ANDROSTENONE, ANDROSTENOL AND ODOR INTENSITY IN BACKFAT OF 100- AND 130-KG BOARS AND GILTS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. BRENNAN ◽  
P. J. SHAND ◽  
M. FENTON ◽  
L. L. NICHOLLS ◽  
F. X. AHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Internal Standard ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Odor Intensity ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Trained Panel ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Odor Score ◽  
Soldering Iron ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Carcasses

Forty-nine boars and 13 gilts were fed ad libitum from 20 to 100 kg body weight. Fifteen boars and four gilts were slaughtered at 100 kg and the remaining animals were fed ad libitum or at 70% of ad libitum feed intake from 100 kg liveweight until they were slaughtered at 130 kg. Backfat samples were collected from the lumbar region of all pig carcasses at both slaughter weights, vacuum packaged and stored at −20 °C. Fat samples (10 g) were saponified and extracted with hexane and ether. Extracts were evaporated under nitrogen, and androstenol (5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol; 5α-androst-16-en-3β-ol) and androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one; 5β-androst-16-en-3-one) were quantified by gas chromatography using 5α-androstane-3, 17-dione as internal standard. A trained panel of eight women scored the odor intensity of each fat sample on a scale of 1 (no odor) to 6 (strong odor). Androstenone was detected in backfat from all boars and concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 3.42 μg g−1 of fat with a mean value of 0.76 (±0.10, SEM) μg g−1. Five boars had no detectable backfat androstenol while the highest concentration recorded was 1.8 μg g−1 fat. Neither steroid was detected in gilt backfat. Odor intensity of fat samples heated by soldering iron or in sealed vials was greater (P < 0.01) for boars than for gilts. Boars weighing 100 kg had lower (P < 0.05) backfat odor intensity score and androstenone concentration than 130-kg boars. Androstenol concentration and odor intensity of fat were significantly correlated (r = 0.42; P < 0.05) with age of ad libitum fed boars. There was a significant quadratic response of odor intensity determined by vial test to increasing androstenol concentration in fat (R2 = 50%) but the relationship between odor score and steroid content was otherwise linear. The concentration of androstenol in boar backfat was only one-half of the androstenone concentration but it explained some variation in odor score over and above (7–16%) that which was explained by androstenone. Key words: Boar, odor, androstenone, androstenol, backfat

Genome size and nucleotypic variation in Malus germplasm

Genome ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schuyler S. Korban ◽  
Wannasiri Wannarat ◽  
Charlotte M. Rayburn ◽  
Tatiana C. Tatum ◽  
A. Lane Rayburn
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Malus Species ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Stomatal Length

The genus Malus has anywhere between 25 and 33 species along with several subspecies. Malus species as well as clones within the same species have varying ploidy levels, as these are more than likely collected from different trees and (or) from different locations. In recent years, large numbers of Malus germplasm accessions have been collected and maintained at the United States National Germplasm Clonal Repository; however, genome sizes of this material have not yet been determined. In this study, leaf tissues from young grafted trees of 100 Malus species and hybrids growing in a nursery at the University of Illinois were collected and immediately used for extracting nuclei. Leaf tissues from apple and maize line W-22, used as an internal standard, were co-chopped and prepared for flow cytometric analysis. Apple nuclei were stained with propidium iodide, an intercalating dye, and a minimum of 8000 nuclei per sample were analyzed. Mean fluorescence of apple nuclei was then determined. A total of four replications per sample was used. Among 100 Malus accessions analyzed, one tetraploid, three triploid, and 96 diploid genotypes were identified. Significant differences in genome size were identified among the three ploidy types observed and also within diploid genotypes. The 2C mean value for tetraploids was 3.13 pg and ranged from 2.27 to 2.41 pg for triploids, whereas 2C values for diploids ranged between 1.44 and 1.72 pg. In addition, leaf impressions of young, fully expanded leaves were collected from young trees of 10 selected genotypes based on their ploidy and flow cytometric analysis and used to measure the nucleotypic parameter stomatal length. Ten stomata were measured per slide, three slides were analyzed per leaf, and three leaves were analyzed per accession. Overall, mean length of stomata ranged between 19.47 μm (diploid) and 27.6 μm (tetraploid), indicating that stomatal length in a tetraploid Malus genotype was 1.4-fold higher than that of a diploid genotype. A positive correlation between genome size and the nucleotypic parameter stomatal length was observed.

