THE EFFECT OF LOAD CARRYING ON CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITION IN SHEEP

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
J. L. AALHUS ◽  
M. A. PRICE
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Metacarpal Bone ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Thoracic Limb ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Total Muscle

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of load carrying on muscle growth and development in sheep under conditions of restricted (exp. 1) and free choice (exp. 2) feeding. In exp. 1, the load-carrying sheep ate as much feed as their control counterparts to maintain a constant liveweight. There was no increase in total muscle mass in load-carrying sheep, although there were small shifts in muscle distribution. The proportion of muscle in the proximal thoracic limb appeared higher in load-carrying than in control sheep (15.2 vs. 13.3%; P = 0.07). In addition, bone weights in the thoracic limb were heavier in load-carrying than in control sheep. The changes in bone and muscle distribution ate assumed to be a direct response to increased load bearing. In exp. 2, load-carrying sheep are less feed and grew more slowly than their control counterparts. The only change directly attributable to the load-carrying exercise was an alteration in shape of the metacarpal bone. Key words: Sheep, load-carrying exercise, carcass composition, tissue distribution

Infertile bulls versus steers: III. Carcass characteristics

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Price
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

SummaryThe carcass characteristics of a total of 43 infertile bulls were oompared with those of 42 steers from five independent trials. In most cases there was no significant difference between the bulls and the steers for dressing percentage, or fleshing index. Bulls were generally found to have greater hide percentages than steers, the difference being very highly significant (P < 0·001) in one of the trials and significant (P < 0·05) in another. Eye musole area expressed relative to caroass weight was greater in the bulls, the difference being significant (P < 0·05) in three of the trials. The depth of fat over the eye musole and the hind to fore-quarter weight ratio were greater in the steer carcasses. Head weights were found to be significantly greater (P < 0·05) and caul and kidney fat weights less (P < 0·05) in bulls than in steers in the one trial where these parameters could be measured.Carcass composition was estimated by the three-rib sample joint teohnique in four of the trials, and in these the bulls had a greater percentage of bone and muscle, but a lower peroentage of fat than the steers, the differences being significant in most oases. In the fifth trial composition was estimated by half carcass dissection. This, too, showed bulls to have a greater percentage of bone and muscle and a lower percentage of fat, the differences being highly significant (P < 0·01) and very highly significant (P < 0·001) respectively. On a fat-corrected basis the estimated retail value of the carcasses favoured the bulls by about $20.00 each.The studies, conducted over a range of nutritional conditions, showed that non-castration favoured muscle growth while suppressing fat deposition, and that this advantage was more pronounced when growth rates were high.

Growth and development of water buffalo and Friesian cross-bred cattle, with special reference to growth and distribution of carcass muscle and bone

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Y. Abdallah ◽  
Karima A. Shahin ◽  
M. G. A. Latif
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Posterior Anterior

SUMMARYRight sides of carcasses of 12 buffalo, nine ½ Friesian ( Friesian x Egyptian Baladi) and nine ¾ Friesian ( Friesian x ½ Friesian) bulls slaughtered over the body-weight ranges 161–560 kg for buffaloes and 176–448 kg for cattle were cut according to the Chicago style of cutting. Allometric growth pattern and distribution of muscle and bone in the various cuts were examined.Buffaloes were similar to cattle in that muscle and bone in the limbs showed an increasing distoproximal growth gradient. On the ventral line of the trunk, muscles showed an increase in growth impetus from plate to brisket while bone followed a reverse pattern. In buffaloes, growth coefficients of muscle and bone of all dorsal cuts were similar except in the sirloin and chuck where bone was later maturing. In cattle, there appeared a posterior-anterior increase in growth impetus of muscle from the shortloin towards sticking. Within and between genotype-group results indicated that growth of a fatless cut is governed by the growth of its muscle rather than that of its bone.Compared with Friesian crosses, buffaloes had significantly greater percentages of their total muscle and muscle-plus-bone in the expensive cuts. As total muscle weight increased, the proportion of muscle in BLRC (see p. 318) decreased in cattle but remained almost constant in buffaloes. It was concluded that the previously reported inferior carcass composition of buffaloes relative to cattle is compensated by better carcass conformation and tissue distribution of buffaloes.

