ONTOGENY OF TEAT FIDELITY IN PIGS AND ITS RELATION TO COMPETITION AT SUCKLING

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE MARIE B. DE PASSILLÉ ◽  
JEFFREY RUSHEN ◽  
THOMAS G. HARTSOCK
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

The suckling behavior of 55 piglets from six litters was observed daily from birth to 10 d of age to describe the development of teat preference, teat fidelity and teat disputes and to relate these to weight gain. The percentage of piglets suckling from only one teat pair on each day increased from less than 5% on day 1 to 85% on day 10. By 3 d of age, the piglets had chosen their preferred teat pair, since 75% kept the same preferred teat pair between 3 and 10 d of age. The mean percent of nursings on the preferred teat pair increased from 50 to 86% during the first 3 d, and reached 95% on day 10. Teat disputes were most frequent on day 1 and missed nursings most frequent on day 2; frequency of both decreased as the piglets aged. On day 1, piglets that won most of their teat disputes suckled more frequently and had greater 3-d weight gains. After day 1, piglets that gained more weight were more consistent in the use of their preferred teat, pair, had fewer teat disputes and missed fewer nursings. Success at teat disputes was not related to weight gain after day 3. Typically, piglets suckled successfully; most of the variation in suckling behavior was due to the existence of "problem" pigs that were inconsistent in their use of teats, and were involved in teat disputes and missed nursings. Anterior teats were used more often. Piglets suckling from teats in the middle of the udder had a lower teat fidelity than those suckling at either end. Piglets suckling anterior teats gained more weight only between days 4 and 6. This effect disappeared once initial body weight and missed nursings were accounted for. We suggest that a high level of teat fidelity is an advantage to piglets because it reduces teat disputes and the chance of missing nursings. Key words: Piglet, suckling behavior, weight gain, teat order, fighting, teat disputes

VARIATION IN PIGLET WEIGHTS: WEIGHT GAINS IN THE FTRST DAYS AFTER BIRTH AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH LATER PERFORMANCE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. THOMPSON ◽  
DAVID FRASER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Average Gain ◽  
Variable Weight ◽  
Weight Gains

Piglets from 42 litters of Yorkshire sows were weighed 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 14 d after farrowing in order to explore the highly variable weight gains during the first 2 wk after birth. All litters were adjusted to 10–12 piglets by fostering. Litters differed greatly in average gain per piglet during the first 3 d after farrowing, with litter means ranging from 5 to 227 g d−1 per piglet for the 3-d period. Gains during days 0–3 tended to be somewhat lower if the sow had a high body temperature during these days, but the correlation was not high (r = −0.35; P < 0.05). Compared to litters with high average gains during days 0–3, litters with low gains during this period continued to have lower average gains during days 3–14 (P < 0.05) and had higher within-litter variation in gain (P < 0.01). On a within-litter basis, weight gain during the first days after farrowing was only weakly correlated with the day 14 weight of individual piglets. Low average gain by a litter in the first 3 d after birth is probably due to low initial milk yield by the sow, and likely indicates a poor start to the sow's lactation. Early identification of litters with low initial gains might allow remedial action to reduce the problems of high mortality and low, variable gains later in lactation. Key words: Piglet, body weight, suckling behavior, agalactia, mortality

Changes in the body composition of beef cattle during compensatory growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTForty-two weaned suckled Charolais-cross steers were used to measure changes in body composition during compensatory growth in growing cattle. Six cattle were slaughtered initially and the remaining 36 allocated to either a low level of feeding to 350 kg live weight followed by a high level (LH) or a high level of feeding throughout (HH). Above 350 kg live weight, food intake on both treatments was the same at any given live weight. Six cattle were slaughtered from each treatment at 350, 400 and 450 kg live weight. From initial live weight (259 kg) to 350 kg, live-weight gains were 0·45 and 0·78 kg/day for the LH and HH treatments respectively (P < 0·001). From 350 to 400 kg live weight, live-weight gains were 1·35 and 0·98 kg/day (P < 0·01) for the LH and HH cattle respectively, while from 400 to 450 kg live weight there was no significant difference (1·38 v. 1·20 kg/day). The LH cattle contained less fat in the empty body than the HH cattle at 350 kg (118 v. 153 g/kg; P < 0·05) and 400 kg live weight (117 v. 169 g/kg; P < 0·01), but at 450 kg there was no significant difference between treatments. From 350 to 400 kg live weight the composition of the empty body-weight gain was 663 g water, ' 108 g fat and 216 g protein per kg in the LH cattle and 422 kg water, 311 g fat and 173 g protein in the HH cattle. From 400 to 450 kg live weight the equivalent figures were 491, 291, 156 g/kg for the LH cattle and 744, 67 and 203 g/kg for the HH cattle. The results demonstrate that following a period of food restriction the empty body-weight gain of cattle initially comprises increased proportions of protein and water and a reduced proportion of fat compared with unrestricted cattle when both are given the same amount of food and compared at the same weight. There then follows a second phase in which the proportion of fat increases and the proportions of protein and water decrease.

scholarly journals Photoperiod on growth and egg characteristics of the white leghorn chicken

