HIGH LEVELS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN SUPPLEMENTS FOR GROWING CATTLE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. HARVEY ◽  
W. J. CROOM JR. ◽  
K. R. POND ◽  
B. W. HOGARTH ◽  
E. S. LEONARD
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Key Words Sodium

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of high levels of sodium chloride in energy and (or) protein supplements on performance and digestive and metabolic parameters of growing beef cattle. In each trial, 24 Hereford steers averaging 196 kg initial weight were individually fed corn silage or fescue hay plus an energy and (or) protein supplement containing NaCl. Consumption of the low (LS) and high (HS) levels of NaCl was 22–23 g d−1 and 192–193 g d−1, respectively. In Trial 1 the high NaCl supplement tended to reduce gains and feed efficiency of steers fed silage whereas gains were similar for those fed low and high NaCl and fescue hay. In Trial 2, gains and feed efficiencies were similar for both NaCl treatments. Rumen fluid total volatile fatty acid concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) at day 70 of both trials with high NaCl. Steers fed high NaCl had lower rumen ammonia concentrations at days 56 and 70 of Trial 1, while no significant differences were noted at day 70 of Trial 2. Molar percentages of valeric acid were reduced at each sampling with high NaCl diets. Serum Na levels were similar for the two NaCl levels, whereas K levels were increased at day 70 due to high NaCl. Rumen liquid digesta flow rates were increased (P < 0.05) in animals fed the high NaCl supplements, whereas total solid digesta and soybean meal rate of passage were not affected by NaCl level in the supplement. Supplements containing high levels of NaCl do induce changes in rumen function but do not consistently affect animal performance. Key words: Sodium chloride, supplements, beef cattle, corn silage, fescue hay

scholarly journals PSVI-42 Effect of increasing concentrations of aflatoxins (AFB1) on rumen gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance and fermentation parameters using the in vitro ANKOM gas technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Marden ◽  
Virginie Marquis ◽  
Kheira Hadjeba Medjdoub ◽  
Marine Lacombe
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Cheese Cloth

Abstract Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species known to be the most prevalent contaminants in feedstuffs. In ruminants, contaminated AFB1 feeds usually exhibit symptoms including reduced feed efficiency and milk production and decreased appetite. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of AFB1 on rumen fermentation parameters by using the ANKOM gas production protocol. Rumen fluid was collected from a cannulated dry dairy cow, filtered with cheese-cloth and diluted (1:1) with a standard buffer. Triplicates of 75 mL flasks were fed 0,75g of feed (79% corn silage, 15% alfalfa and 6% concentrates) and inoculated with 0 (blank), 0,2, 0,5, 1 and 2 ppm of AFB1. Flasks were placed in a rotating incubation at 39°C for 96h and connected to ANKOM GP system. After 96h of incubation, the contents of each flask were centrifuged. Supernatants were analyzed for total VFA and AFB1 while precipitates were dried at 104°C for DM disappearance. The experimentation was repeated weekly 3 times and named wk1, 2 and 3. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS using a univariate model. Results showed no significant differences on GP max at 96h among AFB1 concentrations. Only wk 1 showed that higher AFB1 concentration (2 ppm) decreased significantly (P &lt; 0,05) DM disappearance (- 8,2 pts) when compared to the blank. Total VFA contents (75,0 ± 1,6 mM) were not affected by AFB1. Wk 2 and 3 did not show any difference neither on DM disappearance nor on VFA (89,1 ± 1,6 mM; 110,2 ± 4,8 mM). It can be concluded that our in vitro model, GP did not reflect DM disappearance and it can be put forward that rumen fluid with low total VFA concentrations (≤ 75 mM) could be more sensible to AFB1 challenge.

