EFFECT OF LOW DIETARY ZINC DURING LATE GESTATION AND EARLY LACTATION ON THE SOW AND NEONATAL PIGLETS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. KALINOWSKI ◽  
E. R. CHAVEZ
Keyword(s):  
Late Gestation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Neonatal Life ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Significant Treatment Difference ◽  
Weight Number

Twelve pregnant sows were fed semi-purified diets containing either 13 or 63 mg/kg zinc (Zn). The animals were fed the diets during the last 4 wk of pregnancy (2 kg/day) and the two first weeks of lactation (ad libitum). Reduced level of dietary Zn did not affect (P > 0.05) weight changes of sows and no difference (P > 0.05) in food intake occurred during the ad libitum phase of the experiment. Low Zn sows showed lower plasma Zn at 100 (125 vs. 157 g/dL) and 113 (93 vs. 127 g/dL) days of gestation and at 7 (65 vs. 133 g/dL)) and 14 (59 vs. 99 g/dL) days of lactation. The differences were significant (P < 0.01) only during lactation. Copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations in plasma and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) of plasma were not affected by treatment. Parturition lasted 2.08 h in control and 4.54 h in low Zn sows (P < 0.1). Zinc, Cu and protein content of colostrum and milk were similar between groups. Low dietary Zn had no effect on litter size, birth weight, number of stillbirths and mortality up to 2 wk of age. Liveweight at 7 days was significantly higher in piglets nursed by low Zn dams but at 14 days of age no significant treatment difference was found. Zinc, Cu Fe, NH3 concentrations in plasma and APA in plasma of piglets were not significantly different at birth or at 7 days of age. At 14 days of age only plasma Zn was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Low supply of Zn to dams had no effect on the performance of piglets during neonatal life. Key words: Zinc, sows, pregnancy, lactation, piglets

LOW DIETARY ZINC INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION OF GILTS. I. EFFECTS ON THE DAM

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. KALINOWSKI ◽  
E. R. CHAVEZ
Keyword(s):  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Ad Libitum

Pairs of littermate gilts were fed semipurified diets (2 kg d−1) containing either 10 or 52 ppm Zinc (Zn) throughout pregnancy and the two first weeks of lactation (ad libitum). Low dietary Zn did not affect feed consumption or weight changes of gilts. Low-Zn gilts showed lower plasma Zn and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) throughout gestation and lactation and lower iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) before the last third of pregnancy. Urinary Zn was very sensitive to low Zn intake. Plasma protein and ammonia (NH3) were not affected by treatment. One-half of the deficient gilts exhibited skin lesions. Low-Zn gilts showed prolonged and stressful parturition with high incidence of intrapartum mortality reflected in the number of stillbirths. Total liveweight of the litter at birth, 1 and 2 wk of age was lower in Zn-deficient gilts. Low Zn supply did not affect the protein content or the profiles of the serum proteins of colostrum or milk but did affect the mineral composition. Colostrum of low-Zn gilts showed higher Cu, Fe and manganese (Mn), whereas milk showed lower Zn and higher Cu. Results obtained emphasize the importance of Zn for a normal pregnancy, delivery and nursing performance of the gilt. Key words: Zinc, gilts, pregnancy, lactation, piglets

The effect of feeding in early lactation on feed intake, yields of milk, fat and protein and on live-weight change over one lactation cycle in dairy cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Lactation Cycle

SummaryAn experiment has been made to study the effect of level of feeding in early lactation on the feed intake, yields of milk, fat and protein and on live-weight change over one lactation cycle. Adult British Friesian cows of high potential yield were randomly allocated to high (HP) or moderate (MP) levels of feeding for 20 weeks. They were then randomly allocated within treatments to controlled or ad libitum levels of feeding for the rest of the lactation.There were significant effects of feeding in the early part of lactation on the yields of milk, protein and lactose but not on milk fat or live-weight change. Cows on the MP treatment produced about 450 kg milk from body energy reserves but were unable to supplement fully the dietary energy deficiency. There was no significant response to feeding ad libitum in the second part of lactation and the differences in yields established in the first part were maintained in the second. There was no relationship between feed intake and milk yield for cows fed ad libitum nor did the level of feeding in early lactation influence the level of intake in the later part.There was little agreement between calculated energy balance and the live-weight changes but there was more between live-weight change and condition score.

