FATTENING PATTERNS IN CATTLE. 2. FAT DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE WHOLESALE CUTS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Variable Coefficients ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Fat Accretion ◽  
Total Fat

A trial is reported comparing fat distribution in carcasses from bulls and heifers of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Twelve bulls and twelve heifers of each breed were grouped four to a pen at weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SE) days), and serially slaughtered from that time to approximately 16 mo of age. After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), and body cavity fat (BCF)), muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in each cut was investigated using the allometric equation with side fat weight as the independent variable. Coefficients for SF were significantly higher in the rib, chuck and flank for HE carcasses than for DY carcasses and higher in the rib and flank for heifers than for bulls. At equal total side fat, HE carcasses had significantly more SF in the brisket and in the loin than DY animals. Heifers had significantly more fat in the loin than bulls. Differences among coefficients for IF relative to total fat were minor for both breed and sex. At equal total side fat, HE carcasses had less fat distributed intermuscularly than DY carcasses and had less IF in the brisket than heifers. The results are discussed in relation to the Canadian beef grading system.

FATTENING PATTERNS IN CATTLE. 1. FAT PARTITION AMONG THE DEPOTS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat

A trial is reported comparing half-carcass fat partitioning in 12 bulls and 12 heifers each of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). These animals were serially slaughtered from weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SE) days) to approximately 16 mo of age. After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF) and body cavity fat (BCF)), muscle and bone. The partition of fat was investigated by examining the development of each depot relative to two independent variates (fat percent and fat weight in the side), using the allometric equation. Relative to fat percent in the side, the regression coefficients for depot fat accumulation were all homogeneous for sex, and only one coefficient (SF in the forequarter) was significantly different (P < 0.05) for breed. Relative to fat weight in a side, the regression coefficients for both breed and sex showed several significant differences. Adjusted means at constant total fat weight showed HE animals to have more SF, and less IF than DY animals. There were no significant differences in the adjusted means for sex.

THE ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN EWE AND RAM LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Total Fat

Sixteen ewes and 22 rams (crossbred lambs) were grouped by sex and fed a diet based on grain and hay. All animals were slaughtered over a 4-wk period to give a range of slaughter weights (24.0–61.8 kg). After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into the four primal wholesale cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) with the rest of the carcass discarded as trim. The four wholesale cuts were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), kidney fat (KF) and body cavity fat (BCF)) muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in the carcass was investigated using the allometric equation with side weight and side fat weight as the independent variables. Total rate of fat deposition relative to side weight was higher in ewes than rams, and ewes had more total fat than rams when comparisons were made at the same side weight (10.03 kg). However, growth coefficients for depot fat accumulation in a side and in the wholesale cuts relative to side fat were homogeneous between sexes indicating that sex did not affect the relative accumulation of fat. SF, however, had the highest growth coefficient (1.23) and IF the lowest (0.74). At equal total side fat ewes had significantly more IF in a side than rams, but overall the differences in the distribution of fat in the wholesale cuts were minor and commercially unimportant. It was concluded that the ewes had a faster rate of fat deposition than rams but both sexes followed the same pattern of differential fat accumulation, and that the distribution of fat was dependent mainly on the total amount of fat in a carcass. Key words: Fat, lambs, carcass

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. I. The partition of fatty tissues between depots

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Johnson ◽  
RM Butterfield ