scholarly journals USE OF FORMALDEHYDE TO REGULATE DIGESTION OF BARLEY STARCH

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 581-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McALLISTER ◽  
K.-J. CHENG ◽  
L. M. RODE ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Endosperm Cell ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Fermentation Efficiency ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Anaerobic Media

This study was conducted to determine the effect of formaldehyde treatment of barley on the rate of microbial starch digestion. Ground barley was left untreated (UB) or treated with 0.5% formaldehyde (TB) and incubated in vials with an inoculum consisting of a homogenate of rumen contents and Bryant's anaerobic media (1:1). Separate vials were analyzed for starch, ammonia, pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) after 0, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h. The digestion of starch was lower (P < 0.05) in TB than in UB between 4 and 24 h. Accumulation of NH3 was lower and pH was higher in TB vials (P < 0.05) than in UB vials. VFA production and fermentation efficiency were lower (P < 0.05) in TB than in UB. Formaldehyde treatment of barley reduced (P < 0.05) the production of propionate and enhanced (P < 0.05) the production of butyrate in comparison with UB. Examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the initial colonization of TB was inhibited in comparison with that of UB. The distinct shape of the endosperm cells of TB (12 h) were readily recognizable, but the endosperm cells of UB (12 h) were not readily distinguishable. SEM of TB (24 h) showed that the protein matrix of the endosperm cell is resistant to microbial digestion. The formaldehyde-induced reduction in starch digestion appears to result from the protein matrix inhibiting the access of bacteria to underlying starch granules. Key words: Starch, rumen bacteria, formaldehyde, barley

Cereal grain digestion by selected strains of ruminal fungi

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
Y. Dong ◽  
L. J. Yanke ◽  
H. D. Bae ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Neocallimastix Patriciarum ◽  
Grain Starch

The ruminal fungi Orpinomyces joyonii strain 19-2, Neocallimastix patriciarum strain 27, and Piromyces communis strain 22 were examined for their ability to digest cereal starch. All strains digested corn starch more readily than barley or wheat starch. Orpinomyces joyonii 19-2 exhibited the greatest propensity to digest starch in wheat and barley, whereas the digestion of these starches by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22 was limited. Media ammonia concentrations were lower when fungal growth was evident, suggesting that all strains assimilate ammonia. Fungi formed extensive rhizoidal systems on the endosperm of corn, but O. joyonii 19-2 was the only strain to form such systems on the endosperm of wheat and barley. All strains penetrated the protein matrix of corn but did not penetrate starch granules. Starch granules from all three cereals were pitted, evidence of extensive digestion by extracellular amylases produced by O. joyonii 19-2. Similar pitting was observed on the surface of corn starch granules digested by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22, but not on wheat and barley starch granules. The ability of ruminal fungi to digest cereal grains depends on both the strain of fungus and the type of grain. The extent to which fungi digest cereal grain in the rumen remains to be determined.Key words: ruminal fungi, cereal grain, starch digestion, ruminant.

ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE LA DURETE DU BLE DE PRINTEMPS LAVAL-19 ET DES BLES Triticum aestivum

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
L. KAMARA ◽  
A. BOUDREAU ◽  
F. CASTAIGNE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Packed Structure ◽  
Scanning Electron

The examination of ultra-thin sections by the scanning electron microscope was performed comparing spring wheat Laval-19 with several types of wheat of increasing hardness (Yorkstar, Concorde and Neepawa) using both whole kernels and the corresponding flours. The hardness properties of each type of wheat was determined using an Instron Tensile Testor. In hard wheats, we observed a tightly packed structure showing little or no air space in the endosperm. The adhesion between proteins and starch granules was strong enough to break the starch granule rather than to separate at the interface. The soft wheats appeared to have a much looser structure with many intergranular air spaces and no broken starch granules. The microscopy of the flours illustrated the integrity of the starch-protein matrix in the hard flours and a mixture of free starch granules, free protein, and small aggregates of protein and starch in soft flours. The Instron measurements were in agreement with the microscopic examination and both techniques indicated clearly the differences in hardness between soft and hard, leaving the spring wheat Laval-19 a type of wheat intermediary between soft and hard.

Production and Characterization of Porous Starch Granule and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blend as a Bio-Composite

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1513-1521
Author(s):  
Sirirat Thothong ◽  
Klanarong Sriroth ◽  
Rattana Tantatherdtam ◽  
Amnat Jarerat
Keyword(s):  
Starch Granule ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extruder ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Granular Starch

To improve the miscibility of native rice starch granules and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT), rice starch was hydrolyzed by a mixture of α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. The obtained porous rice granular starch was then mechanically blended with PBAT by single screw extruder. Many pits and holes on the surface of starch granules were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rough surface of the rice starch granules improved the compatibility of the polymers in the blends, which consequently increased the tensile strength and the elongation at break. In addition, SEM also revealed that the porous granules were homogeneously distributed in the polymer matrix with no appearance of gaps.

