scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DIETARY SOURCES AND LEVELS OF FAT ON PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT RETENTION AND BONE MINERALIZATION OF BROILER CHICKS FED TWO LEVELS OF CALCIUM

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. ATTEH ◽  
S. LEESON ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Protein Supplements

It is often reported that oil in full-fat seeds is poorly utilized by chicks. Studies were conducted to note the role of fat-mineral interactions for various oil and fat sources. The effects of dietary animal-vegetable blend fat (AV-blend), soybean oil, canola oil or canola soapstock at 5 or 10% inclusion level in the presence of low (0.8%) or high (1.2%) dietary calcium were investigated using broilers from 0 to 3 wk of age. Birds fed canola oil consumed significantly less feed than birds fed AV-blend fat (P < 0.05). Birds fed soybean oil exhibited a superior feed efficiency (P < 0.05). There was no effect of the dietary levels of fat or calcium on feed intake or feed efficiency (P > 0.05). There was no effect of the dietary treatments on protein retention (> 0.05). However, there was variation among the different sources of fat in their effects on fat retention and excreta soap concentration (P < 0.01). Significant interactions were observed between the dietary sources and levels of fat on calcium and magnesium retention (P < 0.01) and phosphorus retention (P < 0.05). There were also interactions between dietary sources of fat and calcium levels on magnesium and phosphorus retention (P < 0.05) while an interaction was observed between dietary levels of fat and calcium on the metabolizable energy values of the diets (P < 0.05). Birds fed diets with animal-vegetable blend fat had the lowest bone calcium content (P < 0.01). It is concluded from this trial that the problem of fat utilization often observed when full-fat protein supplements are fed to birds, relates to factors other than the type of fat they contain, since oils extracted from these full-fat protein supplements are well utilized. Key words: Fat, calcium, broiler performance, mineral metabolism

THE REPLACEMENT VALUE OF CANOLA MEAL FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN POULTRY DIETS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. LEESON ◽  
J. O. ATTEH ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Poultry Diets

The effects of replacing between 0 and 100% of dietary soybean meal with canola meal was investigated using broiler chicks and laying hens. At the highest inclusion levels, canola meal accounted for 38 and 25% of the diet of broilers and layers, respectively. For broiler chicks, there was no effect of the dietary treatments on feed intake, weight gain or feed efficiency (P > 0.05). Canola meal replaced 100% of dietary soybean meal without any significant effect on protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus or magnesium retention and energy utilization. There was also no significant effect of replacing soybean meal with canola meal on fecal soap concentration, bone ash and bone calcium, phosphorus and magnesium content. There was no significant effect of replacing all dietary soybean meal with canola meal on performance, nutrient retention and bone mineralization in laying hens (P > 0.05). These results suggest that canola meal can replace soybean meal without any adverse effects on general performance, nutrient retention or mineral metabolism of chicks and laying hens. Key words: Canola meal, broiler, layer, performance, nutrient retention

Effects of micronization, tempering, and flaking on the chemical characteristics of wheat and its feeding value for broiler chicks

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Niu ◽  
H. L. Classen ◽  
T. A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Key Words Wheat ◽  
Feeding Value

Five experiments were conducted to study the effects of micronizing, tempering and flaking of wheat (cv. Genesis) on the chemical characteristics and its feeding value for broiler chicks. Samples of wheat were micronized (infrared invisible band with wavelengths of 1.8 to 3.4 µ) at 90, 105, and 120°C for 50 s, with or without tempering to 20% moisture, and with or without flaking. Micronization at 120°C produced negative effects on weight gain and feed efficiency (0–18 d). Tempering reduced protein solubility in 0.2% KOH, increased the solubility of dietary fibre, and increased in vivo digesta viscosity and in vitro extract viscosity as well as diet AME. Flaking wheat had no effect on broiler performance in exps. 3 and 4, but decreased growth rate and feed efficiency in exp. 5 despite improved dietary AME. Flaking decreased protein solubility at 120°C but had little effect at lower temperatures. The lowest protein solubility was found in the sample that was tempered, micronized at 120°C, and then flaked. In conclusion, micronization at 90 and 105°C improved the feeding value of wheat for broiler chickens. Tempering and flaking may be beneficial at lower micronization temperatures, but can result in lower nutritional value at higher micronization temperature. Key words: Wheat, micronization, metabolizable energy, broiler

GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS FED SALINOMYCIN IN DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVELS OF METHIONINE AND ENERGY

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. LEESON ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Male And Female

In trial 1, caged broiler chicks were reared to 28 days on corn-soybean meal diets containing 60 ppm salinomycin or 99 ppm monensin with either 0, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.15% supplemental DL-methionine at metabolizable energy levels of 13.14 or 12.13 MJ/Kg. Monensin, but not salinomycin, depressed (P < 0.01) female body weight. Male birds were influenced by the salinomycin treatment resulting in increased feed efficiency. There were no significant interactions between treatments. Two subsequent trials involved floor-reared male and female birds to 49 days. Diets contained 0 or 60 ppm salinomycin in low (12.01 MJ ME/kg starter, 12.38 MJ ME/kg finisher) or high (13.33 MJ ME/kg starter, 13.63 MJ ME/kg finisher) energy regimens. Methionine levels were adjusted to the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) (1977) level of 1.56 g/4.184 MJ ME as a control treatment. Methionine treatments were obtained by supplementation or not of a corn-soybean meal basal. Salinomycin reduced feed intake (P < 0.01) of both male and female birds, and reduced body weight (P < 0.01) in males. Salinomycin improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency in female birds. High levels of methionine supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake when the diet contained salinomycin, but not without the medication. There was a salinomycin × methionine interaction (P < 0.01) for feed efficiency. Salinomycin resulted in improved (P < 0.01) carcass fleshing grade at the low and standard levels of methionine. Key words: Salinomycin, methionine, broiler chicks, energy

scholarly journals Replacement Of Fish Meal With Maggots In Broiler Diets: Effects On Performance And Nutrient Retention

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Atteh ◽  
F. D. Ologbenla
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Equivalent Weight ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Dietary Fish ◽  
The Cost

The effects of replacing 0, 33.3, 66.7 or 100% of dietary fish meal (9%) with housefly maggots (Musca domestica. Linn) was investigated using broilers from day old to 5 weeks of age.  Increasing the dietary level of maggots reduced feed intake and weight gain while increasing the feed: gain ratio (P>0.05), There was however no significant effect of dietary maggots on mortality rate (P>0.05). Replacement of dietary fish meal with maggots caused significant reduction in nitrogen retention (P<0.05) but an increase in fat retention (P>0.05). There was no significant effect of replacing dietary fish meal with maggots on the metabolizable energy value of the diets (P>0.05).  It is concluded that maggots could replace only 33% of dietary fish meal (9%) without compromising performance and nutrient retention in broiler chicks. The cost of harvesting and processing maggots is about 15% of equivalent weight of fish meal, making even partial replacement of fishmeal with maggots economical.

scholarly journals DETERMIN ATION OF THE APPARENT AND TRUE METABOLISABLE ENERGY VALUE OF THEVETIA OIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
O. A. ADEYEMI ◽  
O. J. ATTEH ◽  
S. A. IBIYEMI
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

An experiment was designed to evaluate the metabolisable energy value of solvent extracted thevetia oil for the chicken. Apart from the metabolisable energy value, the productive performance and nutrient retention was also examined. Day-old broiler chicks were fed diets with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0% thevetia oil over a 2-week period. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) of the treatments on feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency or mortality rate. The apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and the true metabolisable energy (TME) values of thevetia oil were determined to be 7846 and 8016 Kcal/Kg respectively.  

scholarly journals Growth traits and performance of caged Fulani ecotype chickens fed commercial diets meant for broiler and pullet chicks

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
F. E. Sola-Ojo ◽  
K. I. Ayorinde ◽  
A. A. Toye ◽  
S. A. O. Bolu ◽  
I. I. Adedibu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Average Body

