PROCESSED POPLAR WOOD PELLETS AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR HOLSTEIN BULL CALVES

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1035-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. DREVJANY ◽  
G. S. HOOPER ◽  
W. V. CANDLER
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Histopathological Effects

Eighteen Holstein bull calves averaging 100 kg were individually housed and radomly assigned to nine dietary treatments. Isonitrogenous diets, containing approximately 12% protein (DM basis), were offered free choice. Treatment 1 consisted of ground ear corn and liquid protein supplement (LPS-50) with 50% protein equivalent from urea. In the eight remaining treatments, corn ears were gradually replaced by processed poplar wood pellets (Bender-Heaney process) so that Treatment 9 consisted of processed wood and LPS-50 only. Increments of processed wood dry matter were approximately 10%/treatment. Weight gains and feed consumptions were recorded at 14-day intervals over the 98-day trial. Blood samples were taken for 3 consecutive days prior to slaughter. Digestive organs were observed for abnormalities and reticuloruminal contents were analyzed for pH, protein and volatile fatty acids. Overall daily gains (kg) and feed conversion ratios for Treatments 1–9 were 1.14, 5.97; 1.26, 5.81; 1.35, 6.01; 1.16, 6.73; 1.01, 7.31; 0.91, 8.05; 0.52, 11.44; 0.16, 27.23, respectively. There were no treatment effects on acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations in the reticulorumen. However, as the proportion of processed wood increased, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the concentrations of valeric and isovaleric acids. The curve for blood glucose was quadratic (P < 0.05), reaching maximum at the 20% level of processed wood and decreasing gradually thereafter. The rise of blood urea nitrogen was linear with increased values for treatments with higher proportion of processed wood in the ration. No consistent diet-related histopathological effects on the digestive organs were observed. Key words: Processed wood, NPN, iso-acids, BUN, calves

FISH SILAGE AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR EARLY WEANED CALVES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. WINTER ◽  
A. HAMID JAVED
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Fish silage, preserved with 3.5% formic acid, was fed to Holstein bull calves weaned onto dry feed at 3 wk of age. Dietary treatments were: (1) soybean meal-supplemented calf starter, (2) a low protein grain mix combined with fish silage in a 2:1 ratio (wt/wt), and (3) the same grain mix combined with fish silage in a 4:3 ratio (wt/wt). Initial acceptance of the fish silage diets equalled that of the soybean meal diet. Over the 10-wk period, feed consumption, weight gains, and feed:gain ratio tended to be slightly poorer as the proportion of fish silage in the diet increased. Only during the final 6 wk of the trial were weight gains significantly reduced by calves on the fish silage diets. It was concluded that fish silage can be used as a protein source for young calves.

524 Late-Breaking: Growth Performance of Neonatal Calves Fed Milk Replacer 2 versus 3 Times per Day

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
David P Casper ◽  
Lydia Olagunju ◽  
Uchenna Anele ◽  
Abigayle Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Fecal Score

Abstract Several calf studies demonstrate advantages when feeding greater protein and/or milk solids amounts, however studies comparing 2x/d versus 3x/d feeding are limited. Forty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. Treatments were: 1) 2X: milk replacer (MR) fed 2x/d; and 2) 3X: MR fed 3x/d. The MR was fed at 15% solids at 0630 and 1800 h and the 3rd 3X feeding was at 1200 h. 2X calves were fed MR at 0.567 kg/d for d 1–14, increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15–35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36–42 for the 42 d study. 3X calves were fed MR 0.851 kg/d for d 1–14, increased to 1.275 kg/d for d 15–35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36–42. Calf starter (CS) and water were free choice. Initial BW was a significant (P &lt; 0.01) covariate and BW (55.6 and 57.3 kg for 2X and 3X, respectively) tended (P &lt; 0.09) to be greater for calves fed 3X compared with 2X fed calves, but BW gains (25.5 and 27.7 kg) were similar (P &gt; 0.10). A treatment by week interaction (P &lt; 0.01) demonstrated variable BW gains. Intake of CS (0.28 and 0.13 kg/d) was approximately 63% lower (P &lt; 0.04) for calves fed 3X compared with calves fed 2X. Feed conversions (0.65 and 0.60 kg/kg) were greater (P &lt; 0.04) for calves fed 2X compared with calves fed 3X. Calves fed 2X had less scours (fecal score=0; 34.3 and 29.7 d) compared with 3X fed calves. Providing an additional MR feeding demonstrated minimal BW gains. Providing a 3rd daily feeding greatly reduces CS intake and inhibits the transition needed for weaning calves.

