EFFECT OF GROUP SIZE ON OPERANT HEAT DEMAND OF PIGLETS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. MORRISON ◽  
K. L. LAFOREST ◽  
I. McMILLAN
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Difference

Eighty newly weaned gilts with an average weight of 7.36 kg were randomly allocated to groups of either two, four, six or eight piglets per pen. The different group sizes were repeated four times. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatments (group size) for average total weight gain. There was a difference (P < 0.05) between treatments for the average amount of time (min h−1) of operant supplemental infrared heat demanded by the pigs. There was a difference (P < 0.05) in amount of infrared heat demanded during the day (06:00–18:00 h) vs. night (18:00–06:00 h), (19.07 ± 5.17 vs. 11.27 ± 6.01 min h−1, respectively), for the combined group sizes. There was a difference (P < 0.05) between treatments for the number of overall (24 h) rewarded hits. Both diurnal and overall (24 h) rewarded hits had a significant (P < 0.05) linear trend. For each increase of one pig in the group there was a decrease of 1.56 min h−1 of heat demanded by the pigs. The pigs demanded 32–40% of the total amount of supplementary heat at night. Key words: Group size, operant conditioning, piglet

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GILTS RAISED UNDER SUPPLEMENTARY INFRARED OR MICROWAVE HEAT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. MORRISON ◽  
K. L. LAFOREST ◽  
I. McMILLAN ◽  
L. OTTEN ◽  
D. C. T. PEI
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Reproductive Parameters ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age At First Breeding ◽  
Microwave Heat

Forty-eight newly weaned gilts with an average weight of 7.34 kg were randomly allocated in groups of four to either continuous infrared (CI), operant infrared (OI) or operant microwaves (OM) for 12 or 13 d. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatments for average total weight gain or average feed:gain. Pigs allowed OM demanded heat less often (P < 0.05) than the OI pigs (6.50 min h−1 vs. 14.56 min h−1, respectively). All pigs were then raised under normal conditions until puberty and bred. Various reproductive parameters were studied. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatments for the age of the gilts at first breeding. However, the gilts raised under OM were significantly (P < 0.05) older at time of farrowing than the gilts raised under CI. More of the OM gilts required a second service. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between gilts raised under OM vs. OI, nor between gilts raised under OI vs. CI for age at farrowing. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between replicates for age at first breeding and age at farrowing. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatments or replicates for average number of piglets born alive (overall group mean: 8.5 piglets, ± 2.57), live vs. dead piglets, males vs. females, or average 21-d piglet weights (overall group mean: 5.47 kg, ± 1.00). Key words: Operant conditioning, gilts, microwave, reproduction

scholarly journals Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers fed graded levels of dry distilled cassava with soluble

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 156-161
Author(s):  
O. J. Oyedele ◽  
A. O. Olosunde ◽  
T. A. Otunla ◽  
F. H. A. Ajibogun
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Consommation Alimentaire ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Difference

This study was carried out to investigate the performance of broilers fed graded levels of Dry Distilled Cassava with Soluble (DDCS). In a 28-day trial, one hundred and forty-four (144), 5-week old, un-sexed Arbor acre strain broiler chicks (average weight of 1.09±0.02 kg) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments of wheat offal (WO) and DDCS (12% WO + 0% DDCS = 0% DDCS; 8% WO + 4% DDCS = 4% DDCS; 4% WO + 8% DDCS = 8% DDCS and 0% WO + 12% DDCS = 12% DDCS) in completely randomized design. Each treatment had 2 replicates of 18 birds each. Dry matter feed intake (FI g/day), daily weight gain (g/day) and total weight gain (kg) decreases with increase in the levels of DDCS, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) increases with increase in levels of DDCS, respectively. However, there was no significant (P>0.05) differences in the carcass evaluation measured. It was concluded that DDCS could replace wheat offal in the diets of broilers up to 8% without significant difference in growth and feed intake without detrimental effects on carcass quality of the birds.     Cette étude a été réalisée pour étudier la performance des poulets de chair nourris à des niveaux échelonnés de manioc distillé sec avec soluble (le 'DDCS'). Dans un essai de 28 jours, cent quarante-quatre (144) poussins de chair de la souche Arbor acre non sexés de 5 semaines (poids moyen de 1.09 ± 0.02 kg) ont été répartis au hasard dans quatre traitements diététiques d'abats de blé (WO) et DDCS (12% WO + 0% DDCS = 0% DDCS ; 8% WO + 4% DDCS = 4% DDCS ; 4% WO + 8% DDCS = 8% DDCS et 0% WO + 12% DDCS = 12 % DDCS) dans une conception complètement aléatoire. Chaque traitement comportait 2 répétitions de 18 oiseaux chacun. L'apport alimentaire en matière sèche (FI g / jour), le gain de poids quotidien (g / jour) et le gain de poids total (kg) diminuent avec l'augmentation des niveaux de DDCS, tandis que le taux de conversion alimentaire (FCR) augmente avec l'augmentation des niveaux de DDCS, respectivement. Cependant, il n'y avait aucune différence significative (P> 0.05) dans l'évaluation de la carcasse mesurée. Il a été conclu que le DDCS pouvait remplacer les abats de blé dans l'alimentation des poulets de chair jusqu'à 8% sans différence significative de croissance et de consommation alimentaire sans effets néfastes sur la qualité de la carcasse des oiseaux.

