 g/day of mycotoxin binder was 76.5 µg/day, nearly 22 µg lower than those without binder at 98.3 µg/day (s.e.d. = 5.99: P < 0.01). The interaction of binder and treatment was not significant i.e. the 50 g/day of binder was able to sequester aflatoxin B1 with the same efficiency in groups fed with high and low concentrations of aflatoxin B1. Carry over was (3.44%) lower (P = 0.001) in animals supplemented with 50 g/day of mycotoxin binder than those fed no binder (4.60%). Thus buffaloes are highly efficient at transferring aflatoxins in feed to the aflatoxin M1 metabolite in milk, whereas mycotoxin binder is capable of alleviating without preventing this contamination risk.

An Improved Faults Diagnosis Strategy of Analog Circuit Online Using Kernel Fuzzy C-Means for the Unknown Fault

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 1952-1955
Author(s):  
Peng Da Qin ◽  
Yu Ping Qin ◽  
Ai Hua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Analog Circuit ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Well Performance ◽  
Class Label ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Fuzzy C Means ◽  
Similarity Detection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Faults Diagnosis

To solve the unknown faults diagnosis online for analog circuit, a novel faults diagnosis strategy based on improved kernel fuzzy c-means (IKFCM) is proposed. simultaneously, the high-performance recognition tree structure of the improved kernel fuzzy c-means itself can decrease the train sample and eliminate wild value, the training speed and precision of classifier can be done well in this way. The realizing of precision fault diagnosis, firstly, via confirming exact class centers from the data of known faults, and then the mean value can be obtained relying on the faults data of each class, meanwhile, setting this mean values as the thresholds for judging faults and each data point is issued with a class label. During the whole faults diagnosis, each detection data will be compared with the thresholds, the high similarity detection data will be fall into the known faults classes while the low similarity detection data will be labeled as unknown faults. Simulation proved the well performance effectively of the proposed IKFCM method .

Effect of Simvastatin Therapy on Cell Membrane Cholesterol Content and Membrane Function as Assessed by Polymorphonuclear Cell NADPH Oxidase Activity

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Day ◽  
S Bellavia ◽  
O T G Jones ◽  
D Stansbie
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Membrane Cholesterol ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cell ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Simvastatin Therapy ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Cell membrane cholesterol is an important determinant of membrane fluidity. Changes in fluidity have important consequences for membrane function. Treatment of hypercholesterolaemia could therefore affect membrane function by reducing cell membrane cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to determine whether treatment with simvastatin affects membrane cholesterol and the activity of the polymorphonuclear cell membrane enzyme NADPH oxidase. Blood was obtained from 12 hypercholesterolaemic patients before, and 6 weeks after, treatment with simvastatin, and from 20 normolipidaemic subjects. Cell cholesterol was in the unesterified form indicating that it was membrane-associated. Pretreatment mean cell cholesterol concentration in the hyperlipidaemics was higher ( p<0·05) than in the normolipidaemics [4·19fmol/cell, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·38–5·05 versus 3·10fmol/cell, 95% CI 2·58 3·61]. There was a strong correlation between cell cholesterol content and NADPH oxidase lag phase ( Rs = 0·76, P<0·01). Cell cholesterol fell to 3·52fmol/cell (95% CI 2·77–4·28, P<0·05) following treatment and there was a correlation ( Rs = 0·61, P<0·05) between the reductions in cell cholesterol and lag phase.

Study on the Mean Value of Particle Concentration Signal in Silicon Power Fluidized Bed

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2936-2940
Author(s):  
Xing Yong Liu ◽  
Hu Yang ◽  
You Cheng Wang ◽  
Zhuo Xu Deng
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Particle Concentration ◽  
Rbf Neural Network ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Axial Distance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Concentration Signal

The particle concentration signals of silicon powder in the fluidizing gas i.e. air under different operating conditions were determined. The diameter of silicon particles, operating velocity, radial distance and axial distance are used as input vector; the mean value of particle concentration signal in the silicon power fluidized bed is used as a target vector. The RBF neural network is applied to build the predicted model of the mean value in silicon power fluidized bed. The result shows that the prediction of mean value through the RBF neural network is prior to that by BP neural network, and its error is less than 0.2%.

Fast Computation of Combustion Phasing and Its Influence on Classifying Random or Deterministic Patterns

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Lian ◽  
Jason Martz ◽  
Niket Prakash ◽  
Anna Stefanopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Permutation Entropy ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Online Methods ◽  
First Time

The classification between a sequence of highly variable combustion events that have an underlying deterministic pattern and a sequence of combustion events with similar level of variability but random characteristics is important for control of combustion phasing. In the case of high cyclic variation (CV) with underlying deterministic patterns, it is possible to apply closed-loop combustion control on a cyclic-basis with a fixed mean value, such as injection timing in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) or spark timing in spark ignition (SI) applications, to contract the CV. In the case of a random distribution, the high CV can be avoided by shifting operating conditions away from the unstable region via advancing or retarding the injection timing or the spark timing in the mean-sense. Therefore, the focus of this paper is on the various methods of computing CA50 for analyzing and classifying cycle-to-cycle variability. The assumptions made to establish fast and possibly online methods can alter the distribution of the calculated parameters from cycle-to-cycle, possibly leading to incorrect pattern interpretation and improper control action. Finally, we apply a statistical technique named “permutation entropy” for the first time on classifying combustion patterns in HCCI and SI engine for varying operating conditions. Then, the various fast methods for computing CA50 feed the two statistical methods, permutation and the Shannon entropy, and their differences and similarities are highlighted.

Measurements of the Relative Output Factors for CyberKnife Collimators

Neurosurgery ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Yu ◽  
Gabor Jozsef ◽  
Michael L.J. Apuzzo ◽  
Zbigniew Petrovich
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Photon Beams ◽  
Thermoluminescent Dosimetry ◽  
Output Factor ◽  
Silicon Diode ◽  
Cyberknife Radiosurgery ◽  
Output Factors ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Air Film ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine accurately the relative output factors, defined as the ratio of the nominal dose rate for a given collimator to that of the 60-mm collimator. This is particularly important for radiosurgical treatment of functional disorders, such as trigeminal neuralgia, in which a single large radiation dose is delivered to the target with a small collimator, such as the 5-mm collimator for CyberKnife radiosurgery. Numerous studies on the output factors have been reported for the Leksell gamma knife unit but none for the CyberKnife system. METHODS Measurements of the relative output factors for all 12 collimators were performed by three different methods: silicon diode, radiographic film, and thermoluminescent dosimetry microcubes. The silicon diode is designed for measurements in small (1–50 MV) photon beams performed in water or air. Film and thermoluminescent dosimetry measurements were performed in a plastic phantom. RESULTS The measured relative output factors for the three methods were very similar except for the three smallest collimators (5, 7.5, and 10 mm). The measured difference between the above methods was approximately 2%. The mean value of the output factor for the 5-mm collimator was 0.686 ± 0.024. The uncertainties of the output factors are expected to increase with the decrease of collimator diameter. They range from approximately 1 to 4% of the relative output factor. CONCLUSION The relative output factor can be measured with an acceptable accuracy even for the smallest (5-mm) CyberKnife collimators. This requires the selection of appropriate dosimetric detectors and measuring procedures. The results obtained with the diode are considered more accurate than with the other two methods.

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