RESPONSE OF DAIRY COWS TO FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED CANOLA MEAL DURING EARLY LACTATION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. RAE ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Increase Milk Production ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

Forty Holstein cows were assigned to one of four isocaloric diets 2 wk postpartum in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factor I was dietary crude protein (CP) level, either 17.4% or 14.6% CP. Factor II was formaldehyde (FA) treatment of canola meal, either treated or untreated. The experimental period lasted 12 wk. Treatment with FA had no effect on milk yield, milk composition, dry matter (DM) intake or on apparent digestibilities of DM, nitrogen (N) or acid detergent fiber (ADF). FA treatment reduced ammonia-N (NH3-N) levels in rumen liquor (P < 0.05), tended to increase (P < 0.1) plasma levels of total essential amino acids and had no effect on plasma urea. High dietary CP increased (P < 0.05) milk and lactose yields, had no effect on rumen liquor NH3-N levels and increased (P < 0.05) plasma levels or urea and total essential amino acids. Treatment with FA appears to have increased absorption of total essential amino acids from the gut but did not increase milk production. Possibly, amino acid supply to the mammary gland did not limit milk synthesis in this experiment. Alternatively, FA treatment may have failed to increase absorption of the amino acids whose availability did limit milk synthesis. FA treatment apparently destroyed 58% of canola meal tyrosine and 29% of the lysine and this may be partially responsible for the lack of a response in milk production. Key words: Holstein, formaldehyde, canola meal, milk production, protein level, amino acids

Whole-tract digestibility and nitrogen-use efficiency of partial mixed rations with and without canola meal

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1398
Author(s):  
V. M. Russo ◽  
L. C. Marett ◽  
M. M. Wright ◽  
M. J. Auldist ◽  
W. J. Wales
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Increase Milk Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

Increasing the crude protein (CP) concentration of a ration fed to grazing dairy cows by adding canola meal can increase milk production. The present study investigated the effect of extra CP intake on nitrogen-use efficiency and the fate of the additional dietary nitrogen (N). Sixteen spring-calved rumen fistulated cows were housed in metabolism stalls for a 9-day period and offered one of the following four treatment diets: (1) 8 kg DM/cow.day of fresh perennial ryegrass (PRG) supplemented with 12 kg DM/cow.day of a partial mixed ration (PMR) comprising oaten hay, crushed maize and wheat grain (PMR 8); (2) 12 kg DM/cow.day of fresh-cut PRG and 12 kg DM/cow.day of PMR (PMR 12); (3) the same as for PMR 8 cows, except some wheat in the PMR was replaced with canola meal (PMR+C 8); and (4) the same as the PMR 12 cows, except some wheat in the PMR was replaced with canola meal (PMR+C 12). The PMR and the PMR+C diets were iso-energetic, but the canola meal provided extra CP. Crude protein intake was 14.4%, 14.8%, 16.8% and 17.4% DM for PMR 8, PMR 12, PMR+C 8 and PMR+C 12 respectively. The addition of canola meal increased DM intake (P < 0.05) from 20.4 to 21.6 kg/day and increased N intake (P < 0.001) from 478 to 590 g/day. Nitrogen digestibility increased (P < 0.05) from 67% to 71%, nitrogen-use efficiency decreased (P < 0.05) from 37% to 32% and urinary-N output increased (P < 0.01) from 118 to 160 g/day, indicating that the additional CP fed resulted in additional N surplus. Energy-corrected milk yield for the experimental period was 34 ± 3.1 kg/cow.day (mean ± s.d.); however, due to the low number of cows, the ability to rigorously assess the effects on milk production was limited.

scholarly journals The influence of slowly and rapidly degradable concentrate protein on nitrogen balance, rumen fermentation pattern and blood parameters in dairy cattle.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A.G. Veen ◽  
J. Veling ◽  
Y.T. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Degradable Protein

In a crossover trial, 4 cows were given concentrates containing rapidly and slowly degradable protein in combination with prewilted grass silage. Diets were given in 2 equal daily portions according to DCP and net energy requirements. The trial consisted of 3 main periods of 3 weeks each, with faeces, urine and milk collected and measured during the final week. On 1 day during this week samples of rumen fluid were taken and on 2 days blood samples were taken, directly before the morning feed and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h later. N digestibity and N retention were the same on both rations. A concentrate with slowly-degradable protein resulted in a significantly higher rumen pH and acetate:propionate ratio. Ammonia concn. tended to be lower. Slowly-degradable concentrate protein led to a significantly higher concn. of urea and a lower concn. of insulin in blood. The concn. of several of the essential amino acids, and of the glucogenic amino acids and glycine was significantly lower. There were no significant effects of type of protein on milk yield or milk composition, but there was a tendency for these parameters to increase with ration containing slowly-degradable protein. Results suggest the ration containing slowly-degradable concentrate protein produced a more even rumen fermentation, which promoted a higher acetate:propionate ration in the rumen. On this ration there was a tendency for more gluconeogenesis from amino acids to occur. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