MUSCLE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE AS INFLUENCED BY LIVEWEIGHT, BREED, SEX AND RATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Thoracic Limb ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Spinal Group ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

Muscle distribution was studied in 109 Duroc × Yorkshire, Hampshire × Yorkshire and Yorkshire × Yorkshire barrows and gilts fed either high or low energy rations (3652 and 2757 kcal DE/kg, containing 19.9% and 15.3% protein, respectively) and slaughtered at 23, 68, 91 or 114 kg liveweight. Individually dissected muscles from half carcasses were grouped into nine "standard muscle groups" and expressed as percentages of total side muscle. Slight changes occurred in muscle distribution between 23 and 68 kg liveweight, but remained quite constant thereafter. Breed groups were quite similar except that Duroc × Yorkshire pigs had a significantly greater percentage of muscle in the spinal group. The influence of sex appeared to vary relative to liveweight, with gilts maturing at earlier weights than barrows. Ration influence was negligible except for the distal thoracic limb group, which had a slightly greater percentage of muscle in pigs on the HE ration than the LE ration. Unexplained interactions between sex and ration and sex and breed effects occurred for the thorax to thoracic limb muscle group. Comparisons of the present pig data with those from cattle indicated that, in pigs, diphasic growth patterns may not be as pronounced as in cattle, and that individual muscles may be growing proportionate to total muscle very early in life. There seemed to be little evidence to indicate that selection pressures have had any influence on changing the muscle distribution in swine.

Muscle growth and development in the indigenous Nigerian pigs as influenced by age, sex and body weight

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Essien ◽  
B. L. Fetuga
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

SummaryMuscle growth was studied for 64 female, 64 castrated male and 64 intact male indigenous Nigerian pigs at 16 ages between birth and 672 days of age. Highly significant (P < 0·001) age differences were obtained for the proportion of total muscle, each muscle group and the 13 individually dissected (seven hind limb, two spinal column and four fore limb) muscles. Sex differences were significant (P < 0·05) for the proportion of total muscle and some of the individually dissected muscles.A highly significant (P < 0·01) increase in the rate of muscle deposition for each muscle group occurred between 56 and 112 days. Muscle deposition continued at the same rate up till 224 days of age before the peak was attained between 280 and 392 days when the average body weight was between 40·8 and 61·2 kg. A continuously significant (P < 0·05) decline in the rate of muscle deposition was obtained beyond 392 days of age. Growth coefficients b calculated from the linearly transformed allometric equation Y = aXb were generally higher in the early phase of growth (0–168 days) than in later phases considered. However, growth coefficients obtained for the whole period revealed that apart from M. gastrocnemius, the other hind limb and spinal column muscles exhibited either ‘high’ or ‘average’ growth impetus. The fore limb muscles had growth coefficients significantly (P < 0·05) less than 1·00 and were therefore classified as having ‘low’ growth impetus. Generally, the intact male pigs showed superiority to the female and castrated male pigs in muscle growth and development.

scholarly journals Effects of available nutrition and sire breeding values for growth and muscling on the development of crossbred lambs. 1: Growth and carcass characteristics

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Hegarty ◽  
C. Shands ◽  
R. Marchant ◽  
D. L. Hopkins ◽  
A. J. Ball ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Protein Partitioning ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values