scholarly journals PENGARUH AKUPRESUR TITIK BLADDER 23 TERHADAP INTENSITAS NYERI PUNGGUNG BAWAH IBU HAMIL TRIMESTER III DI UPTD PUSKESMAS I DENPASAR UTARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Putu Sentania Widhi Permana Putri ◽  
Ni Wayan Suarniti ◽  
Ni Nyoman Budiani
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pharmacological Method

Nyeri punggung bawah pada kehamilan digambarkan sebagai nyeri pada daerah lumbar, diatas sakrum yang menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan selama kehamilan. Akupresur titik bladder 23 merupakan metode non-farmakologi yang dapat mengurangi nyeri punggung bawah. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh akupresur titik bladder 23 terhadapintensitas nyeri punggung bawah ibu hamil trimester III di UPTD Puskesmas I Dinas Kesehatan Kecamatan Denpasar Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pre eksperimental dengan rancangan one grup pretest-posttest design.Sampel yang digunakan yaitu 12 orang ibu hamil trimester III dengan usia kehamilan 37-39 minggu dan di pilih secara purposive sampling. Data diambil dengan melakukan observasi intensitas nyeri punggung bawah sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan akupresur titik bladder 23. Responden melakukan akupresur sebanyak dua kali seminggu dengan durasi dua detik sebanyak 30 kali tekanan. Hasil intensitas nyeri punggung bawah sebelum perlakuan diperoleh nilai mean 4,17 dan setelah perlakuan berubah menjadi 2,67 dengan nilai ρ = 0,000 < α (0,05) dan nilai t (9,950). Simpulannya adalah ada pengaruh akupresur titik bladder 23 terhadap intensitas nyeri punggung bawah ibu hamil trimester III di UPTD Puskesmas I Dinas Kesehatan Kecamatan Denpasar Utara.Lower back pain in pregnancy described as pain in the lumbar region, above the sacrum which causes discomfort during pregnancy.Acupressurepoint bladder 23 is a non-pharmacological method that canreduce low back pain.This study aims to determine the effect of acupressure point bladder 23 on the low back pain level in third semester pregnant women in UPTD Puskesmas I of the Health Departement of North Denpasar. This is pre-experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design. The samples were 12pregnant women on third trimester with 37-39 weeks gestational age and were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected byobserving the intensity of low back pain before and after treatment. Respondents did acupressure twice a week with the duration two seconds for each 30 times pressure. The results of low back pain intensity before treatment obtained a mean value of 4.17 and after the treatment there was reduce to 2.67 with a value of ρ = 0,000 <α (0.05) and t value (9,950). The conclusion is that there is an influence of acupressurepoint bladder 23 on the low back painintensityin third trimester pregnant women in UPTD Puskesmas I of the Health Departement of North Denpasar.  

Gas-chromatographic determination of 5-fluorocytosine in human serum.