PSV-1 Injectable trace mineral supplementation on grazing beef cows: Effect on subsequent offspring birth weight and weaning weight

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 309-309
Author(s):  
Stefania Pancini ◽  
John Currin ◽  
Jamie L Stewart ◽  
Sherrie Clark ◽  
Tracey Redifer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Additional Mineral

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of an injectable multi-mineral complex supplementation on grazing beef cows on subsequent offspring birth weight (BW) and adjusted weaning weight (AWW). Experiment 1 included 1,128 Angus crossbred multiparous suckled cows, from 9 locations in Virginia, that were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) One dose of an injectable trace mineral (6 mL; Multimin® 90, Multimin USA, Ft. Collins, CO) at 71.4±16.8 d of lactation (n = 560); or 2) a negative control with no trace mineral injection (n = 568). In experiment 2, 986 Angus crossbred multiparous suckled cows, at 7 locations in Virginia, were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) Two doses of an injectable trace mineral (6 mL; Multimin® 90) at 118.3±17 days before calving and at 67.7±17.4 d of lactation (n = 494); or 2) negative control with no trace mineral injection (n = 492). All cows had ad libitum access to forage and water, and received additional mineral supplementation in form of mineral blocks. Calves were weaned at approximately 7 months of age, and 205-day AWW was calculated based on birth day, age of weaning and age of dam. No differences between treatments were detected for BW (33.7±1.01 kg; P = 0.50) and AWW (212.2±5.0 kg; P = 0.25) when only one dose of injectable trace mineral was administered to the dam at early lactation. Similarly, when two doses of injectable trace mineral were administrated BW (35.6±1.1 kg; P = 0.70) and AWW (259.4±6.1 kg; P = 0.83) did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, one or two doses of injectable trace mineral administrated at late gestation and/or during lactation had no effect on offspring BW and AWW.

Metabolic adaptation during lactation in winter-shorn sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Symonds ◽  
M. J. Bryant ◽  
M. A. Lomax
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Lamb Growth

SUMMARYThe effects of winter shearing, 8 weeks before lambing, on ewe and lamb live weight changes over the first 30 days of lactation were studied in Reading between February and March 1984. Differences in ewe body condition score (BCS) and plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), 3-hydroxybutyrate, growth hormone (GH), insulin, cortisol and thyroxine between shorn and unshorn groups of ewes were measured over the same period.Lambs from shorn ewes grew, on average, 20% faster than those from unshorn controls even though both groups of lambs were of similar mean birth weight. There was no difference in maternal feed intake between shorn and unshorn groups, and ewe live weight and BCS decreased between the day of lambing and day 30 of lactation in all ewes. Plasma samples taken at hourly intervals for 24 h on days 12 and 27 of lactation demonstrated that shorn ewes had significantly lower plasma concentrations of insulin than unshorn controls; on day 27 of lactation, higher circulating concentrations of GH were recorded in the shorn group. There were no differences in the plasma concentrations of glucose, NEFA, cortisol or thyroxine between the two groups of ewes. It is concluded that metabolic adaptation by shorn ewes to the cold environment of a British winter during early lactation results in endocrine changes in ewes which are likely to increase the partition of nutrients towards milk production. This results in a higher lamb growth rate than in lambs reared by unshorn controls.

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE ADDITION OF GLUCOGENIC MATERIALS TO THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Glutamate, succinate, propylene glycol, or glycerol were added to a basic concentrate at 3.3% of air-dry feed. Each concentrate was fed both ad libitum and in restricted amounts to four cows in early lactation. Dietary intake, milk yield and composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids and blood glucose, ketones and plasma free fatty acids were used as criteria of effect of these supplements. Propylene glycol in the diet resulted in a lower intake of concentrate compared with glycerol (11.44 versus 14.30 kg/day) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) rumen butyrate and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate. Glutamate supplementation prevented the fall in milk fat content which occurred when the other three supplemented concentrates were fed ad libitum, and this effect may have been related to the constancy in the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen fluid.