EFFECTS OF FEEDING MONENSIN TO HOLSTEIN STEERS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. McKNIGHT ◽  
L. A. DREVJANY ◽  
G. S. HOOPER
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Factor Interactions ◽  
Better Than

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of monensin on feed intake, rate of gain and feed efficiency of a total of 198 Holstein steers. In experiment I, 72 steers were fed ground ear corn and corn silage diets containing 0 (treatment 1), 22 (treatment 2) and 33 (treatment 3) g/tonne DM monensin for 112 days. Treatments 2 and 3 received 11 g/tonne DM monensin for the first 28 days. Daily gains were not significantly different (P > 0.05) throughout the trial and intake was slightly reduced (P > 0.05) with monensin addition. Feed efficiency in treatments 2 and 3 were improved 5.5 and 8.8% respectively, but only treatment 3 was significantly (P < 0.05) better than treatment 1. Rumen fluid from steers fed treatment 3 contained a higher proportion (P < 0.05) of propionic acid and a lower (P < 0.05) A:P ratio than did rumen fluid from treatment 1. Levels of acetic and butyric acid were reduced (P > 0.05) by monensin inclusion. In experiment II, 46 steers were fed hay crop silage and shelled corn diets containing 0 (treatment 1) and 33 g/tonne DM (treatment 2) monensin for 112 days. Gains were slightly (P > 0.05) higher and intake slightly (P > 0.05) lower on treatment 2. Monensin improved (P > 0.05) feed efficiency by 8.5%. In experiment III, 40 purchased and 40 station-reared steers were assigned by origin, in pairs, to 40 Calan electronic headgates. A 23 factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of diet with or without monensin used separately and in combination with progesterone-estradiol implants. Steers were fed a high moisture ear corn and corn silage diet for 84 days. No 3-factor interactions (P > 0.05) were detected. Implant treatments gained significantly (P < 0.05) faster than either control or monensin alone. Intake was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in treatments fed monensin. Feed efficiency was improved (P < 0.05) 16% with both monensin and implant, 10% (P < 0.05) with monensin alone, and 6% (P > 0.05) with implant alone over control.

Protein supplements for corn-silage diets and their effect on subsequent growth and carcass characteristics in beef cattle

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. Horton ◽  
W. D. Pitman ◽  
F. M. Pate
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Low Protein

Ninety-six Brahman crossbred steers (187 ± 3.9 kg) were used to evaluate protein supplements in corn-silage growing diets for 140 d. The following treatments were used: 1, control (7.9% crude protein (CP)); 2, urea (10.3% CP); 3, dehydrated alfalfa (10.0% CP); or 4, soybean meal (SBM) (10.6% CP). Steers were then fed a common finishing diet (80% corn) with 13.4% CP for 120 d. Steers fed the control diet had lower levels of plasma-urea nitrogen, consumed less feed, gained less weight and utilized feed less efficiently than those fed supplemented diets (P < 0.05). Steers fed SBM gained weight faster than those fed urea (P < 0.05), though feed/gain ratios were similar. Although control steers exhibited compensatory growth during the 120-d finishing period, re-alimentation was not complete, and their overall gain was lowest at the end of the 260-d study (P < 0.05). Cattle fed the low-protein growing diet also had lighter carcasses, smaller loin eye area and less backfat and marbling than steers fed protein supplements (P < 0.05). Carcass characteristics were similar for the three protein supplements. These results demonstrate that urea equalled SBM and dehydrated alfalfa as a protein source in a corn-silage growing diet as measured by overall performance and carcass characteristics at the end of 120 d re-alimentation on a finishing diet. However, the negative effects of protein deprivation during the 140-d growing period were not completely overcome after a 120-d finishing period. Key words: Compensatory growth, protein supplements, carcass, beef cattle

