THE EFFECT OF LACTOBACTERIA INOCULATION ON CORN SILAGE PRESERVATION AND FEEDING VALUE FOR GROWING BEEF ANIMALS AND LAMBS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. WITTENBERG ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Protein Levels

The effect of a commercial lactic acid bacteria inoculant, Sila-bac, on nutrient preservation and nutritional value of corn silage was evaluated. In this study, addition of inoculant to corn forage at a rate of 0.6 kg/tonne under good ensiling conditions did not improve (P > 0.05) the preservation of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber or gross energy. Lactic acid concentrations and pH levels were similar, being 2.26 and 2.02; and 4.0 and 3.9 for the control and silages treated with L. plantarum, respectively. Inoculated silage fed with a grain-based supplement resulted in similar feed intakes, average daily gains and feed efficiencies in growing cattle as did the untreated corn silage fed with the same supplement. A digestibility and nitrogen balance study was conducted with eight growing lambs using a 4 × 4 double latin square design. Dietary treatments were (A) control corn silage plus barley-soybean meal (SMB) supplement, (b) inoculated silage plus barley-SBM supplement, (C) control silage plus barley-urea supplement and (D) control silage plus SBM-urea supplement. Actual dietary crude protein levels for these diets were 11.4, 11.8, 11.1 and 13.0% (100% DM basis). Dietary treatment did not influence nutrient digestion (P > 0.05). Total rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations were depressed (P < 0.05) for lambs fed the barley-urea supplement compared with those fed the high protein diet. A nitrogen balance study indicated no difference (P > 0.05) in nitrogen retention for lambs receiving the control or the inoculated silage. Nitrogen retention was reduced (P < 0.05) for lambs fed the barley-urea supplement along with corn silage. Key words: Lactobacillus inoculant, corn silage, beef cattle, sheep

WET CAGE LAYER EXCRETA ADDED TO WHOLE PLANT CORN PRIOR TO ITS ENSILING AND EFFECT ON FOOD INTAKE AND UTILIZATION BY SHEEP

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
J. C. JOFRIET
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Key Words Animal ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Extensive Degradation

Corn ensiled with wet cage layer excreta was compared with untreated corn silage supplemented at feeding either with excreta or with soybean meal, in an intake assay and balance study using 25-kg lambs. Comparisons were made at both 10 and 20% inclusion levels (wt/wt, as-is basis) for excreta and to equivalent levels of crude protein from soybean meal, providing six treatments in all. Voluntary intake of dry matter for excreta-silage (mean – 56.8 g/kg0.75 body wt) was lower (P < 0.05) than for corn silage supplemented with excreta (mean – 80.7 g/kg0.75 body wt) which was comparable to the value obtained for silage supplemented with soybean meal. Digestibilities of dry and organic matter were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for all diets containing cage layer excreta compared to soybean meal. Nitrogen retention was lower (P < 0.05) for sheep fed silage supplemented with excreta rather than soybean meal, but was not adversely affected for sheep fed corn ensiled with excreta. Relative to untreated silage, addition of excreta at ensiling caused extensive degradation of free amino acids to amines and ammonia but did not enhance proteolysis. Absolute levels of five amines were increased by 46% in 10% excreta-silage and by 64% in 20% excreta-silage compared to untreated silage (163 mg amine-N/100 g DM). Low intake of excreta-silage may be explained by the amine levels associated with them but it is quite probable that several other factors were involved. Key words: Animal waste, ruminant nutrition, nutritive value, ensiling, corn

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer: VII. Observations on the effect of the energy intake on the utilization of protein in growth and in lactation

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
Valerie J. Tuck ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
V. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYEight feeding trials on cattle showed that the response in live-weight gain was curvilinear when protein or energy level was varied independently in rations based on poor quality roughages to which cereals and groundnut were variously added to give a range of protein and energy intakes. Live-weight gain was increased by 0·12 lb/day for each 0·1 lb additional digestible crude protein/day at levels of intake below 0·7 lb/day and by 0·03 lb/day at higher levels. It was increased by 0·4 lb/day for each additional 0·1 lb starch equivalent daily/100 lb live weight at total intakes below 0·9 lb daily/ 100 lb and by 0·2 lb/day at higher levels. Over the range 0·5–2·0 lb digestible crude protein daily and 0·7–1·2 lb starch equivalent daily/100 lb live weight the effects of these nutrients were additive.A Latin square nitrogen balance trial demonstrated that a portion of the nitrogen from a protein supplement was retained in the body despite the excretion of the greater part of it in the urine and a further part in the faeces. Nitrogen retention was increased by a supplement of readily available energy through a decrease in urinary nitrogen loss. Nitrogen balance was not increased by a supplement of a fibrous energy source because this induced an increase in faecal nitrogen loss.In a further feeding trial milk yield was found to be affected in a similar manner to growth. At a yield of 30 lb/day the response per lb starch equivalent added to the diet was 0·5 lb milk including 0·05 lb solids not fat and to an increase of 0·1 lb digestible crude protein daily it was 0·25 lb milk including 0·025 lb solids not fat.