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Abdul Muumin Sadick ◽  
Iddrisu Mubarik ◽  
Dennis Kodzo Awalime ◽  
Rebecca Akumbilim ◽  
Philip Larweh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Final Body Weight

One hundred and twenty (120) 16 weeks old White Leghorn layer breeds were used for the study. The objective of the study was to determine effect of photoperiod on layer chicken. The research was carried out at the Poultry Section of the Animal farm of the Department of Animal Science Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Mampong. Four treatments made up of 12 hours of light, 14 hours of light, 16 hours of light and 18 hours of light were used for the study. Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design. Birds were exposed equally to common daylight and in the evenings, lights were turned on at specified periods. Growth parameters measured were initial body weight, daily feed intake, daily weight gain and final body weight. Egg traits measured were egg weight, albumen height, yolk color and yolk weight. The data collected were analyzed using General Linear Model procedure of Statistical Analysis System. Results from the study indicated that, varied photoperiod regimes had no significant (P>0.05) effect on initial body weight, daily feed intake but had significant (P<0.05) effect on daily weight gain and final body weight of growth traits. Photoperiod had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the egg characteristics of the white Leghorn layer bird. It was concluded from the study that, increasing photoperiod had no positive effect on growth and egg characteristics of the white Leghorn layer.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary supplementation of biofloc meal on growth and survival of GIFT tilapia

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Prabu ◽  
C.B.T Rajagopalsamy ◽  
B. Ahilan ◽  
Jegan Michael Andro Jeevagan ◽  
M. Renuhadevi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Gift Tilapia ◽  
The Mean

A 60 days indoor growth trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of biofloc meal on growth and survival of juvenile GIFT tilapia. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets (32% crude protein) were prepared using biofloc meal at different inclusion levels viz., 0 (T0), 20 (T1), 30 (T2) and 40% (T3). A commercial diet (T4) was used for comparison. The feeding trial was conducted in 15 nos. of 40 l plastic troughs in triplicate, utilising GIFT tilapias weighing an average of 2 g. During the experimental period, water quality parameters were measured and recorded daily. The mean value of water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, hardness and alkalinity recorded in the experimental systems were 28.5°C, 8.1, 5.5 ppm, 4.5 ppt, 0.03 ppm, 0.07 ppm, 11 ppm, 630 ppm and 162.5 ppm respectively. Among the biofloc meal enriched diets, diet T1 with 20% biofloc yielded the best results in terms of average body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency ratio (FER). The mean body weight gain recorded in T1 was 25.28±0.81 g. The results demonstrated that biofloc meal is a potential ingredient that can be incorporated in GIFT tilapia diet at 20% level for better growth performance.

Dental Psychological Stress or Phobia among Orthodontic Patients of Mardan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3442-3443
Author(s):  
Nazish Falak ◽  
Sadia Nisar Ahmed ◽  
Syed Shah Faisal Jan ◽  
Haris . ◽  
Alina Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Dental Procedure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Objective: To assess the psychological stress or phobia due to dental procedure among patients. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthodontic, Bacha Khan College of Dentistry/Medical Teaching Institute, Mardan from 1st January 2020 to 31st August 2021. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients coming for orthodontal treatment with age between 12-31 years were enrolled. The demographic and psychological stress information was recorded. Results: There were more females (65%) than males (35%). The mean age was 15.5±3.2 years. About 82.5% patients reported high level of psychological stress or phobias towards dental treatments while 19.1% were those who had moderate psychological stress or phobias. Majority of the patient’s fear of pain was between 12-17 years. Patients having highest anxiety also belonged to the same group Conclusion: Dental phobias and fears are widespread among patients seeking dental treatments. Orthodontists should recognize the dental phobias and fears so they efficiently interconnect with the patients. Key words: Orthodontic treatment, Pain, Dental phobia

Factorial and discriminant analysis on non-carcass components of Berganês lambs from different sexual classes and crossbreeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
José Renaldo Vilar da Silva Filho ◽  
João Bandeira de Moura Neto ◽  
Lays Thayse Alves dos Santos ◽  
Clebson Oliveira Ferreira ◽  
Rafael Torres de Souza Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Statistics ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Santa Inês ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
By Products

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the non-carcass components (NCC) of Berganês ecotype lambs of different sexual classes and genotypes using univariate and multivariate statistics, carrying out two experimental trials. In order to evaluate the effects of the sexual class, non-castrated males (BNC), castrated males (BC) and females (BF) of Berganês ecotype lambs were used, with mean initial body weight of 27 ± 3.1 kg. To evaluate crossbreeding, non-castrated male lambs of the genotypes Berganês (BG), Berganês × Santa Inês (BSI) and Berganês × Dorper (BD) were used, as well as the control Dorper × Santa Inês (DSI), all with mean initial body weight of 28 ± 3.8 kg. The weight and yield of the total by-products was higher for BNC. Regarding the genotype, BSI showed higher weight and yield of internal fat, but the weight and yield of the total by-products was higher for BG and BD. In factorial analysis (FA), the NCC, more correlated with empty body weight (EBW) and total weight gain (TWG), showed higher eigenvectors for factor 1. For factor 2, the weights and yields of internal fat and total viscera obtained higher eigenvectors. The discriminant analysis (DA) classified 100% of individuals in their respective sexes and genotypes. Therefore, the FA indicated that, among the NCC evaluated, the weights of liver, kidneys, GIT, skin and feets are determinant for obtaining EBW and TWG. The classification achieved by the DA indicates that the sexual classes and genotypes are heterogeneous.