290 Encapsulated Sodium Butyrate (Ultramix GF) for Transitioning Neonatal Calves from Milk to Calf Starter

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 155-156
Author(s):  
David P Casper ◽  
Keith Klanderman ◽  
Steven Moreland
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Neonatal Calves

Abstract Butyrate (UltraMix GF; Adisseo) is known to enhance ruminal papillae development for transitioning calves to dry feed. The hypothesis was that butyrate would be beneficial to neonatal calf growth performance. Eighty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were assigned to one of 2 treatments using a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) control: no butyrate; or 2) butyrate: 0.3% butyrate added to milk replacer (MR). Calves were fed 2x/d at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice water and a 22% CP mini-pelleted calf starter (CS). The MR was fed at 0.567 kg/d for d 1–14, then increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15–42, and feeding reduced to 1x/d for d 42–49 with weaning occurring after the 49-d experimental period. Calves fed butyrate demonstrated greater (P &lt; 0.04) ending body weight (BW; 54.7 and 56.2 kg, for control and butyrate, respectively), BW gain (29.0 and 31.7 kg), and average daily gains (ADG; 591.3 and 647.7 g/d), compared with calves fed control. Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (P &gt; 0.10) for both treatments, but the number of d required for calves to consume 0.9 kg CS for 3 consecutive days (47.3 and 45.7 d) was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for calves fed butyrate compared with calves fed control. Feed conversions were improved (P &lt; 0.05) for calves fed butyrate (0.53 and 0.58 kg/kg) compared with calves fed control. At the end of the 49-d study, withers height tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be greater for calves fed butyrate (85.2 and 86.0 cm) compared with calves fed control, while the remaining frame measurements (hip height, hip width, body length, and heart girth) and fecal scores were similar (P &gt; 0.10) for calves fed both treatments. Feeding neonatal calves butyrate in the MR improved growth performance and reduced the days to transition calves to CS.

UREA AS A NITROGEN SUPPLEMENT IN STARTER FEEDS FOR EARLY WEANED CALVES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. WINTER
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Calf starter feeds containing either urea or soybean meal as a source of supplementary nitrogen were evaluated as the sole ration for Holstein bull calves weaned at 5 or 6 wk of age. In two experiments using a total of 56 calves, weight gains of the urea-fed calves (0.72–0.88 kg/day) were similar to or slightly less than the soybean meal-fed calves (0.77–0.90 kg/day). Except for one treatment in experiment 1, intake of the urea-supplemented starters was slightly less than intake of the soybean meal-supplemented starters. Feed conversion efficiency of the urea-supplemented starters was poorer in experiment 1, but comparable with the soybean meal-supplemented starters in experiment 2. The use of urea in the calf starters resulted in reduced feed costs ranging from $3.47 to $4.07 per 100 kg; and reductions in feed costs per 100 kg gain ranged from $9.34 to $12.90. Although animal performance may be slightly reduced by urea supplementation of calf starters, an economic advantage in feed costs was demonstrated with the use of urea when ad libitum feeding was practiced.

scholarly journals Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1341
Author(s):  
Sarayu Bhogoju ◽  
Collins N. Khwatenge ◽  
Thyneice Taylor-Bowden ◽  
Gabriel Akerele ◽  
Boniface M. Kimathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Dietary Treatments