Utilization of grass-silage nitrogen by growing sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Grenet
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Green Fodder

SUMMARYThe digestibility, the voluntary intake and the nitrogen balance of 108 diets corresponding to 94 silages prepared from 20 fresh crops were measured in growing sheep. Series of silages were made from the same fresh forage. Each series included two controls: a direct-cut silage without additive and a direct-cut silage with formic acid, with a variable number of experimental silages with different additives.Rumen ammonia concentration, measured on rumen-fistulated sheep, decreased when an additive was used. It increased with nitrogen intake and was inversely related to the organic-matter digestibility and the crude-fibre digestibility. It varied with the silage composition.The crude-protein digestibility of direct-cut silages without additives was similar to or slightly higher than the crude-protein digestibility of the fresh crops. The addition of formic acid depressed the digestibility, but the addition of formaldehyde decreased it even more. The urinary nitrogen loss was higher for silages without additive than for the fresh crops and was decreased by the addition of formic acid. The addition of formaldehyde to formic acid had an additive effect.Retained nitrogen was lower in silages without additives (12% of nitrogen intake) than in parent crops (15·7%). It increased when formic acid (15·8%) was added. The addition of formaldehyde at a low rate (1·5 l/t green fodder) to the formic acid did not increase the nitrogen retention whether expressed in g/day or as percentage of nitrogen intake, but the addition of formaldehyde at a high rate (3·5 l/t green fodder) to formic acid decreased nitrogen retention. The other additives based on cereals or whey did not improve the nitrogen balance compared with formic acid. Nitrogen retention differed according to plant species.Retained nitrogen increased with digestible organic-matter intake and nitrogen intake. It increased with the silage water-soluble carbohydrate content. The higher the silage fermentation product content (ammonia, lactic acid, propionic acid), the lower the retained nitrogen. It appears that the nitrogen value of silages can be high provided that the silages are well preserved and that excessive protein breakdown is avoided.

scholarly journals Growth and feed utilization of Boer x Kacang crossbred goats offered total mixed rations of different protein and energy levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Simon P. Ginting ◽  
Kiston Simanihuruk ◽  
Antonius Antonius ◽  
Andi Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Crude Protein Level

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of and feed utilization by Boer x Kacang crosses goats fed on total mixed ration differing in protein and energy levels. Four total mixed rations combination were formulated to contain 16 and 18% crude protein and 2650 and 2850 Kcal ME/ kg DM (dried matter) energy density. Twenty-eight male Boer x Kacang crosses goats (14.5 ± 1.14 kg) and of age ranging from 4 to 5 months were randomly allocated to one of these four TMRs (total mixed rations) (7 animals/TMR). The effects of dietary treatment were assessed using the general linear model and significance of the diet effects was detected using Duncan’s multiple range test. Dry matter intake increased as metabolizable energy density of diet increased from 2650 to 2850 Kcal/kg DM, but it is not affected by increasing crude protein level from 16 to 18%. The average daily gains were not improved (P&gt;0.05) as the crude protein levels and metabolizable energy density of diet increased. Crude protein levels and ME density did not affect (P&gt;0.05) the DM, OM and energy digestibility, but NDF digestibility was affected by the ME density of diets (P&lt;0.05). Daily N intakes were greater (P&lt;0.0%) in goats received diets higher in the crude protein and metabolizable energy levels. At this high rate of feed intake this type of goats are able to gain optimally when offered feed with crude protein level of 16% and metabolizable energy density of 2850 Kcal/kg DM.