The growth and development of 387 crossbred lamb progeny from 9 Poll Dorset sires representing muscle (M), control (C), and growth (G) sire-types was studied. Sires were selected on the basis of their LAMBPLAN estimated breeding values (EBVs) for post-weaning growth (PWWT) and depth of loin muscle (PEMD). Lambs were provided with either LOW or HIGH levels of available grazing nutrition from 10 days of age onwards. Liveweight gain (LWG) throughout the study was less on LOW nutrition than on HIGH nutrition, leading to a 9.5 kg lower weaning liveweight (LW) and a 14.9 kg lower final LW in LOW lambs. After adjustment for final LW, HIGH lambs had significantly greater fat depth at the C-site (approximately 40 mm from the midline over the 12th rib) and tissue depth at the GR site (110 mm from the midline over the 12th rib) than did LOW lambs. This effect was consistent across sire-types. Depth of fat at the C-site was positively associated with the EBV of the sire for fat depth. The improvement in pre-weaning LWG, weaning weight, and final weight of lambs resulting from use of sires with a greater PWWT EBV was dependent upon the level of nutrition. This interaction was identified as different slopes (coefficients) for the regression between PWWT and trait for the 2 nutrition levels, indicating that the expression of the sire’s genetic potential for growth at these times was significantly moderated by nutrition. The additional depth of lamb loin muscle resulting from use of sires of higher PEMD EBV was consistent across both LOW and HIGH nutrition treatments, with 1 mm of PEMD leading to a 0.6-mm increase in loin depth. Other consequences of sires having a high genetic capacity for loin muscle depth were reduced carcass C-fat depth with increasing sire PEMD and a tendency for conformation score to improve with the PEMD of the sire. The wool-growth response to improved nutrition was less in M lambs than in lambs of other sire-types, suggesting a difference in priority for protein partitioning between muscle and wool in lambs differing in genetic propensity for muscle growth.

Carcass characteristics of heavyweight crossbred lambs. II.* Carcass composition and partitioning of fat

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Thompson ◽  
KD Atkins ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

Half-carcasses of 108 wether and ewe lambs from six genotypes, slaughtered at 34, 44 and 54 kg liveweight, were dissected into subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, muscle, bone and connective tissue. The six genotypes were the progeny of Dorset Horn and Border Leicester rams mated to Merino, Corriedale and Border Leicester x Merino first-cross ewes. As carcass weight increased, the proportion of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat increased (b > 1 ; P < 0.05) and the proportion of muscle and bone decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05). Lambs sired by Border Leicester rams had more subcutaneous fat (12.7%), more intermuscular fat (7.6%) and more bone (5.7%) than lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams at the same carcass weight (P< 0.05). Similarly, lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams had more muscle (7.2%) than lambs sired by Border Leicester rams at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). Breed of dam had no effect on carcass composition. Wether lambs had a greater proportion of bone (5.7%) than ewe lambs at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). The breed of sire effect and the lack of a breed of dam effect on carcass composition, in conjunction with estimated mature weights for the breeds, suggest possible differences between sire and dam breeds in the partitioning of fat between the carcass and non-carcass depots. ____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 30: 1197 (1979).

Transcriptomic Analysis of MSTN Knockout in the Early Differentiation of Chicken Fetal Myoblasts

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Ke Xu ◽  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Chengxiao Han ◽  
Zhong Xu ◽  
Jinmei Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Early Differentiation

In mammals, Myostatin (MSTN) is a known negative regulator of muscle growth and development, but its role in birds is poorly understood. To investigate the molecular mechanism of MSTN on muscle growth and development in chickens, we knocked out MSTN in chicken fetal myoblasts (CFMs) and sequenced the mRNA transcriptomes. The amplicon sequencing results show that the editing efficiency of the cells was 76%. The transcriptomic results showed that 296 differentially expressed genes were generated after down-regulation of MSTN, including angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE), extracellular fatty acid-binding protein (EXFABP) and troponin T1, slow skeletal type (TNNT1). These genes are closely associated with myoblast differentiation, muscle growth and energy metabolism. Subsequent enrichment analysis showed that DEGs of CFMs were related to MAPK, P13K/AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways. The MAPK and P13K/AKT signaling pathways are two of the three known signaling pathways involved in the biological effects of MSTN in mammals, and the STAT3 pathway is also significantly enriched in MSTN knock out chicken leg muscles. The results of this study will help to understand the possible molecular mechanism of MSTN regulating the early differentiation of CFMs and lay a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of MSTN involvement in muscle growth and development.