There are well documented complications associated with the continuous use of antibiotics in the poultry industry. Over the past few decades, probiotics have emerged as viable alternatives to antibiotics; however, most of these candidate probiotic microorganisms have not been fully evaluated for their effectiveness as potential probiotics for poultry. Recent evaluation of a metagenome of broiler chickens in our laboratory revealed a prevalence of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and Actinobacteria class of bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. In this study Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor (S. coelicolor) were selected as probiotic bacteria, encapsulated, and added into broiler feed at a concentration of 100 mg/kg of feed. In an 8-week study, 240 one day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. Three dietary treatments contained two probiotic bacteria in three different proportions (L. reuteri and S. coelicolor individually at 100 ppm, and mixture of L. reuteri and S. coelicolor at 50 ppm each). The fourth treatment had no probiotic bacteria and it functioned as the control diet. L. reuteri and S. coelicolor were added to the feed by using wheat middlings as a carrier at a concentration of 100 ppm (100 mg/kg). Chickens fed diets containing L. reuteri and S. coelicolor mixture showed 2% improvement in body weight gain, 7% decrease in feed consumption, and 6–7% decrease in feed conversion ratios. This research suggests that L. reuteri and S. coelicolor have the potential to constitute probiotics in chickens combined or separately, depending on the desired selection of performance index.

scholarly journals PSIII-21 Effect of active, dry yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning performance, diarrhea and immune parameters of nursery pigs in cleaned or dirty environmental conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 371-372
Author(s):  
Claudia Tellman ◽  
Thomas Esselburn ◽  
Joseph Loughmiller ◽  
Sheila Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Weaning imposes multiple stressors that reduce feed intake and impair intestinal integrity. Furthermore, poor environmental management could compound the high stress period increasing morbidity and mortality of postweaning piglets. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of supplemental Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning growth performance, fecal scores and immune parameters in a clean or dirty nursery environment. The experiment was a 2 X 2 factorial design with 2 dietary treatments fed in a sanitized (following barn SOP) and un-sanitized (pits flushed, feeders and pens scraped) nursery environment. Weaned piglets (n = 260 and 5pigs/pen; 14.7±1.5lbs wt., 20.8d of age) were allotted to the following dietary treatments: 1) control or 2) ActiSaf HR+® (0.1% in phase 1 and 2 and 0.05% phase 3 diets) for 5-wks postweaning. On days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 35 fecal scores/pen and blood samples were collected for monitoring diarrhea and measurement of cytokines. Overall, pigs fed ActiSaf tended towards greater ADG compared to control fed pigs regardless of environment (P = 0.09; 379 vs. 357 g/d, ActiSaf vs control, respectively). Final pen weights at d35 were greater in ActiSaf vs. control fed pigs (101 vs. 97 kg/pen; P &lt; 0.05). Pigs reared in the dirty vs clean environment had reduced overall ADG (352 vs 384 g/d, respectively; P = 0.01), and pigs in the dirty environment tended towards higher overall feed:gain compared to pigs in clean environments; 1.87 vs. 1.76 g/g (P = 0.09). Diarrhea scores were increased in the dirty environment compared to the clean environment on days 3 and 7 (P &lt; 0.01). Serum TNF-a concentrations were not significantly affected by diet or environment. In conclusion, nursery pigs raised in clean environments had higher ADG and improved feed conversion than pigs reared in a dirty environment. Pigs fed diets containing ActiSaf HR+® tended towards increased ADG regardless of environment.

scholarly journals Role of probiotics in nutrition and health of small ruminants

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Abd El-Tawab ◽  
I.M.I. Youssef ◽  
H.A. Bakr ◽  
G.C. Fthenakis ◽  
N.D. Giadinis
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Research On Application