Problems involved in the utilization of alkali-treated fibrous roughages 1. The effects of level of roughage and protein in the diet and neutralization of residual alkali

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Drori ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Levels

ABSTRACTWheat straw treated with 35 g NaOH per kg was offered to male calves at three levels: 300 (A), 500 (B), and 700 (C) g/kg diet, in a metabolism trial and in a feeding trial. In the former the wheat straw was offered either neutralized with HC1 (N) or unneutralized (U), in six subtreatments (AN, BN, CN, AU, BU and CU) in a 3 × 2 factorial design to a total of 24 calves. Dry-matter intake per kg W0·73was 123, 108, 104, 122, 105 and 91 g/day, and the digestibility of the organic matter of the straw was 0·388, 0·616, 0·629, 0·385, 0·528 and 0·544 respectively. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein of the straw was negative. Nitrogen retention per kg W0·73was 0·91, 0·58, 0·52, 0·97, 0·57 and 0·50 g/day, respectively.In the feeding trial, unneutralized, NaOH-treated wheat straw was offered to a total of 84 calves for 100 days at the above three levels with two protein levels: standard, 120 g/kg (S) and high, 140 g/kg (H), in six subtreatments (AS, BS, CS, AH, BH and CH) in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The concentrates were pelleted. From day 101 to slaughter all the calves were offered one finishing diet.Level of protein had no effect on performance. Increasing the levels of straw in the first 100 days sharply reduced average daily gains; these were 1 074, 825 and 583 g, respectively. However, the respective average daily gains on the finishing diet were 1 131, 1 272 and 1 316 g, indicating a considerable amount of compensatory growth.

Determination of the optimum crude protein requirement of pigs in a tropical environment

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
M. J. Olomu ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYFeeding trials were carried out at different times of the year to determine the optimum crude protein requirements of weaner and growing pigs, using principally the locally available ingredients. The animals used were 96 weaners and 113 growing pigs of the Large White and Landrace breeds of average initial weights of about 9 kg and 41 kg respectively. Test diets contained protein levels ranging from 12% to 24% on a dry-matter basis, and the pigs were mostly group-fed ad libitum except for one trial. Average daily gains, efficiency of feed utilization, apparent nitrogen retention and digestibility, and feed cost per kg of body gain were measured. In a humid tropical environment, such as Ibadan, the optimum crude protein requirement for weaner pigs from 9 kg to 34 kg live weight is between 22 % and 24 % of dry matter, while that for the fattening pigs from 41 kg to 82 kg live weight is between 18% and 21% of dry matter.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary forages in tetanus hyper immunized equine serum production

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012096
Author(s):  
D A Mahari ◽  
R I Anwar ◽  
H M Ikhsan ◽  
F B I Lupitasari ◽  
Herdis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Kikuyu Grass ◽  
Production Period

Abstract The determination of local forage in meeting the nutritional requirement of horses and its effect on the antibody titer production is necessary to be conducted. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary forage to antibody titer production of Anti-Tetanus Serum. All procedures performed in this study were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Ethical Approval No: 01/IACUC-BF/VI/20). A total of 12 Sandalwood horses aged 3-6 years with body weight ranged at 268.4 - 365.8 kg were used in this study. Horses were randomly assigned into four dietary treatment groups for ten weeks (100% Elephant grass; 100% Mott elephant grass; 67% Elephant grass: 33% Kikuyu grass; and 67% Mott elephant grass: 33% Kikuyu grass) which allowed 7.24; 11.45; 11.12; 12.62% crude protein respectively. The titer measurement was carried out once a week during the production period. The data obtained was analyzed using correlation analysis. The results showed that 100% Mott elephant grass group produced the highest titer but the correlation between crude protein levels in the diets and titer were weak (0.44). Thus, it can be concluded that the high protein forage given has no potential to increase the serum antibody titer.

scholarly journals Low Crude Protein Diet Affects the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolome Differently in Barrows and Gilts