scholarly journals PSXIV-9 Effect of monensin, a blend of essential oils and Lithothamnium calcareum over two racial groups in finishing cattle diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 444-445
Author(s):  
Pedro Guerreiro ◽  
Murillo A Meschiatti ◽  
Ludmila de Souza Monteiro ◽  
Vinícius Gouvêa ◽  
Flavio Santos
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Monensin A ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract This study aimed the evaluation of the effects of three feed additives – sodium monensin (MON; 32 mg/kg DM), Lithothamnium calcareum plus sodium monensim (LC+MON; LithoNutri® 5g/kg DM + 32 mg/kg DM) or a blend of essential oils (BEO; BioPhitus® 0.3g/kg DM) – and its interaction with two ratial groups of beef cattle – Nellore (NEL) vs. Crossbreds (CROSS) – on a finishing diet. Ninety Nellore bulls (initial BW = 394 ± 34 kg) and ninety crossbreds (initial BW = 406 ± 31 kg), were fed for 112 days, diets containing 8.5% sugarcane bagasse, 42.2% of fine ground corn, 41.7% of citrus pulp, 5% of soybean meal, 1.3% of urea, 0.35% of sodium chloride and 0.95% of minerals and vitamins. Treatments were NEL+MON; NEL+LC+MON; NEL+BEO; CROSS+MON; CROSS+LC+MON; CROSS+BEO in a randomized complete block with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (2 racial groups and 3 feed additives). There were no interactions between racial groups and feed additives (P &gt; 0.05). Regardless of the additive used there were no differences in final BW (P = 0.237), ADG (P = 0.610), HCW (P = 0.120) or dressing (P = 0.095). Animals fed LC+MON had lower DMI (P &lt; 0.01) than animals fed MON or BEO (7.74 kg, 8.64 kg, 9.26 kg, respectively). However, feed efficiency (G:F) of LC+MON did not differ from MON. Animals fed diets with BEO had lower G:F than animals fed diets with MON or LC+MON (P &lt; 0.01; 0.1382, 0.1469 and 0.1550 respectively). Animals fed diets with MON or LC+MON were 6.3% and 12% more efficient than animals fed with BEO. Crossbred bulls had higher DMI (P &lt; 0.001), ADG (P &lt; 0.001), FBW (P &lt; 0.001) and HCW (P &lt; 0.001) than Nellore bulls. In summary, LC reduced DMI not altering feed efficiency. Diets containing BEO reduced G:F of the animals when compared with animals receiving diets containing MON.

scholarly journals 144 Rumen Fluid Metabolites as Potential Biomarkers of Feed Efficiency in Angus Steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 51-52
Author(s):  
Brooke A Clemmons ◽  
Joshua B Powers ◽  
Shawn R Campagna ◽  
Taylor B Ault ◽  
Mallory M Embree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Syringe Filter ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Abstract Beef cattle is the most consumed red meat in the United States, and the United States is the largest producer and consumer of beef cattle globally. Feed is one of the largest input costs for the beef cattle industry, accounting for 40–60% of the total input costs. Identifying methods for improving feed efficiency in beef cattle herds could result in decreased cost to both producers and consumers, as well as increased animal protein available for global consumption. Identification of feed efficiency biomarkers could aid in the selection of more feed-efficient animals. To identify potential biomarkers of feed efficiency, rumen fluid was collected from low- (n = 14) and high-RFI (n = 15) Angus steers based on RFI ± 0.5 SD around the mean following a 70d feed efficiency trial to determine rumen metabolites associated with variations in feed efficiency. Steers were 7 months of age, weighing 264±2.7 kg. Rumen fluid was collected via gastric tubing, filtered through a 0.22 µM syringe filter, extracted for metabolomic analysis using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:water:methanol (2:2:1), and injected into the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system with an Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS. Peaks for known metabolites were identified using MAVEN and analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 4.0 and SAS. Significance was determined using an α ≤ 0.05. Based on fold change (high/low RFI), eight metabolites were greater in low-RFI steers compared to high-RFI steers, including 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate, 4-pyridoxate, citraconate, hypoxanthine, succinate/methylmalonate, thymine, uracil, and xylose (P ≤ 0.05), while 12 metabolites differed by ≥ 2-fold. These metabolites were predominantly involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism. Rumen fluid metabolomes differed in steers of varying feed efficiencies. These metabolites may be used as biomarkers of feed efficiency and may provide insight as to factors contributing to differences in feed efficiency that may be exploited to improve feed efficiency in beef cattle herds.