AbstractSmall ruminants represent an important economic source in small farm systems and agriculture. Feed is the main component of livestock farming, which has gained special attention to improve animal performance. Many studies have been done to improve feed utilisation through addition of feed additives. For a long period, antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in livestock diets. Due to their ban in many countries, search for alternative feed additives has been intensified. Probiotics are one of these alternatives recognised to be safe to the animals. Use of probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve animal health, productivity and immunity. Probiotics improved growth performance through enhancing of rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion rate. Moreover, probiotics have been reported to stabilise rumen pH, increase volatile fatty acids production and to stimulate lactic acid utilising protozoa, resulting in a highly efficient rumen function. Furthermore, use of probiotics has been found to increase milk production and can reduce incidence of neonatal diarrhea and mortality. However, actual mechanisms through which probiotics exert these functions are not known. Since research on application of probiotics in small ruminants is scarce, the present review attempts to discuss the potential roles of this class of feed additives on productive performance and health status of these animals.

scholarly journals Dietary purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) promotes the growth performance of broilers by modulation of gut microbiota

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Wang ◽  
Qing Liu ◽  
Fengchun Ye ◽  
Hongbo Tang ◽  
Yanpeng Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractPurslane is a widespread wild vegetable with both medicinal and edible properties. It is highly appreciated for its high nutritional value and is also considered as a high-quality feed resource for livestock and poultry. In this study, Sanhuang broilers were used to investigate the effect of feeding purslane diets on the growth performance in broilers and their gut microbiota. A total of 48 birds with good growth and uniform weight were selected and randomly allocated to four treatment groups A (control), B, C and D. Dietary treatments were fed with basal diet without purslane and diets containing 1%, 2% and 3% purslane. The 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform to analyze the composition and diversity of gut microbiota in the four sets of samples. The results showed that dietary inclusion of 2% and 3% purslane could significantly improve the growth performance and reduce the feed conversion ratio. Microbial diversity analysis indicated that the composition of gut microbiota of Sanhuang broilers mainly included Gallibacterium, Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella, etc. As the content of purslane was increased, the abundance of Lactobacillus increased significantly, and Escherichia-Shigella decreased. LEfSe analysis revealed that Bacteroides_caecigallinarum, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillales and Firmicutes had significant differences compared with the control group. PICRUSt analysis revealed bacteria mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism pathway due to the additon of purslane in the diet. These results suggest that the addition of purslane to feed could increase the abundance of Lactobacillus in intestine, modulate the environment of gut microbiota and promote the metabolism of carbohydrates to improve its growth performance. This study indicates that the effect of purslane on the growth-promoting performance of broilers might depend on its modulation on gut microbiota, so as to provide a certain scientific basis for the application of purslane in the feed industry.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE UTILIZATION OF COOKED SOYBEANS AND FISHMEAL-GROUNDNUT CAKE MIXTURE IN DIETS

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
J. A. Agunbiade ◽  
A. B. Odufuwa
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A 4 week experiment involving 45 growing albino rats was carried out to assess the nutritional utilization of cooked full-fat soybean (CFFS) as a major source of dietary protein relative to that of the protein concentrates fishmeal-groundnut cake mixture and the response to supplementation of the cooked soybeans with 2g DL-methionine/kg diet and/or 2g L-lysine/kg diet. Feed intake (FI), average daily weight gain (DLG),. feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed cost (FC) per unit live-weight gain, (FC/WG) were measured, No significant effect of the various dietary treatments was observed on PER and FCIWG. However, the incorporation of CFFS either alone or in conjunction with either of both lysine and methionine significantly improved Fl and FCR (P< 0.05) and also DLG (P< 0.01) over the control fish-groundnut meal ration. Supplementation of CFFS with lysine either alone or along with methionine appeared unwarranted as methionine supplementation alone resulted in similar or slightly better efficiency of protein (0.247) and overall feed (0.596) utilization. From the results obtained, it appears that maize-based CFFS diet supplemented with 2 g/kg DL-methionine may be applicable for lion- ruminant feeding. However, since this level of methionine supplementation only provides for 67% of rat requirement, it is suggested that further studies with higher methionine levels be conducted.

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