Effects of nutrition in late pregnancy on subsequent milk production in Ewes

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARY1. Scottish Half-bred ewes carrying twin foetuses were fed individually to make live-weight gains in the last six weeks of pregnancy of (1) 20%, (2) 10% and (3) 0% of their live weight in week 14 of pregnancy. In lactation the ewes were fed ad libitum. The lambs were removed 12 to 16 hr after parturition and the ewes were machine-milked twice daily for the first six weeks of lactation.2. Total birth weights per ewe of twin lambs from the treatments were (1) 10·10 kg, (2) 9·44 kg and (3) 8·18 kg and differed significantly.3. The level and pattern of voluntary intake in lactation did not differ significantly between the treatments. Total dry-matter intakes in the six weeks of lactation were (1) 121·9 kg (2) 105·9 kg and (3) 109·5 kg.4. The pregnancy treatments affected the level of milk production and the shape of lactation curves. The total yields in the first six weeks of lactation were (1) 58·8 kg, (2) 43·5 kg and (3) 26·9 kg. Higher contents of fat and protein and the lower content of lactose in the milk from treatment-3 ewes on days 1 and 3 of lactation indicated a slower onset of lactation in these ewes. Between days 7 and 35 of lactation the contents of fat and SNF were lowest on treatment 3 but the differences were not significant.5. The live-weight changes in lactation, which were in inverse order to the gains in late pregnancy, were (1) 3·4 kg, (2) 5·5 kg and (3) 9·5 kg.

scholarly journals Supplementing Intensively Grazed Late-Gestation and Early-Lactation Dairy Cattle with Chromium

2004 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
pp. 4269-4277 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Bryan ◽  
M.T. Socha ◽  
D.J. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Early Lactation

Changes in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the developing ovine pituitary and the effects of exogenous cortisol

1995 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
S G Matthews ◽  
K Yang ◽  
J R G Challis
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neonatal Life ◽  
Inferior Aspect ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Mrna

Abstract Developmental changes in pituitary glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA were examined during gestation and early neonatal life using in situ hybridization. Pituitaries were harvested from sheep fetuses at days 60–80, 100–120, 130–135, 140–142 and term, and from lambs of days 0–7 and 30–60, and adults. GR mRNA was present in the pars distalis by day 60, levels increased through gestation, and there was a redistribution of GR mRNA, resulting in a relatively greater abundance at the base of the pars distalis. At term, there was a significant (P<0·05 compared with the day 140–142 fetuses) elevation of GR mRNA, which was maintained in the newborn lamb, reaching highest levels at days 30–60 of neonatal life. GR mRNA was undetectable in the pars intermedia until day 120, but subsequently increased to high levels at term. Interestingly, the expression of GR mRNA in the pars intermedia dropped precipitously in the newborn (P<0·05 compared with term), though levels recovered in the older lambs and adults. The regional and cellular distribution of GR mRNA correlated closely with the presence of immuno-reactive GR (irGR) in the pituitary; the majority of irGR was present in the nuclei. Intrafetal infusion of cortisol (12 h; 5 μg/min) in late gestation (day 135) had no effect on GR mRNA expression in either the pars distalis or pars intermedia. These results indicated that, in the fetal pituitary, (1) the GR gene is expressed in both the pars distalis and pars intermedia, (2) levels of GR mRNA in the fetal pituitary correlated with the distribution of nuclear irGR, (3) GR mRNA is present at higher levels in the inferior aspect of the pars distalis, its abundance increases immediately prior to parturition and is maintained in the newborn, and (4) cortisol infusion for 12 h does not affect GR mRNA in either region of the pituitary, suggesting that, in the short term, glucocorticoids do not directly regulate GR synthesis. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 483–490

scholarly journals Acute effects of mustard, horseradish, black pepper and ginger on energy expenditure, appetite,ad libitumenergy intake and energy balance in human subjects