Two Hundred and six day old Fulani Ecotype chicks (FEC)were used to investigate the effect of feeding two types of diet (Chick starter diet and Broiler starter diet formulated to meet standard nutritional requirement of pullets and broiler chicks) on growth traits and performance from O to 8 weeks. The broiler starter diet contained 23% Crude Protein (CP) and 3000Kcal/kg Metabolizable Energy (ME), and the Chick starter diet contained 21% CP and 2800Kcal/Kg ME. The growth traits measured were body weight (BW), body length (BL), body girth (BG), wing length (WL), thigh length (TL), drumstick length (DL), keel length (KL), and shank length (SL), while chicks performance were estimated from feed intake. feed efficiency, growth rate and weight gain. Average body weight of chicks fed broiler starter diet were significantly (P<0.05) higher from week 1 to 8. Chicks fed broiler starter diet exhibited numerically higher BL, BG, WL, TL, DL and KL than those fed chick starter diet at all ages and differences were significant (P<0.05) at some ages. Chicks fed broiler starter diet significantly (P<0.05) consumed more feed at week 1 and 2, and they gained more weight than those fed chick starter diet from 0 to 4 weeks (120.51 vs. 97.89g), and 5-8 weeks (255.11 vs. 239.13g). Feed efficiency in chicks fed broiler starter diet was relatively higher by 13.21% than observed in those fed chick starter diet from day old to 4 weeks and this translated to faster growth rate during the period in the former group (34.30% Vs.32.67%). This Study shows that the broiler starter diet produced superior growth traits and better feed efficiency in Fulani Ecotype chicks.

scholarly journals PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF BROILER CHICKENS IN THE TROPICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
M. C. Njike ◽  
L. I. Ndife
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Tropics

An experimental design consisting of four or three protein levels and three energy levels were used to determine the optimum protein and energy requirements for starting broilers (0-6) weeks of age and finishing broilers (6-10) weeks of age. For the starting phase, four protein levels (20, 23, 24 and 26%) and three energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg) were employed, while in the finishing phase three protein levels (18, 20 and 22%) and the same three energy levels as in the starting phase were used. In the two experiments growth rate and feed efficiency improved as protein level increased. The 3000 Keal ME/kg energy level appeared to be the best for maximal growth. Of the four protein levels used for the starting phase, the minimum required for growth was clearly shown to be 23% while 20% was minimum required for the finishing phase. The results of the present studies indicate that the following minimal protein and metabolizable energy levels were required for broiler chicks in the tropics: 23–24% protein with energy level of 2800-3000 Kcal ME/kg for the starting phrase and 20% protein and energy level of 2800 - 3000 Kcal ME/kg for the finishing phase.

Effect of vitamin D3 and strontium on performance, nutrient retention, and bone mineral composition in broiler chickens

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 942 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Browning ◽  
A. J. Cowieson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Bone Composition ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

The therapeutic use of vitamin D3 and strontium has been successful for the treatment of osteoporosis in humans; however, the value of similar strategies in poultry is not clear. Male Ross broiler chicks (n = 216) were used in a 28-day broiler trial to assess effects of vitamin D3 and strontium supplementation on performance, nutrient retention, bone composition, and bone mass. Treatments included an industry-standard control diet and five additional diets where vitamin D3 was added at 5000, 20 000, or 35 000 IU/kg and strontium was added at 0 or 1200 mg/kg in a 3 × 2 factorial design. Broiler chickens supplemented with strontium and additional vitamin D3 did not increase bodyweight; however, there was a significant improvement in feed efficiency at medium levels of vitamin D3, and although not statistically significant, there was also an improvement in feed conversion ratio with strontium supplementation at normal vitamin D3 concentrations. Strontium supplementation at normal levels of vitamin D3 significantly (P < 0.01) increased calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and magnesium retention. A high concentration of vitamin D3 produced a significant improvement in apparent metabolisable energy, protein, and dry matter utilisation in the broiler chicken. Paradoxically, however, there was a detrimental effect of high vitamin D3 on bodyweight and feed efficiency, which was partially ameliorated by strontium supplementation. Strontium addition did not change bone mass but did change bone composition. High levels of vitamin D3 significantly (P < 0.01) reduced bone ash content and increased strontium content of bone. In conclusion, both vitamin D3 and strontium have the potential to positively influence the performance, mineral retention, and bone characteristics of broiler chicks. However, as with calcium and phosphorus, vitamin D3 and strontium interact and so more research is required with strontium on the optimum dose rate and its relationship with vitamin D3, calcium, phosphorus, and IGF-1 in broiler nutrition.

THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF NAKED OATS FOR BROILER CHICKS AS AFFECTED BY DIETARY ADDITIONS OF OAT GUM, ENZYME, ANTIBIOTIC, BILE SALT AND FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. CAVE ◽  
P. J. WOOD ◽  
V. D. BURROWS
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Naked Oats ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Five experiments were conducted with broiler chicks to evaluate naked oat (NO) as a major dietary ingredient and to identify means of ameliorating its growth-depressing effects. Substituting naked oats at concentrations of 0–600 g kg−1 for corn in a broiler starter diet gave a dose-dependent decrease in weight gain and feed efficiency. Incorporation of β-D-glucanase into a NO diet increased growth of chicks presumed by decreasing β-glucan viscosity whereas increasing the β-glucan content of the diet by addition of oat gum or oat brans decreased rate of growth and feed efficiency. Autoclaving NO or supplementing a 600 g kg−1 NO diet with neomycin or penicillin increased weight gains, but feed efficiency effects were inconsistent. True metabolizable energy values for naked oats and oat bran as determined with chicks were 16.2 and 11.5 MJ g−1 dry matter, respectively. True availabilities of energy, ether extract and amino acids were reduced by, respectively, 10, 5 and up to 8% by addition of oat gum to naked oats and, 2.4, 24 and up to 8% by ethanol deactivation of oat bran enzymes. Supplementation of a NO diet with antibiotic, bile salt and water-miscible, fat-soluble vitamins in factorial combination demonstrated that reduced absorption of lipids, including fat-soluble vitamins may decrease energy values and growth in chicks fed naked oats. The β-glucan content of naked oats appears to be the factor responsible for poor utilization of the feedstuff by chicks. The effect of this factor was overcome by treatment with enzyme or to a lesser degree by dietary supplementation with antibiotics, bile salt or fat-soluble vitamins. Key words: Oat (naked), β-glucan, enzyme, autoclaving, bile salt, fat-soluble vitamin phytase, chick

Effect of fish meal on the mobilization of body energy in dairy cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
G. W. Reid ◽  
C. A. G. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fat Mobilization ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Body Energy

ABSTRACTThirty-two Friesian cows in early lactation were divided into four treatment groups to receive ad libitum a mixed diet consisting of silage (0·70) and grain-based concentrate (0·30). Fish meal was subsequently mixed into the diet at levels of 0, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg to provide crude protein concentration (g/kg dry matter) in the complete diets of 156, 181, 200 and 212 respectively. In the 2nd week after calving the yields of fat-corrected milk (FCM) were 28·5, 29·2, 32·0 and 34·9 kg/day for the four levels respectively; at this time, food intake was sufficient only to meet the calculated energy requirement for 15 kg FCM per day. Due to recurring problems with ketosis on the diet containing 120 g fish meal per kg, this treatment was terminated and the experiment continued for 15 weeks with the groups receiving 0, 40 and 80 g/kg fish meal supplements. During this time average yields of FCM were 23·5, 25·6 and 28-0 kg FCM per day respectively and energy intakes were calculated to be sufficient to meet the requirement for 18 kg FCM per day.It appeared possible to increase milk yield by stimulating fat mobilization through giving undegraded protein supplements to underfed cows in early lactation. However, when an excessive mobilization occurred with a high supplement, and when the animals were yielding 15 to 20 kg FCM more than their metabolizable energy intake was calculated to sustain, some cows became ketotic.

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