scholarly journals 143 Rumen Fluid Metabolites as Potential Biomarkers of Feed Efficiency in Angus Steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Brooke A Clemmons ◽  
Joshua B Powers ◽  
Shawn R Campagna ◽  
Taylor B Ault ◽  
Mallory M Embree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Syringe Filter ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Abstract Beef cattle is the most consumed red meat in the United States, and the United States is the largest producer and consumer of beef cattle globally. Feed is one of the largest input costs for the beef cattle industry, accounting for 40–60% of the total input costs. Identifying methods for improving feed efficiency in beef cattle herds could result in decreased cost to both producers and consumers, as well as increased animal protein available for global consumption. Identification of feed efficiency biomarkers could aid in the selection of more feed-efficient animals. To identify potential biomarkers of feed efficiency, rumen fluid was collected from low- (n = 14) and high-RFI (n = 15) Angus steers based on RFI ± 0.5 SD around the mean following a 70-d feed efficiency trial to determine rumen metabolites associated with variations in feed efficiency. Steers were 7 mo of age, weighing 264±2.7 kg. Rumen fluid was collected via gastric tubing, filtered through a 0.22 µM syringe filter, extracted for metabolomic analysis using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:water:methanol (2:2:1), and injected into the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system with an Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS. Peaks for known metabolites were identified using MAVEN and analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 4.0 and SAS. Significance was determined using an α ≤ 0.05. Based on fold change (high/low RFI), eight metabolites were greater in low-RFI steers compared to high-RFI steers, including 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate, 4-pyridoxate, citraconate, hypoxanthine, succinate/methylmalonate, thymine, uracil, and xylose (P ≤ 0.05), while 12 metabolites differed by ≥ 2-fold. These metabolites were predominantly involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism. Rumen fluid metabolomes differed in steers of varying feed efficiencies. These metabolites may be used as biomarkers of feed efficiency and may provide insight as to factors contributing to differences in feed efficiency that may be exploited to improve feed efficiency in beef cattle herds.

scholarly journals Performance and feed efficiency of beef cattle fed high energy diet with probiotic consortium technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Miranda MOREIRA ◽  
Javier Andrés Moreno MENESES ◽  
Cintia Vanin RIBEIRO ◽  
Alyce de Melo FARIA ◽  
Helena Graciani ARANTES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Fecal Score

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic consortium on feed intake, feeding behavior, feed efficiency, fecal score, weight gain and carcass traits in finishing Nellore heifers fed high energy diets in feedlot. Twenty-four Nellore heifers were distributed in 12 pens with two animals each, being six pens per treatment. In the control treatment (CON) the animals were fed exclusively with the base diet, which contained 35% corn silage and 65% concentrate. In the treatment with probiotic consortium technology (TCP), the animals received the base diet and a single dose of 75 mL/animal/day of Bio Ciclo Completo (Global Saúde Brasil) top-dressed in the morning feeding. There was no period of adaptation to the diet. The experiment lasted 93 days. The use of TCP did not affect (P = 0.980) the dry matter intake. The average daily gain was 12.5% greater (P = 0.025) in the animals treated with TCP (0.941 kg/day for TCP versus 0.834 kg/day for CON). The animals that received TCP improved (P = 0.021) the feed efficiency by 12.6%. The animals that received TCP tended to have a better (P = 0.094) fecal score within the first 27 days of feedlot. There were no significant effects of TCP on the feeding behavior and carcass traits. Based on the results, there is a great potential of using TCP to improve productivity in beef cattle.