EFFECT OF DURATION OF REWARD UPON OPERANT HEAT DEMAND OF PIGLETS RECEIVING MICROWAVE OR INFRARED HEAT

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. MORRISON ◽  
E. AMYOT ◽  
L. McMILLAN ◽  
L. OTTEN ◽  
D. C. T. PEI
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Experimental Phase ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Operant Procedure

In the conduct of a four-period trial, forty-eight newly weaned piglets were randomly allocated to three treatments: (1) continuous infrared (CI), (2) operant infrared (OI), and (3) operant microwave (OM). The piglets subjected to the operant procedure initially underwent a learning phase, in which activation of a microswitch was associated with the delivery of heat. During the experimental phase, the duration of heat supply for both OI and OM was adjusted to 2, 4, 6 or 8 min according to a Latin square design. Each heat delivery interval lasted 48 h. The piglets responded to increasing duration of heat reward, for both OI and OM conditions, by decreasing (P < 0.05) the number of rewarded activations of the microswitch. It was estimated that for each increase of 1 min in duration of the reward, the piglets voluntarily decreased the number of rewarded activations by approximately 0.32 (P > 0.05) and 0.19 (P < 0.05) activations per hour, for the OI and OM conditions, respectively. Each minute increase in duration of the reward was also associated with a decrease of 1.32 min h−1 (P > 0.05) and 1.39 min h−1 (P < 0.05) of supplemental heat from OI and OM, respectively. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in total weight gain and feed/gain between treatments. Key words: Operant, thermoregulation, piglets, microwave

scholarly journals Performance and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens fed avocado (Persea americana) seed meal based diet

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-193
Author(s):  
O. S. George ◽  
G. H. Allison ◽  
O. A. Ekine
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Average Weight Gain ◽  
Avocado Seed

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of using Avocado seed meal (ASM) as a feed ingredient in broiler chickens feed. One hundred and twenty (120), one day-old cobb breed of broiler chickens were used. There were four (4) experimental diets with diet 1 (T1) serving as the control treatment with no inclusion of avocado seed meal (0.00). Diets 2,3 and 4 contained 0.50,1.00 and 1.50% inclusion of ASM, respectively. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three (3) replicates per treatment. Each treatment had 30 birds with 10 birds per replicate. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in final weight and average weight gain as T2 with 0.50% inclusion of ASM was significantly (P<0.05) higher for final weight (1338.33) and average weight gain (1290.33) than other treatments. While final weight (973.30) and average weight gain (925.33) in T4 with 1.50% inclusion of ASM was significantly lower. There was no significant difference among initial weight, feed intake and FCR. Among all the biochemical parameters observed, only magnesium and urea were significantly different. Mg content was significantly higher in T4 (32.33) and the least was observed in T1 (1.80) while urea content was significantly higher in T1 (1.80) and the least was observed in T3 (1.03). From the performance parameters that was obtained, it was recommended that 0.50% of ASM should be used for broiler production in terms of body weight.

scholarly journals Growth performance of Savanna brown goats fed enzyme treated sawdust diets under intensive managed system