The effects of implanting prepuberal dairy heifers with anabolic steroids on live-weight gain, blood and urine composition and milk yield

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Little ◽  
R. M. Kay ◽  
D. J. Harwood ◽  
R. J. Heitzman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Urine Composition ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYTwenty-seven British Friesian heifer calves were housed as a group but fed individually barley-lucerne pellets according to a scale related to body weight. At 16 weeks and again at 31 weeks of age nine calves were implanted subcutaneously at the base of the ear with 300 mg trenbolone acetate (group T), nine calves were similarly implanted with 140 mg trenbolone acetate and 20 mg oestradiol-17/? (group TE) and the remaining nine calves were sham implanted (group C).As a result of increased feed conversion ratios, body-weight gains were significantly greater in group T (0–80 kg/day) and group TE (0–87 kg/day) than in group C (0–72 kg/ day) during the 15 weeks following the second implant, but there was no significant difference between groups following the first implant.Following both implants in groups T and TE the mean concentrations of urea and albumin in serum decreased, and that of globulin increased. The mean urea: creatinine ratio in the urine of animals in groups T and TE relative to that in group C also decreased.The heifers were served by an Aberdeen Angus bull at the first and, when they occurred, subsequent oestruses. Following calving the mean milk yields in the first lactation in group T (641 kg in 96 days) and group TE (1993 in 212 days) was considerably lower than in group C (3636 kg in 293 days). The udder size in both groups of animals treated with the anabolic steroids was markedly reduced. It is concluded that despite an improvement in feed conversion ratios and body-weight gains, trenbolone acetate should not be administered to prepuberal heifers which will be retained for breeding and milk production.

scholarly journals Detection of Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript in the abomasum of slaughtered bulls with different daily body weight gains

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Młynek ◽  
Izabela Janiuk
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stomach Emptying

Despite numerous published studies, the relationship between the amount of secreted cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript and the daily body weight gain has still not been well explained. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript in the outlet wall of the abomasum of bulls with different daily weight gains. The study was performed on 15 bulls, breed crosses of local black and white milk cattle and Limousin bulls. The animals were slaughtered at the mean age of 543–549 days and body weight of 441.0–491.4 kg. Fragments of the outlet wall of the abomasum were sampled for analyses during routine slaughter. Immunohistochemical assays showed that slowly growing bulls (803 g/day) had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) fewer positive structures of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (by 1.65 × on average) compared to bulls with large daily weight gains (905 g/day). This tendency was also observed in the case of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript distribution in particular layers of the abomasum wall. The most numerous positive structures of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript were found in the nerve fibres of the muscularis and in the muscle plexus, whereas they were evidently less numerous in the submucous plexus. Our results suggest that the number of cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript immunopositive structures is associated with the growth intensity of the animals, and frequent occurrence of this neuropeptide in the nerve fibres and the muscular plexus proves its role in the control of stomach emptying.

scholarly journals CONDITION SCORE, BODY WEIGHT AND HIP HEIGHT AS PREDICTORS OF GAIN IN VARIOUS BREED CROSSES OF YEARLING STEERS ON PASTURE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 837-842
Author(s):  
R. K. HAND ◽  
S. R. GOULD ◽  
J. A. BASARAB ◽  
D. F. ENOSTROM
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Breed Crosses

Condition score, initial body weight and weight to hip height ratio were each negatively related to yearling steer gain on pasture but these relationships were too small to be of practical predictive value. Gain in the early part of the pasture season was a better predictor. A significant relationship (r = 0.71–0.86, P < 0.001) was noted between condition score and weight to hip height ratio. Key words: Yearling steers, condition score, hip height, pasture

scholarly journals Clinical examination of weanling rats with early zinc deficiency

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Van Herck ◽  
J. P. Van Wouwe ◽  
M. Veldhuizen ◽  
V. Baumans ◽  
F. R. Stafleu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Zinc Deficient Diet

In order to gain experience about the detection of adverse effects during a scientific procedure, we carried out a clinical examination of rats with zinc deficiency. In weanling rats fed a zinc-deficient diet (30 μmol zinc/kg) for 10 days, the mean tibial concentration of zinc was reduced by 53% and body weight gain by 73070 when compared with rats fed a diet containing an adequate amount of zinc (150 μmol zinc/kg). In a small open field on day 9 of the experiment, the deficient rats more frequently displayed the posture standing upright with elevated heels. On day 10 of the experiment a clinical examination was carried out at random and 'blind' by three independent assessors. Out of 20 variables scored quantitatively on each individual animal, only body size differed between normal and deficient rats. Other classical signs of zinc deficiency, such as alopecia, dermatitis and diarrhoea, were not detected. It is concluded that in this rat model of zinc deficiency, no evidence for extreme discomfort can be demonstrated.

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