GROWTH OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE GILT FROM BIRTH TO PUBERTY

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. DYCK ◽  
E. E. SWIERSTRA
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Uterine Length

Growth of the ovaries, uterus and oviducts was determined in groups of four gilts on the day of birth and at 2-wk intervals from 42 to 168 days of age, and in six gilts on the day after puberty. Ovarian and uterine growth from birth to 168 days was described by cubic regressions (R2 = 0.841 and 0.772, respectively). Changes in the growth pattern occurred after 70 days. Ovarian weight increased up to 112 days and then remained constant until puberty. The number of small (1- to 3-mm diam.) and large (> 3-mm diam.) vesicular follicles reached constant levels by 140 days. At puberty there was a decline in the number of small and large follicles. Oviduct weight and length increased between 70 and 112 days and then remained constant until puberty when a further increase in weight and length occurred. The rate of uterine weight and length increase changed between 70 and 84 days, followed by a continual gradual increase in weight to day 168, while uterine length remained relatively constant. At puberty there was a further increase in weight and length. From birth to puberty the pituitary and adrenal glands had linear increases in weight while the thyroid gland weight changes were described by a cubic regression (R2 = 0.733) with an increase in weight between 70 and 112 days and a constant weight to 168 days. These results indicate that there are four stages of development: from birth to 70 days; 70 days to 140 days; a variable time interval to just before puberty; and the changes associated with puberty. Key words: Puberty, reproductive tract, growth, swine, gilts

THE EFFECT OF PROPYLTHIOURACIL ON THE WEIGHT AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL AND ASCORBIC ACID OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
William F. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Trophic Hormone

The effect on the rat adrenal gland of massive doses of propylthiouracil over a three-week period has been studied. Care was taken to have any body weight changes of the treated animals paralleled by similar changes in the control, animals. Under these circumstances it was found that on a gland weight basis no atrophy of the adrenal glands occurred. There were however alterations in the adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations, there being an increase in the former and a decrease in the latter and further these changes were not dependent upon any hypometabolism induced by the thiouracil. The level of the adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid concentrations measured three hours after injection of ACTH and of epinephrine indicated that the adrenal cortex was responsive to its trophic hormone and that the pituitary–adrenal axis was intact, the degree of response being similar in both treated and control animals.

Behavioural cycles during Pseudopregnancy in confined populations of domestic rabbits and their relation to the histology of the female reproductive tract

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Hughes ◽  
K Myers
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Sexual Attraction ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Dimensional Changes ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Domestic Rabbits

Female domestic rabbits living with vasectomized males in large compounds (3/16 ac in area) exhibited periods of sexual attraction and mating, together with other behaviour such as aggression towards other females, digging, burrow interest, and nest building at intervals of about 6 days or multiples thereof. The behavioural cycles occurred during pseudopregnancy (of about 18 days) and were not a manifestation of an underlying inherent sequential cycle or a typical mammalian oestrous cycle. Behaviour with a strong sexual component culminating in mating and ovulation was observed at the beginning (or end) of each of 54 pseudopregnancies. Similar behaviour was also grouped about either the sixth or twelfth days of pseudopregnancy or both. This behaviour was extremely variable in both incidence and the number of components involved. Sexual components occurred less frequently and only once culminated in mating and ovulation. The behaviour observed on the sixth and twelfth days of pseudopregnancy was not reflected in measures of physiological activity such as numbers of graafian follicles, diameter of graafian follicles or corpora lutea, or weight changes in ovaries or uteri. The histology of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina and dimensional changes such as ovarian and uterine weights, number and diameter of graafian follicles, and diameter of sets of corpora lutea showed no detectable difference from those reported by other workers during pseudopregnancy for caged female rabbits isolated from males. The incidence of 6-day and 12-day behaviour was highest in the autumn-winter months when sub-optimal reproductiveconditions prevailed and lowest in spring-summer. Some possible causal mechanisms and the adaptive significance of the sixth-day and twelfth-day periods of sexual behaviour are discussed.

scholarly journals Oestradiol transmission from males to females in the context of the Bruce and Vandenbergh effects in mice (Mus musculus)