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-263
Author(s):  
A. Ogbiko ◽  
D. N. Tsado ◽  
O. J. Alabi ◽  
T. Z. Adama
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Linear Measurement ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Value Range ◽  
Measurement Height ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to determine the growth performance and correlation matrix ofSavanna Brown goats fed enzyme treated sawdust diets managed intensively. A total of thirty(30) goats weighting between 5.2 and 5.3 kg were arranged in a completely randomizeddesign. The animals were divided into five dietary Treatments (T) groups with threereplications. Treatment one (1) comprises of animals fed 0 % enzyme treated sawdust whileTreatment 2 (T2), Treatment 3 (T3), Treatment 4 (T4) and Treatment 5 (T5) comprises ofanimals fed 10, 20, 30 and 40 % enzyme treated sawdust diets, respectively. Data on growthperformance parameters, body linear measurement (height at wither, body length, chestgirth, hind leg length, fore leg length, facial length) were measured. Growth performancedata were analyzed using one way analysis of variance. The results of growth performancereveled that animals fed 20 % and 40 % had significantly highest value, these trend wasobserved in total weight gain (T3 = 4900g and T5 = 4833g), average weight gain (T3 = 50gand T5 = 49.32g), total fed intake (T3 = 2956.20 and T5 = 2709.30g) and average feed intake(T3 = 211.16g and T5 = 193.52g). However, in feed conversion ration no significantdifference was observed across all the treatment groups as the value range between 3.87 inanimals fed 40 % to 7.12 in those fed 10 % enzyme treated sawdust diet. A positive andsignificant correlation was observed between body weight and chest girth with highestcorrelations in animals fed 20 % enzyme treated sawdust (0.97). It was therefore concludedthat enzyme treated sawdust can be used in the diets of Savanna Brown goats up to 40 %replacement for maize offal for optimum performance

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF POPULATION DENSITY ON THE GROWTH AND EGG-LAYING CAPACITY OF THE AFRICAN GIANT LAND SNAIL Archachatina marginata (Swainson) RAISED IN CAPTIVITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
Y. AKEGBEJO-SAMSONS ◽  
O. AKINNUSI
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Land Snail ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Average Weight Gain

The effects of the population density of adult African, giant land snail, Archachatina marginata on the egg-laying capacity and the growth of the brooders and hatchlings were investigated for 9 months. Ten culture pens were stocked with snails at 20%, 40%, 50%, 80% and 100% capacity with each group in 2 replicates. Average weight gain of brooders was highest in pens stocked at 40% population density while the lowest was in pen stocked at 100%. Average number of eggs laid per snail and average number of eggs per pen followed the same trend in the study. The highest average number of eggs laid per pen was obtained in pens stocked at 60% population density (586) while the least was from pens at 20% population density. The result was the same for the average number of eggs laid per snail i.e. 7.5 eggs in pens stocked at 60% and 4.1 eggs in pens stocked at 20%. There was no significant difference in the weights of hatchlings in the different pens.

scholarly journals Use of Duddingtonia flagrans in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of feedlot goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 915
Author(s):  
Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela ◽  
Thais Ferreira Feitosa ◽  
Fabio Ribeiro Braga ◽  
Antonielson dos Santos ◽  
Roberto Alves Bezerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alginate Matrix

This study aimed to evaluate the use of a sodium alginate matrix-pelletized formulation of Duddingtonia flagrans for biological control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in feedlot goats in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. We used 20 Saanen female goats (age, 4 months; average weight, 12 kg) that did not receive anthelmintic treatment and had counting of eggs per gram of faeces (EPGs) ? 500. The animals were divided into two groups: in group 1 (D. flagrans group), each animal received 3 g of pellets (0.6 g of D. flagrans mycelium) per 10 kg of body weight, twice a week, over 4 months; and in group 2 (control group), each animal received 3 g of pellets without fungus per 10 kg of body weight, twice a week, over 4 months. Each group was maintained in a separate 15-m2 stall. Larval cultures and measurements of weight, EPG, and packed cell volume (PCV) were performed every 15 days. We observed low EPG levels in the D. flagrans group throughout the experimental period, with a significant difference (p < 0.05) on day 30 and from day 60, having, at the end of the experiment, average OPG values of only 150, reduction of 92.3% when compared to control group. Haemonchus sp. was the most prevalent helminth in all larval cultures. The D. flagrans group showed a mean weight gain of 8.8 kg at the end of the experiment (p < 0.05), while the control group showed a mean weight gain of 4.8 kg. The best PCV results (p < 0.05) were also observed in the D. flagrans group from day 30. Thus, the use of D. flagrans pellets in a sodium alginate matrix was effective in controlling gastrointestinal nematodiasis of feedlot goats in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil.