The effect of starvation and low nitrogen intakes on the concentration of free amino acids in the blood plasma and on the nitrogen metabolism in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Crossbred wethers were given a control diet (8 g nitrogen, 730 g dry matter daily) or a low nitrogen diet (0.5 g nitrogen, 520 g dry matter daily) or starved, for a 12 or 20 day experimental period. The concentrations of free serine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, histidine, and arginine in the plasma of the starved sheep decreased significantly while the concentrations of lysine, 3-methylhistidine, and isoleucine increased significantly. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids increased from 0.35 to 0.56 in the starved sheep. In sheep on the low nitrogen diet, the ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids in the plasma decreased from 0.40 to 0.27, with significant increases in the concentrations of glutanlic acid, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and 3-methylhistidine. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet both resulted in a reduction of the plasma urea concentrations. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet resulted in a 20-50 % reduction in the flow of saliva and a 40-78% increase in the concentration of total nitrogen. This resulted in no significant change in the daily secretion of nitrogen in the saliva. The concentration of urea in the saliva was increased by 3-54%. The concentrations of individual free amino acids in saliva are reported. The nitrogen content of the rumen was reduced, and after 7 days of starvation or on the low nitrogen diet all rumen nitrogen could be attributed to ammonia and free �-amino nitrogen.

Utilization of amino acids by pre-ruminant lambs. III.* The influence of age and the dietary proportions of essential and non-essential amino acids on the levels of urea, ammonia and free amino acids in the blood plasma of milk-fed lambs

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pattern Characteristic ◽  
Pre Treatment

Jugular blood samples were obtained from 10.5 kg and 28 kg lambs receiving a diet of reconstituted cows' whole milk. The lambs were then given diets in which the proportion of essential amino acids (BAA) in the dietary crude protein was altered over a wide range. A second blood sample was taken after lambs had received such diets for 12 days. Plasma obtained from these samples was analysed for free amino acids, urea and ammonia. The pattern of plasma free amino acids (PFAA) in lambs given reconstituted cows' whole milk is described. In both the pre-treatment and post-treatment samples, the heavier lambs appeared to have lower plasma levels of all EAA, and high plasma levels of glycine, serine, urea and ammonia. In the lighter lambs, there were pronounced responses of PFAA levels to changes in the dietary proportion of EAA. At low proportions, the levels of most EAA in plasma were low. Lysine and phenylalanine were exceptions. In addition, levels of many non-essential amino acids (non-EAA), particularly serine and glycine, were high. At high proportions of EAA, plasma levels of all EAA, especially methionine, rose markedly. Within the non-EAA, serine, proline and glycine were reduced, while taurine and cystathionine increased. In the plasma of the heavier lambs, the response of some amino acids to a given dietary change differed from the response in the lighter lambs. This was especially true of methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine. There was also marked between-animal variation in plasma levels. When expressed as molar proportions of total PFAA, results were similar to those of the lighter lambs. There was a pronounced similarity between the response of the PFAA to diets with a low proportion of EAA, and the PFAA pattern characteristic of developing kwashiorkor. __________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28, 933 (1977).

Protein composition and ruminal amino acid degradability of linseed meal

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-747
Author(s):  
A. F. Mustafa ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

A study was conducted to determine amino acid composition and ruminal degradability of linseed meal (LSM) relative to canola meal (CM). Linseed meal had higher (P < 0.05) arginine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine and less (P < 0.05) lysine than CM. Except for histidine, methionine, and threonine, ruminal escape values of essential amino acids were higher (P < 0.05) for LSM than CM. Key words: Linseed meal, amino acids, ruminal degradability

67. The Nutritive Value of Proteins for Milk Production. II. A Comparison of the Proteins of Blood Meal, Pea Meal, Decorticated Earth-Nut Cake, and a Mixture of Decorticated Earth-Nut Cake and Flaked Maize

1933 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Morris ◽  
Norman C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Food Protein

The results of the present experiments and of those reported in the previous paper(1) may be summarised as follows:1. When minimal quantities of protein are fed in the production rations of milking cows, a deficiency of either lysine or tryptophane will lead to a marked reduction in milk yield. There is, however, some evidence of the storage of reserve N, which can be utilised when the food protein is inadequate.2. The feeding of a lysine- or tryptophane-deficient ration causes a marked increase in urinary N, indicating a poor utilisation of food protein. On the other hand, the feeding of a ration containing adequate quantities of these essential amino acids reduces the urinary N, indicating efficient protein utilisation.3. The utilisation of body tissue in an attempt to maintain normal milk production on a deficient protein ration is shown by the high creatine excretion. The fact that the S: N ratio of the excess sulphur and nitrogen excreted during the deficient protein periods approximates that of body tissue (circa 1: 15·7) confirms this conclusion.