Isolation and identification of rumen bacteria capable of anaerobic rutin degradation

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1365-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. -J. Cheng ◽  
G. A. Jones ◽  
F. J. Simpson ◽  
M. P. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Heterocyclic Ring ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Rutin Degradation

Fifteen strains of bacteria capable of degrading rutin anaerobically were isolated from bovine rumen contents and identified by morphological and biochemical evidence as strains of Butyrivibrio sp. Three cultures from a laboratory collection of 53 strains of rumen bacteria also used rutin anaerobically. Two, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens D1 and Selenomonas ruminantium GA192, cleaved the glycosidic bond of rutin and fermented the sugar but did not degrade the insoluble aglycone produced; the third strain, Peptostreptococcus sp. B178, degraded the substrate to soluble products. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin, quercitrin, and naringin to water-soluble products, showing that the organism cleaved the heterocyclic ring of these compounds. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 fermented the sugar moiety of hesperidin but did not cleave the heterocyclic ring. It did not attack quercetin, taxifolin, protocatechuic acid, or phloroglucinol. In a medium containing rumen fluid, Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin more than twice as fast as it did in a medium containing enzymatic casein hydrolyzate, volatile fatty acids, yeast extract, and hemin in place of rumen fluid.The observations reported in this paper are believed to represent the first recorded demonstration of degradation of the heterocyclic ring structure of rutin and other bioflavonoids in pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria.

scholarly journals The study of the microstructure of cheese before and after vacuum drying

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 6007-6014
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Surface Shape ◽  
Vacuum Drying ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Calcium Phosphate Particles ◽  
Structure State ◽  
Cheese Microstructure ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscope allowed us to get screens of different cheese microstructure that form a base for further investigation of a cheese structure state before and after the process of drying and for their comparison. Any cheese structure presents a matrix of proteins penetrated with moisture capillaries; fat globules are located both inside the protein matrix and on a cheese surface. Shape of capillaries is either round or oval. Capillaries vary in size and number that has an impact on the cheese pattern which is described by hole and void shapes and order. Electron microscopy was also used for detecting deposition of calcium phosphate. Particles of calcium phosphate changed in size, before drying they were 10–12 µm, and after drying they reached 20–30 µ. These particles concentrate in the dried cheese and agglomerate into larger particles. The most concentrated calcium phosphate proportion was found in pores and micro-voids of the dry cheese. As for mature cheese samples, calcium lactate was established as well.

Colonization of Cecal Mucosal Epithelium in Chicks Treated with a Continuous Flow Culture of 29 Characterized Bacteria: Confirmation by Scanning Electron Microscopy†

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 837-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. DROLESKEY ◽  
D. E. CORRIER ◽  
D. J. NISBET ◽  
J. R. DELOACH
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
And Control ◽  
Scanning Electron

Bacterial colonization of cecal mucosal epithelium in 3-day-old chicks administered a characterized continuous-flow (CF) culture of 29 microorganisms on the day of hatch was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Extensive colonization of the mucosa was noted in the ceca of CF-treated chicks, with large colonies of bacteria located predominately within and between crypts. Cecal crypts from control chicks contained only thin strands of mucus with a few bacteria. Individual cells and clumps of bacteria were observed bound to the mucosal epithelium in both CF-treated and control chicks. Colonization by CF culture bacteria was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the cecal contents and increased resistance to colonization by Salmonella typhimurium.

Susceptibility of Various Starch Granules to Amylases as Seen by Scanning Electron Microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Fuwa ◽  
Y. Sugimoto ◽  
M. Tanaka ◽  
D. V. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Scanning Electron

scholarly journals The effect of the absence of rumen ciliate protozoa on growing lambs fed on a roughage–concentrate diet

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Margaret Eadie ◽  
J. C. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

1. Lambs were removed form their dams at 2 d of age, and at 5 weeks of age eitht of one group were incoulated with a mixed rumen ciliate and seven in a second group were maintained ciliate-free throughout the 61 weeks of the experiment. Performance of the groups was compared when given a 2:1 roughage:concentrate diet as a set ration and withad lib.roughage.2. Mixed ciliate populations developed in all faunated lambs and average-sized populations were maintained. Large numbers of flagellate protozoa developed in the ciliate-free animals after flagellates had been introduced into the building with the ciliate-free animals after flagellates had been introduced into the building with the ciliate inoculum.3. Higher numbers of rumen bacteria were found in the ciliate-free group.4. Only between the 14th and 21st weeks was there a significant different between groups in weight gain and this was infavour of the faunated group. The only significant different in body measurements was greater girth in the ciliate-free lambs.5. Only minor differences were found between the groups in calorimetric trials, digestibility and nitrogen balanes. There were no differences between groups in concentration of total protein N and soluble sugar in the rumen. The ammonis concentration was significantly higher in the faunated group.6. The concentrations of total rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were higher in the faunated group. Differences, between groups, in proportions of VFA were attributed to the activity of the rumen bacteria rather than the ciliatesper se.7. No differences between groups were found in the concentrations of blood sugar and haemoglobin.8. It was concluded that the changes due to the presence of rumen ciliates were not great enough to be reflected in animal performance under the conditions of this experiment.

Polymer Distribution in Grafted Starch Granules by Scanning Electron Microscopy

1976 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Fanta ◽  
F. L. Baker ◽  
J. A. Stolp ◽  
R. C. Burr ◽  
W. M. Doane
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Polymer Distribution ◽  
Scanning Electron
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