Reproduction ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam C Guzzo ◽  
Jihwan Jheon ◽  
Faizan Imtiaz ◽  
Denys deCatanzaro
Keyword(s):  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Reproductive Maturity ◽  
Reproductive Tissues ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Blastocyst Implantation ◽  
Bladder Urine

Male mice actively direct their urine at nearby females, and this urine reliably contains unconjugated oestradiol (E2) and other steroids. Giving inseminated females minute doses of exogenous E2, either systemically or intranasally, can cause failure of blastocyst implantation. Giving juvenile females minute doses of exogenous E2 promotes measures of reproductive maturity such as uterine mass. Here we show that tritium-labelled E2 (3H-E2) can be traced from injection into novel male mice to tissues of cohabiting inseminated and juvenile females. We show the presence of 3H-E2 in male excretions, transmission to the circulation of females and arrival in the female reproductive tract. In males, 3H-E2 given systemically was readily found in reproductive tissues and was especially abundant in bladder urine. In females, 3H-E2 was found to enter the system via both nasal and percutaneous routes, and was measurable in the uterus and other tissues. As supraoptimal E2 levels can both interfere with blastocyst implantation in inseminated females and promote uterine growth in juvenile females, we suggest that absorption of male-excreted E2 can account for major aspects of the Bruce and Vandenbergh effects.

THE EFFECT OF FIGHTING ON THE ADRENALS, THYMUS AND SPLEEN OF THE VOLE (MICROTUS AGRESTIS)

1953 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Population Cycles ◽  
Microtus Agrestis ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Pathogenic Organism ◽  
Weakened Condition

1. An attempt has been made to put Chitty's hypothesis, which explains population cycles in the vole (Microtus agrestis) [Chitty, 1952], to an experimental test by studying the effect of fighting on these animals. 2. When strange voles are added to a cage containing a pair of 'resident' voles, the strangers are viciously attacked by the residents. As a result of these attacks there is a pronounced increase in the weight of the adrenal glands and the spleen, and a decrease in the weight of the thymus, of the strange voles. The observed weight changes in these organs were statistically significant. 3. The weight changes in the adrenals and in the thymus of the strange voles can be explained by assuming a disturbance of the adreno-pituitary system of the animals concerned. Interpretation of the increased weight of the spleen is less straightforward, but the enlargement may indicate that the weakened condition of the strange voles enabled a pathogenic organism to become invasive.

scholarly journals New Insights into Development of Female Reproductive Tract—Hedgehog-Signal Response in Wolffian Tissues Directly Contributes to Uterus Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1211
Author(s):  
Ryuma Haraguchi ◽  
Gen Yamada ◽  
Aki Murashima ◽  
Daisuke Matsumaru ◽  
Riko Kitazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Cell Tracking ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Mouse Uterus ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Mullerian Ducts ◽  
Radial Axis ◽  
Hedgehog Signal

The reproductive tract in mammals emerges from two ductal systems during embryogenesis: Wolffian ducts (WDs) and Mullerian ducts (MDs). Most of the female reproductive tract (FRT) including the oviducts, uterine horn and cervix, originate from MDs. It is widely accepted that the formation of MDs depends on the preformed WDs within the urogenital primordia. Here, we found that the WD mesenchyme under the regulation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is closely related to the developmental processes of the FRT during embryonic and postnatal periods. Deficiency of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), the only Hh ligand expressed exclusively in WDs, prevents the MD mesenchyme from affecting uterine growth along the radial axis. The in vivo cell tracking approach revealed that after WD regression, distinct cells responding to WD-derived Hh signal continue to exist in the developing FRT and gradually contribute to the formation of various tissues such as smooth muscle, endometrial stroma and vascular vessel, in the mouse uterus. Our study thus provides a novel developmental mechanism of FRT relying on WD.

Appearance of antler pedicles in early foetal life in red deer

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-437
Author(s):  
G. A. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Testosterone Secretion ◽  
Foetal Life ◽  
Precocious Development

The primordial antler pedicles of red deer show a transitory enlargement in early foetal life in the male while no similar change occurs in the female. Observations on the growth rate of the reproductive tract, pituitary and adrenal glands and the content of testosterone in the gonads, indicate that the precocious development of the pedicles occurs during a phase of increased testicular activity and probably reflects a surge in testosterone secretion following sexual differentation.

Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) in pregnancy

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Daiter ◽  
Jeffrey W Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Decidual Cells ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Gynaecological Tumours ◽  
Stimulating Factor ◽  
In Pregnancy

Uterine growth factors appear to play a role in the regulation of pregnancy. One of these, colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), synthesized by the uterine epithelium under the control of female sex steroids, has been shown to have important functions both before implantation and during the formation of the placenta. In the female reproductive tract the CSF-1 receptor, the product of the c-fms proto-oncogene, is expressed in decidual cells, trophoblasts and macrophages, indicating that these cells are the primary targets for CSF-1. This article reviews the biology of CSF-1 during gestation as well as the possible involvement of CSF-1 and its receptor in the aetiology of gynaecological tumours.

scholarly journals Full activation of an α7-α3β4 nicotinic receptor complex avoids receptor desensitization in human chromaffin cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Jiménez-Pompa ◽  
Sara Sanz-Lázaro ◽  
José Medina-Polo ◽  
Carmen González-Enguita ◽  
Jesús Blázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Receptor ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Nicotinic Receptors ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Receptor Complex ◽  
Receptor Desensitization ◽  
Partial Activation ◽  
Full Activation

Abstractα7 nicotinic receptors have been involved in numerous pathologies. A hallmark of these receptors is their extremely fast desensitization, a process not fully understood yet. Here we show that human native α7 and α3β4 nicotinic receptors physically interact in human chromaffin cells of adrenal glands. The full activation of this α7-α3β4 receptor complex avoids subtypes receptor desensitization, leading to gradual increase of currents with successive acetylcholine pulses. Instead, full and partial activation with choline of α7 and α3β4 subtypes, respectively, of this linked receptor leads to α7 receptor desensitization. Therefore choline, a product of the acetylcholine hydrolysis, acts as a brake by limiting the increase of currents by acetylcholine. Very importantly, the efficiency of the α7-α3β4 interaction diminishes in subjets older than 50 years, accordingly increasing receptor desensitization and decreasing nicotinic currents. These results open a new line of research to achieve improved therapeutic treatments for nicotinic receptors related diseases.

Action of Adrenocorticotropin on Pregnancy and Litter Size in Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Velardo
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats ◽  
Intact Rats

Previously it was reported that adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) displayed the ability to restrict the action of estradiol-17ß in uterine growth and of progesterone in decidual development. This study concerns the influence of a highly purified and potent preparation of ACTH on pregnancy and litter size in albino rats of known reproductive vigor. Experimental procedures consisted of injecting ACTH prior to, immediately after mating and 11 days after mating. These data indicate that ACTH has the ability to reduce litter size and produce a large number of stillbirths. The most marked effects were observed when ACTH was injected on the day of mating and for 6 subsequent days. Normally, the litter size of nontreated controls is 9.6 ± 0.5. The daily injection of 2.0 and 4.0 mg ACTH daily for 7 days after mating effected reduced litters, 5.0 ± 1.7 and 3.9 ± 1.5, respectively. Furthermore, such treatment produced 27 stillborns on the 2.0-mg dosage and 39 on the 4.0-mg treatment. ACTH administered to adrenalectomized rats neither modified pregnancy nor litter size. ACTH given to intact rats effected a decrease in the fetal body weights. Such was not observed in the adrenalectomized groups nor in the ACTH-treated, adrenalectomized series. These data strongly indicate that the effects observed are mediated by way of the adrenal glands, and additional evidence is offered supporting the contention that there are numerous interactions among hormones of adrenal cortex and the ovaries.

Hypertrophied adrenocortical tissue of the Australian brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): uniformity during reproduction

1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Call ◽  
P. A. Janssens
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Cyclic Pattern ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland Weight

ABSTRACT Adrenal glands from normal male and female brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) were weighed and sectioned to investigate reported changes in the relative size of the hypertrophied region of the cortex during the reproductive cycle. Total adrenal gland weight in normal females averaged 120 mg/kg body weight and the hypertrophied region occupied 40% of the gland volume. No significant variation was found in these figures between glands from pregnant, lactating and cyclic possums. In addition, no cyclic pattern of cellular changes was found in the hypertrophied region. These results differ from views expressed in the current literature which are based on the original description of the hypertrophied zone. J. Endocr. (1984) 101, 263–267

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