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Tao ◽  
Bo Deng ◽  
Qizhi Yuan ◽  
Xiaoming Men ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Low protein diets are commonly used in the growing-finishing pig stage of swine production; however, the effects of low dietary protein on the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites, and their association with pig sex, remain unclear. The present study aimed to assess the impact of a low crude protein (CP) diet on the gut microbiome and metabolome, and to reveal any relationship with sex. Barrows and gilts (both n = 24; initial body = 68.33 ± 0.881 kg) were allocated into two treatments according to sex. The four groups comprised two pairs of gilts and barrows fed with a high protein diet (CP 17% at stage I; CP 13% at stage II) and a low protein diet (CP 15% at stage I; CP 11% at stage II), respectively, for 51 d. Eight pigs in each group were slaughtered and their colon contents were collected. Intestinal microbiota and their metabolites were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The low protein diet increased intestinal microbiota species and richness indices (P &lt; 0.05) in both sexes compared with the high protein diet. The sample Shannon index was different (P &lt; 0.01) between barrows and gilts. At the genus level, unidentified Clostridiales (P &lt; 0.05), Neisseria (P &lt; 0.05), unidentified Prevotellaceae (P &lt; 0.01) and Gracilibacteria (P &lt; 0.05) were affected by dietary protein levels. The relative abundance of unidentified Prevotellaceae was different (P &lt; 0.01) between barrows and gilts. The influence of dietary protein levels on Neisseria (P &lt; 0.05), unidentified Prevotellaceae (P &lt; 0.01) and Gracilibacteria (P &lt; 0.05) were associated with sex. Metabolomic profiling indicated that dietary protein levels mainly affected intestinal metabolites in gilts rather than barrows. A total of 434 differentially abundant metabolites were identified in gilts fed the two protein diets. Correlation analysis identified that six differentially abundant microbiota communities were closely associated with twelve metabolites that were enriched for amino acids, inflammation, immune, and disease-related metabolic pathways. These results suggested that decreasing dietary protein contents changed the intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs, which selectively affected the intestinal metabolite profiles in gilts.

The thin sow—observations on digestive efficiency, nitrogen balance and carcass composition

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
Rosa M. Campbell ◽  
R. I. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Standard Condition ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Balance Trials

SUMMARYMeasurements were made of apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and lipid, nitrogen balance, pancreatic lipase activity and carcass composition in eight non-pregnant sows during three 10-day balance trials during which the feed intake was 1·1, 0·8 and 2·6 kg/day of a diet containing 14·69% crude protein and 3·0 Meal gross energy/kg DM.All the sows had similar breeding histories and had completed their fourth lactation. Four were in standard condition (mean body weight, 160 kg) and four in thin condition (mean body weight, 134 kg). All the animals lost weight and were in negative nitrogen balance while on the two lower levels of feed intake; the thin sows lost significantly more N than the standard animals (P < 0·05) and on the lowest level of feeding digestibility of DM by the thin sows was significantly less (P < 0·001).In both groups there was a rapid recovery in nitrogen retention and in body weight when the food intake was increased.

Response to dietary protein during lactation of Meishan synthetic, Large White and Landrace gilts given food to achieve the same target backfat level at farrowing

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Sinclair ◽  
M. C. Cia ◽  
S. A. Edwards ◽  
S. Hoste
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Soya Oil ◽  
Very High

AbstractA 3 × 2 factorial experiment was used to investigate the influence of the breed type of gilts (Meishan synthetic 50% (M), purebred Large White (LW) and purebred Landrace (LR)) on response to insoenergetic diets of differing protein levels (180 g crude protein (CP) per kg, 9 g lysine per kg; or 240 g CP per kg, 12 g lysine per kg) offered to appetite over a 28-day lactation. Body fat reserves were adjusted during pregnancy by supplementing a set quantity of basal diet (131 g CP per kg, 12·7 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg) with an energy source (maize starch + soya oil), to attain a backfat at P2 (6·5 mm off midline at last rib) of 25 mm at farrowing for all breeds. There were no significant diet effects or breed ×diet interactions on lactational performance. On day 1 of lactation, backfat was: M = 25·9, LW = 24·9, LR = 23·9 mm (P < 0·005). M gilts were lighter at farrowing (M = 173, LW = 192, LR = 182 kg; P < 0·001) and had more piglets than LW and LR. LR gilts had heavier piglets at birth (M = 1·13, LW = 1·18, LR = 1·38 kg, P < 0·001) than M and LW gilts. M gilts had a higher food intake (M = 6·4, LW = 5·2, LR = 5·1 kg/day; P < 0·001) but higher fat (M = 4·1, LW = 2·2, LR = 2·9 mm; P < 0·05) and weight (M = 15·9, LW = 1·0, LR = 4·7 kg; P < 0·001) loss over lactation than LW and LR gilts. LW gilts had a lower lactation output as reflected by lower litter weights at weaning than M and LR gilts (M = 73·7, LW = 59·3, LR = 75·2 kg; P < 0·002). It is concluded that lactation of gilts is not improved by provision of a very high protein diet (240 g CP per kg) and that performance still differs between breeds when backfat levels are standardized.

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