GROWTH AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN STEERS FED HIGH LEVELS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND LIMESTONE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. CROOM Jr. ◽  
R. W. HARVEY ◽  
D. M. AMARAL ◽  
J. W. SPEARS
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Key Words Sodium ◽  
Total Gain

Sixty-four yearling steers were fed a fattening diet plus 0.5% NaCl (control), 2% limestone, 5% NaCl, or 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone. Feeding 5% NaCl and 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone resulted in decreased total gain (P < 0.01), average daily gain (P < 0.01) and carcass weight (P < 0.05) while 5% NaCl decreased the efficiency of organic matter utilization (P < 0.05). Sodium chloride supplementation decreased ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio at day 62 but there was no effect of NaCl evident in samples collected on day 118. Blood glucose was decreased (P < 0.05) at days 62 and 118 in steers fed 5% NaCl and 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone. Supplementation with high levels of sodium chloride nonsignificantly increased the percentage of starch in cecal and colon digesta samples collected at slaughter. Also the NaCl treatment decreased pH (P < 0.05) in the colon and acetate to propionate ratio (P < 0.10) in the cecum. Although NaCl supplementation altered ruminal and digestive parameters, it did not result in increased performance. Key words: Sodium chloride, limestone, beef cattle, growth

scholarly journals Growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, rumen enzymes, and fattening earnings of cattle fed corn silage/corn stalk silage based finishing diets

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 483-491
Author(s):  
L. He ◽  
H. Wu ◽  
Q. Meng ◽  
Z. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Corn Grain

This study was conducted to investigate the growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, rumen enzymes, and fattening earnings of beef cattle when substituting corn stalk silage with corn silage or corn grain in finishing rations. Forty-five Bohai Black steers were selected and fattened in a three-phase (4 weeks–4 weeks–16 weeks) way with one of three diets based on corn silage (CS), corn stalk silage (SS) without/with equivalent corn grain supplement (SSC), respectively. During the 24-week trial, individual feed intake and body weight were recorded every four weeks. By the end, blood and rumen fluid were sampled, and all the cattle were slaughtered to evaluate carcass performance. There were no significant differences found in the body weight gain, daily feed intake or feed efficiency among different dietary treatments over the whole finishing period except that the cattle fed CS achieved higher weight gain and feed efficiency in Phase 2 than those fed SS or SSC along with a lower feed intake than that of cattle fed SSC. No significant effect was found on the hot carcass weight, chilled carcass weight, dressing percentage, aging loss, loin eye area, and the weights of chuckeye, ribeye, striploin, and tenderloin. The cattle fed CS showed lower blood concentrations of ALT and glucose along with a higher ratio of AST and ALT than those fed SS. The cattle fed SSC also presented a higher activity of avicelase in the rumen fluid and their fattening earnings were approximately $27.50 less than those of the cattle fed CS or SS. These results suggest that substituting corn stalk silage with corn silage or corn grain could not improve animal performance and it is more economical to substitute corn stalk silage with corn silage rather than supplement equivalent corn grain in a high-concentrate finishing ration.

HIGH LEVELS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN BEEF CATTLE DIETS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. JAMES CROOM Jr. ◽  
R. W. HARVEY ◽  
M. FROETSCHEL ◽  
A. C. LINNERUD
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Finishing Steers

Trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of adding elevated levels of NaCl and limestone to the diet of fattening beef steers as a means of improving feedlot performance. In Trial 1, 24 Hereford steers were fed high grain diets containing 0.5% (control), 3%, 5%, or 7% NaCl for 126 days. Growth and feed efficiency were not affected by level of NaCl, although feed intakes, organic matter intakes and carcass weights were reduced at the 7% level as compared with the control. Acetate to propionate ratio increased from 1.9 to 2.8 (P < 0.05) with NaCl supplementation while fecal starch tended to increase from 10.3% to 18.7% (P < 0.12). In Trial 2, 24 steers were fed finishing diets containing 0.5% NaCl (control), 2% limestone, 5% NaCl or 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone for 119 days. Steers consuming 5% NaCl or 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone showed 7.4% and 8.9% increases (P < 0.05) in efficiency of organic matter utilization over those fed the control diet. Addition of limestone to the 5% NaCl diet did not markedly increase performance over that seen with NaCl supplementation alone. Similar to Trail 1, fecal starch concentrations tended to increase (P < 0.10) in diets containing NaCl regardless of limestone supplementation. Use of 5% NaCl in the diet of finishing steers may be useful in increasing feed efficiency. Key words: Beef cattle, sodium chloride, high grain

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