A Comparison of Lenient and Strict Operant Conditioning Programmes in Refeeding Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

1984 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Touyz ◽  
P. J. V. Beumont ◽  
D. Glaun ◽  
T. Phillips ◽  
I. Cowie
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Nursing Time ◽  
Significant Difference

SummaryThe present paper compares a lenient and a strict operant conditioning programme in refeeding patients with anorexia nervosa. Sixty-five consecutive in-patients participated in the study. We found no significant difference in the rate of weight-gain between the two treatments. There were, however, a number of practical advantages in using the more lenient programme: it was more economical of nursing time, and patients were more accessible to psychotherapy. The programme was also more acceptable to the patients.

scholarly journals REHABILITATION CENTER FOR NUTRITION: A NOVEL APPROACH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinakini P. Solanki ◽  
Priti P Patel ◽  
Vijay Shah
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Rehabilitation Center ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Average Weight Gain

Introduction:  Malnutrition is a pathological state of deficiency or excess of nutrients. Under-nutrition indicates a state wherein the weight for age, height for age, and weight for height indices are below-2 Z-score of the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) norms. In children aged <5 years under nutrition is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. There is significant increase in the risk of case fatality rate in severe acute malnutrition (SAM) children suffering from diarrhoea, measles, and pneumonia. Revised estimates with the use of the new WHO Child Growth Standards in developing country situations has resulted in a 2–4 times increase in the number of infants and children falling below-three standard deviation (3SD) weight for height/length as compared to that of using the former NCHS reference. Material and Methods:  The study was conducted on sample size of 100 children and were then followed up for the period of 2 months to assess the nutritional status during the period of initial stay and the entire follow-up period using available records of anthropometric indicators of the admitted children recruited in the study at the Nutrition Rehabilitation Center (NRC). Weight at admission and discharge and daily weights were recorded from the NRC registers; average weight gain was calculated. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study of which 54 (54%) were girls and 46 (46%) were boys. The mean age duration for the entire group was 26.45 ± 12.23 months; for boys 25.87 ± 12.54 months and for girls 23.66 ± 12.88 months. 51% of the parents of the admitted children were illiterate, 48% had received education up to primary school, and 1% of the parents were graduates. 49% of the parents of the admitted children were daily wage labourers, while 36% of the mothers were housewives. The average weight gain for the study group during their stay at the centers was 9.34 ± 4.33 g/kg/day; for boys the average weight gain being 8.11 ± 5.27 g/kg/day and for girls 10.29 ± 5.99 g/kg/day. The mean MUAC at admission was 11.38 ± 0.96 cm and at discharge it was 11.99 ± 1.68 cm. The difference was observed to be statistically significant (P<0.001). Dropout rates of 10%, 32%, 48%, and 70% were obtained for the four follow-up visits conducted 15 days, 30days, 45  days , and 60 days from the day of discharge. Conclusion: Children belonging to illiterate mothers have the highest rates of malnutrition. There was a significant difference between mean weight at discharge and the mean weight at admission for the entire study group which is really satisfying the need of NRC.

NUTRIENT INTAKE, GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS YIELD OF WEANER RABBITS FED GRADED LEVELS OF DRIED CITRUS (C. sinensis) PULP

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
O. O ONI ◽  
O. M.O, IDOWU ◽  
J. A. OLANITE ◽  
A. M. BAMGBOSE
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A study was conducted to investigate the response of weaner rabbits to graded dietary replacement of wheat offal with dried citrus pulp (DCP) at 0, 10, 20 and 30% (weight/weight) respectively .A total of Sixty-four, male and female weaner rabbits of 56 days old, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with sixteen rabbits each and consisting of four rabbits per replicate in a completely ran- domized design. The study lasted for 112 days during which data was obtained on nutrient intake, performance characteristics and carcass yield. The crude protein intake of the rabbits decreased (P<0.05) significantly as the DCP inclusion in the diets increased. There were significant (P<0.01) differences in the values obtained for the final weight, total weight gain, average weight gain, meta- bolic weight gain and growth rate across the treatment groups. The growth rate was 10.29 g/d in the control fed rabbits but further decreased with increasing level of DCP in the diets with values of 11.29, 6.30 and 5.80g/d obtained respectively for rabbit fed with 10%, 20%, and 30% DCP inclusion level. The lowest feed conversion ratio was obtained at the 0% level of DCP inclusion. The retail cut parts indicated a significant (P<0.05) difference in the values for rack and ranged from 11.92 to 18.06g. It was concluded that although, rabbits fed with control diet had the highest overall performance, 10% dietary inclusion of DCP supported improved growth and better carcass yield.

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