153 Differences in Health and Carcass Characteristics of Yearling Steers That Received Free-choice Garlic-infused Mineral Supplements

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
Iris Ho In Cheang-Deis ◽  
Oluwatobi Oyedeji ◽  
Hushton Block ◽  
Kateryn Rochon ◽  
Mika Asai-Coakwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Garlic Powder ◽  
Normal Ranges

Abstract Garlic products have been reported to have antimicrobial effects and may trigger anemia in horses, but their direct impact on feedlot cattle has not been detailed. With increased free-choice feeding of garlic-infused mineral supplements to beef cattle, it is important to evaluate this strategy’s impact on the animals’ health and the potential impact on carcass qualities. This 2-yr study recruited 208 crossbred feedlot steers in a supplementation trial using a completely randomized design. Each year, 104 steers were assigned to 1 of 4 groups that received either non-garlic mineral supplement (MS), MS + 0.3% garlic-oil-based premix (GOil), MS + 2.5% garlic powder (LGP), MS + 5% garlic powder (HGP). Feed and supplements were provided on an ad-lib basis and were measured for each steer with automatic feeding units. The study evaluated health indicators such as blood parameters and internal parasites. At harvest, carcass characteristics (including the incidence of liver abscesses) were assessed for all steers. The groups consumed between 156 and 208 g/d of the supplement over the two years, with the MS group having a lower overall supplement intake than other groups. The average daily consumption of garlic products in GOil, LGP, and HGP were approximately 0.6g/d, 5.2g/d, and 10.1g/d, respectively. There was no difference in total fecal egg counts (P = 0.45) among the groups. There was no association between the treatment groups and incidences of liver abscess scores (P = 0.10) nor carcass grade outcomes (P = 0.84). Further, there were no differences in hot carcass weight (P = 0.90), rib eye area (P = 0.34) and carcass backfat thickness (P = 0.99). All blood parameters evaluated were within normal ranges for all groups. The results suggest that infusing commercial garlic products into mineral supplements is not associated with undesirable effects on cattle health or carcass characteristics.

Evaluation of the growth performance and carcass characteristics of lambs produced in Quebec

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hammell ◽  
J. P. Laforest
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Maximum Test ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Sire Breed

Data for a total of approximately 1100 lambs tested in 12 trials from 1992 to 1995 in commercial lamb test stations in Quebec were used to determine the effect of sex, sire breed and genetic type on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Lambs were housed two to a pen and fed commercial diets. Maximum test length was 112 d. Lambs were slaughtered when their liveweight was approximately 47 ± 5 kg for the males and 43 ± 4 kg for the females. Feed intake and growth rate were measured during the test, and carcass measurements were taken at slaughter and at 24 h following slaughter. Feed intake was the average for the pen, while the growth and carcass measurements were taken individually. Males ate more per day, had better gain and were younger at slaughter than females. Females had more body fat and better carcass conformation scores than males. However, males did not have a greater loin muscle thickness compared to females. Lambs sired by Hampshire or Suffolk rams had superior growth performance and leaner carcasses than lambs sired by Dorset rams. However, Hampshire and Suffolk-sired lambs did not have a greater loin muscle thickness compared to Dorset-sired lambs. Analysis of different genetic types did not demonstrate a pronounced effect on lamb performance. No specific genetic composition was clearly superior to the others for the various variables studied. Genetic quality within a breed of sheep bought or kept for reproduction is as important as the choice of breed or the combination of breeds. Key words: Lamb, growth performance, carcass composition

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