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Gregersen ◽  
A. Belza ◽  
M. G. Jensen ◽  
C. Ritz ◽  
C. Bitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Few Data

Chilli peppers have been shown to enhance diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and reduce energy intake (EI) in some studies, but there are few data on other pungent spices. The primary aim of the present study was to test the acute effects of black pepper (pepper), ginger, horseradish and mustard in a meal on 4 h postprandial DIT. The secondary aim was to examine the effects on subjective appetite measures,ad libitumEI and energy balance. In a five-way placebo-controlled, single-blind, cross-over trial, twenty-two young (age 24·9 (sd4·6) years), normal-weight (BMI 21·8 (sd2·1) kg/m2) males were randomly assigned to receive a brunch meal with either pepper (1·3 g), ginger (20 g), horseradish (8·3 g), mustard (21 g) or no spices (placebo). The amounts of spices were chosen from pre-testing to make the meal spicy but palatable. No significant treatment effects were observed on DIT, but mustard produced DIT, which tended to be larger than that of placebo (14 %, 59 (se3)v.52 (se2) kJ/h, respectively,P= 0·08). No other spice induced thermogenic effects approaching statistical significance. Subjective measures of appetite (P>0·85),ad libitumEI (P= 0·63) and energy balance (P= 0·67) also did not differ between the treatments. Finally, horseradish decreased heart rate (P= 0·048) and increased diastolic blood pressure (P= 0·049) compared with placebo. In conclusion, no reliable treatment effects on appetite, EI or energy balance were observed, although mustard tended to be thermogenic at this dose. Further studies should explore the possible strength and mechanisms of the potential thermogenic effect of mustard actives, and potential enhancement by, for example, combinations with other food components.

scholarly journals Effects of Aloe arborescens Whole Plant Homogenate on Lipid Metabolism, Inflammatory Conditions and Liver Function of Dairy Cows during the Transition Period

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Mezzetti ◽  
Andrea Minuti ◽  
Massimo Bionaz ◽  
Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli ◽  
Erminio Trevisi
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Aloe Arborescens ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Lower Plasma Concentration

The anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects exerted by Aloe on monogastric mammals suggest it as a potential strategy to address the tremendous metabolic alterations that affect dairy cows during their transition to calving. A group of 20 multiparous Italian Holstein dairy cows were housed in freestalls and allocated into two homogeneous groups to receive either 200 g/d of water (CTR) or 200 g/day of Aloe arborescens Mill. whole plant homogenate through a rumen tube (AAM) between −14 and 14 days from calving (DFC). From −14 to 35 DFC, the BCS, and milk yield were measured, and blood samples were collected to assess the hematochemical profile. Data underwent ANOVA testing using a mixed model for repeated measurements, including the treatment and time and their interactions as fixed effects. Compared to CTR cows, AAM cows had a less pronounced BCS loss in early lactation (p < 0.01), indicating less mobilization of body reserves. Compared to CTR cows, AAM cows had a lower plasma concentration of nonesterified fatty acids and beta hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.01 and = 0.01 respectively) that, paired with the lower butterfat content and fat/protein ratio in their milk (p = 0.03 and < 0.01 respectively), indicates that Aloe reduced the mobilization of body fats. AAM cows had a reduced concentration of myeloperoxidase in plasma and a lower SCC in milk compared to CTR cows (p = 0.02 for both), indicating an anti-inflammatory effect of Aloe. Furthermore, AAM cows had a lower plasma concentration of ceruloplasmin (p < 0.05) and higher plasma concentration of cholesterol, retinol, and paraoxonase compared to CTR cows (p < 0.01, < 0.01 and < 0.05 respectively), indicating Aloe was effective in mitigating the acute phase response in early lactation. Finally, AAM cows had lower plasma creatinine concentrations around calving (p < 0.05), a lower concentration of plasma bilirubin, and a higher concentration of plasma tocopherol compared to CTR cows (p = 0.01 for both). These data suggest Aloe has anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects on transition dairy cows that could have ameliorated liver and kidney function disruption and increased the availability of body antioxidants in early lactation.

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