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 772-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Harding ◽  
G F Johnson ◽  
H M Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Trimethylsilyl Derivative ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method

Abstract We describe a sensitive and precise gas-chromatographic method, in which cytosine is used as the internal standard, for determination of an antifungal agent, 5-fluorocytosine, in serum. The trimethylsilyl derivative of this drug is well separated from the internal standard and from normal serum constituents. Amphotericin B does not interfere with the determination of 5-fluorocytosine. The lower limit of detection for 5-fluorocytosine is 1 mg/liter when 200 mul of serum is analyzed. Within-run precision (CV), established by analysis of 10 replicates, was 4.5% at a concentration of 19.9 mg/liter. Twenty-five serum samples were analyzed for 5-fluorocytosine by a microbiological assay and by the gas-chromatographic method. Mean value observed with the bioassay was 78.5 mg/liter and with our procedure was 69.4 mg/liter. When values for our assay were regressed against values for the bioassay, slope of the least-squares line was 0.85, intercept was 2.7 mg/liter, and r was 0.93.

scholarly journals Effects of feed intake on composition of sheep rumen contents and their microbial population size

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Rodríguez ◽  
J. González ◽  
M. R. Alvir ◽  
R. Redondo ◽  
C. Cajarville
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Apparent Reduction ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Sheep Rumen ◽  
Microbial N

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of feed intake on the composition of the rumen contents of sheep and on their bacterial densities. Whole rumen contents were sampled after a period of continuous inter-rumen infusion of15NH3from four rumen-cannulated wethers successively fed on a hay–concentrate diet (2:1, / on a DM basis) at two rates of feed intake: 40 and 80 g D/g body weight0·75. Total weight and chemical composition of rumen contents, as well as the distribution by size and chemical composition of particles, were determined. The populations of bacteria associated with the liquid (liquid-associated bacteria, LAB) and solid (solid-associated bacteria, SAB) fractions of rumen digesta and the distribution of SAB according to feed particle size were also examined. The greater feed intake caused an increase in the mass of the rumen contents, while its chemical composition did not change, except for a higher content of organic matter (P=0·023). The distribution of feed particles by size was similar at both levels of intake. The concentrations of neutral- and acid-detergent fibre in feed particles decreased and those of total, dietary, and microbial N increased, both with a quadratic response (P=0·001), as particle size decreased. The proportion of LAB in the microbial biomass of rumen digesta reached only 8·0 %. This proportion and the density of LAB were unaffected by the level of feed intake, whereas an apparent reduction (10·4 %) occurred with the SAB biomass in whole rumen contents. A systematic, but not significant, reduction (mean value 11·9 %) in the level of microbial colonisation in the different particle fractions with the increase of feed intake was also observed.

Lactation pattern in Scottish Blackface and East Friesland × Scottish Blackface cross-bred ewes

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Peart ◽  
J. M. Doney ◽  
W. F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Cross

SummaryMilk yield of 2-year-old Scottish Blackface and of East Friesland × Scottish Blackface ewes rearing single or twin lambs was estimated by the oxytocin method on 1 day each week up to the 14th week of lactation. Both groups of ewes had been reared from birth under good nutritional conditions. They were housed in individual pens from mid-pregnancy and offered a liberal ration of a pelleted concentrate food until parturition. Similar food was offered ad libitum during lactation.The cross-bred ewes rearing singles or twins produced significantly more milk in the first 12 weeks (181 and 258 kg respectively) than did pure Blackface ewes in the same period (144 and 208 kg respectively). The pattern of lactation differed between breeds. Cross-bred ewes attained higher maximum yields between the second and sixth weeks (2·37 and 3·32 kg/day, respectively, for single- and twin-suckled ewes) than did the Blackface ewes (1·97 and 2·88 kg/day). The yield from the cross-breds was sustained at a higher level throughout lactation. In the third 4-week period cross-bred ewes rearing single and twin lambs produced 116 and 92%, respectively, of their yield in the first 4 weeks whilst Blackface ewes produced 87 and 65%, respectively.In the sixth week of lactation the milk produced by the two breed groups was similar in quality (mean value of solids-not-fat 11·04% and fat 5·48%) but by the 11th week the fat percentage of milk produced by Blackface ewes had increased significantly to 7·34% whereas that of the cross-breds had remained almost unchanged.Single-suckled ewes gained weight throughout lactation but twin-suckled ewes remained relatively constant. Lambs reared as singles by cross-bred or Blackface ewes reached a mean live weight of 36·2 and 35·0 kg at 102 days of age, respectively, compared with 33·6 and 30·1 kg for twin lambs. Food intake of all ewes increased until the fifth or sixth week of lactation.

COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATING LEAN CONTENT OF HOG CARCASSES

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. FREDEEN ◽  
G. M. WEISS
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Design Capacity ◽  
Comparison Of Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Pig Carcasses ◽  
Specific Definition ◽  
Variance Explained

A population of 2670 pig carcasses was used for comparing three techniques, ruler, ultrasonic and the Danish MFA probe, for prediction of lean yield. The best single fat measurements, all of equal validity, were MFA and ruler at the midline over the gluteus medius and ultrasonic fat measured lateral to the midline in the lumbar region. For each technique, the prediction precision provided by the best single fat measurement was improved by the addition of other fat or lean measurements to the regression equation. The MFA, used to its design capacity of three fat and one lean measurement, predicted 64.6% of the variance in lean content of the lean cuts (ham, loin and shoulder). This reduced to 59.5% when the lean measurement was excluded. The variance explained by-three fat measurements made by the other techniques was 57.4 for ultrasonics and 56.5 for the ruler. Addition of carcass weight to the prediction equations for boneless and boneless defatted yield increased the R2 values for the ruler (4.0%) and ultrasonic (6.4%) techniques but had little effect on the MFA. The most accurate prediction of yield was provided by measurements of side fat and depth of M. longissimus at the last rib, made from carcass cross sections for a subpopulation of 1267 carcasses. This was interpreted as evidence that more specific definition of the site chosen for the MFA fat and muscle measurement in this region of the carcass would improve the precision of the MFA procedure.

The effects of genotype, sex and feeding regimen on pig carcass development: 1. Primary components, tissues and joints

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Evans ◽  
A. J. Kempster
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
Lean Growth ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Carcasses

SUMMARYDissection data for 1006 pig carcasses taken from the first 2 years of the Meat and Livestock Commission's (MLC) Commercial Pig Evaluation (CPE) were used to examine the relationships between carcass components and carcass weight over the growth period from 46 to 92 kg carcass weight. Alternative models were tested and parameters examined for different genotypes (pigs from different companies in CPE), sexes (barrows and gilts), feeding regimens (ad libitumand restricted feeding) and years.Generally, linear allometry provided an acceptable description of carcass development, although some curvilinearity was indicated for the head, kidneys, rump back joint, M. psoas and total dissected lean. Growth coefficients conformed to the generally accepted pattern of carcass development in pigs. Using linear allometry, proportional weight increases were comparable for all genotypes and sexes, but dissected fat increased relatively faster on the restricted feeding regimen.At a constant carcass weight of 66·5 kg, all tissue weights and the weights of primary components and most joints differed by genotype. The ratio of carcass lean weights for the two extreme genotypes was 1·04; comparable ratios for carcass fat weights were 1·13 (restricted-fed pigs) and 1·07 (ad libitum-fed pigs).Significant differences were recorded between sexes and between feeding regimens, largely reflecting differences in fatness. Some important year differences were also found.

scholarly journals Prediction of carcass lean content by real-time ultrasound in Pietrain and negative stress Pietrain

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A.K. Youssao ◽  
V. Verleyen ◽  
P.L. Leroy
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Meat Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Carcasses