Response of lactating dairy cows to dietary protein from canola meal or distillers’ grains on dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, and amino acid status

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. Acharya ◽  
D. J. Schingoethe ◽  
K. F. Kalscheur ◽  
D. P. Casper
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Acid Status

Acharya I. P., Schingoethe D. J., Kalscheur K. F. and Casper D. P. 2015. Response of lactating dairy cows to dietary protein from canola meal or distillers’ grains on dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, and amino acid status. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 267–279. A study was conducted to determine the response of feeding two different crude protein (CP) concentrations [low protein (LP, 14.3% CP) and high protein (HP, 16.3% CP)] and sources of protein [canola meal (CM) and high-protein dried distillers’ grains (HPDDG)] on dry matter intake, milk production and composition, and amino acid (AA) status of high producing dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square having a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. All diets contained 55% forage (50% alfalfa hay and 50% corn silage) and 45% concentrate. Diets were formulated to contain LP with CM, LP with HPDDG, HP with CM and HP with HPDDG. Experimental feeding periods were 4 wk with data collected during weeks 3 and 4 of each period. Dry matter intake (24.6 vs. 25.9 kg d−1 for LP and HP, respectively) was increased for cows fed the higher CP diets, milk yield was greater for cows fed HP diets (34.0 vs. 36.4 kg d−1), and milk fat percentage was greater for cows fed HP compared with LP, but were similar between dietary protein sources. Feed efficiency calculated as fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk was greater for cows fed HP than LP, but was similar between sources. Dietary metabolizable protein of CM diets was utilized more efficiently than from HPDDG diets for milk protein production. Mammary gland extraction efficiency of essential AA indicated that Met was the first limiting AA for CM-based diets while Lys was first limiting for HPDDG-based diets. In summary, canola meal and distillers’ grains are both good quality protein supplements for lactating cows.

EFFECT OF COLD EXPOSURE ON MILK PRODUCTION AND ENERGY BALANCE IN THE LACTATING EWE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. McBRIDE ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Daily Milk Production

The lactational performances of shorn ewes chronically exposed to a thermoneutral (21 ± 1 °C) or cold (0 ± 1 °C) environment were compared in two experiments. Heat production measured after 1, 21 and 41 days of cold exposure was increased by 20% (P < 0.05), 43% (P < 0.01) and 55% (P < 0.001), respectively, over thermoneutral control values. In both experiments, cold exposure increased milk fat concentration (P < 0.05). Milk protein and lactose concentrations were maintained in exp. 1 but tended to be increased in exp. 2 as a result of cold exposure. Milk obtained from the cold-exposed ewes was characterized by a relative decrease in short-chain fatty acid secretion (P < 0.01). Although milk composition was affected by cold stress, daily milk production was not significantly altered; as a consequence, total energy lost in the milk tended to be slightly higher for the cold-stressed ewes. The increased energy lost as heat and in the milk during cold exposure resulted in a net energy deficit throughout most of the experimental period. The present data suggest that the lactational performance of a ewe nursing a single lamb is not impaired by chronic exposure to an ambient temperature of 0 °C. Key words: Cold, milk production, milk composition, ewes, energy balance

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. IV*. The digestion of Phalaris tuberosa at different stages of maturity

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Dietary Origin

A study was made of the composition, intake, and digestion of dried Phalaris tuberosa forage that had been harvested at three stages of maturity. Advancing maturity was associated with: (i) decreased food intake; (ii) increased expenditure of time and energy in chewing activities; (iii) decline in the rate of flow of digesta from the abomasum though not from the rumen; (iv) decline in digestibility in the whole tract of organic matter, nitrogen, and the structural carbohydrates; (v) decline in the digestion of fibre in the rumen relative to that occurring in the whole tract; (vi) decline in the quantities of volatile fatty acids and amino acids made available to the animal. By contrast only small differences attributable to maturity were observed in: (i) the distribution of digestion of organic matter between stomach and intestines; (ii) the digestibility of nitrogen other than ammonia in the intestines; (iii) the proportions of digestible organic matter derived from volatile fatty acids and amino acids; (iv) the proportions of individual amino acids in the digesta passing to the intestine. It was calculated that microbial piotcin contributed 33, 38, and 47% of the protein passing from the stomach to the intestincs with the diets of advancing maturity. Most of the remaining protein was presumably of dietary origin. About 80% of the crude protein in the digesta was present in the form of amino acids, and the quantities of amino acids released in the intestines were calculated to be equivalent to 64–66 g/100 g crude protein intake. With advancing maturity of the diets the plasma levels of the essential ammo acids except lysine, histidine, and arginine declined; there was little effect of diet on the plasma levels 01 non-essential amino acids. However, relative to total essential amino acids, the ratios of valine and leucine decreased with advancing maturity of the diet while those of lysine, histidine, glutamate, glycine, alanine, and serine increased. * Part 111, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1969, 20, 347.

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