AbstractReal-time ultrasound data of backfat thickness, longissimus muscle depth and longissimus area were carried out on 335 pigs (164 gilts and 171 barrows) using the Pie Medical Scanner 200 equipped with an ASP-18 probe and 3·5 MHz to predict carcass lean content in positive stress Pietrain (TT) and negative stress Pietrain (CC or CT). They were given food ad libitum and slaughtered at an average age of 213 days and an average weight of 101 kg. The day before slaughter, longitudinal and transverse images were taken at the last rib. After slaughter, the lean meat content was estimated by a CGM (capteur gras-maigre) equipped with an 8-mm diameter Sydel probe. The carcass lean proportion was higher in homozygote TT than homozygote CC and heterozygote CT individuals (P < 0·05). Gilts had more lean meat than barrows (P < 0·05). The correlation between the lean meat proportion and ultrasound backfat thickness (UBFT) or ultrasound longissimus muscle depth (ULMD) respectively was moderate. The prediction of lean meat proportion using UBFT, ULMD and ULMA gave an R2 which varied from 0·35 to 0·79. Real-time ultrasound is a tool that could potentially be used to predict the composition of pig carcasses before slaughter particularly if measurements can be taken with a higher degree of accuracy than at present.

scholarly journals Maintenance and Growth Requirements in Male Dorper × Santa Ines Lambs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcilio S. Mendes ◽  
Jocely G. Souza ◽  
Caio Julio L. Herbster ◽  
Antonio S. Brito Neto ◽  
Luciano P. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Santa Inês

The aim of this study was to estimate the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of lambs. A total of 35 crossbreed Dorper × Santa Ines lambs [31 ± 1.28 kg of initial body weight (BW) and 4 months old] were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments groups (ad libitum, 30 and 60% of feed restriction). Five lambs were slaughtered at the beginning of the experimental trial as a reference group to estimate the initial empty BW (EBW) and body composition. When the animals of the ad libitum treatment reached a BW average of 47.2 kg, at day 84 of trial, all lambs were slaughtered. The feed restriction promoted reduction in body fat (P &lt; 0.001) and energy concentration (P &lt; 0.001), while protein showed a quadratic response (P = 0.05). The equations obtained for NEg and NPg requirements were 0.2984 × EBW0.75 × EBWG0.8069 and 248.617 × EBW−0.15546, respectively. The net energy (NEm) and protein (NPm) for maintenance were 71.00 kcal/kg EBW0.75/day and 1.76 g/kg EBW0.75/day, respectively. In conclusion, the NEg and NPg requirement for lambs with 30 kg of BW and 200 g of average daily gain (ADG) were 0.736 Mcal/day and 24.38 g/day, respectively. Our findings indicate that the NEm for crossbreed Dorper × Santa Ines lambs is similar to those recommended by the international committees; however, we support the hypothesis that the requirements for gain are lower.

scholarly journals The South African pig carcass classification system.

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois K. Siebrits ◽  
Berno W. Hambrock ◽  
Elsje Pieterse
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Carcasses ◽  
Price Differences

The current regression equations for the prediction of pig carcass lean content in South Africa were calculated in 1992 and had not been updated since, whilst pig carcasses became much leaner and often heavier than the 90 kg originally used. It therefore became necessary to critically evaluate the classification regressions to establish whether the genetic improvement had a substantial effect on lean prediction and whether the same regression may be extrapolated to heavier carcasses. Ultimately, it must be established whether the producer is fairly remunerated. Eighty-one pigs, consisting of five representative genotypes and three sexes (gilts, boars and barrows) at a live mass between 20 kg and 30 kg, were allocated to eight slaughter groups, fed a standard diet ad libitum and slaughtered at live masses ranging from 74 kg to 160 kg. Fat measurements were taken on the carcasses using a Hennessy Grading Probe® and an Intrascope®, whereafter the left sides were divided into wholesale cuts and dissected into lean, fat, skin and bone. Fat measurements were also taken on the live animals prior to slaughter using a Renco Lean Meater®. Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to calculate regression equations between lean percentage and fat measurements as well as eye muscle diameter. Although the original equations still hold, even for heavier carcasses, alarming deviations from frequencies of observed carcass classifications were observed. This implies that either the producers are paid less than what they deserve, or the meat trade and consumer pay more than what they should. However, the price differences between both the two leanest classes and the two fattest classes are too small to have a significant effect on the price of pork.

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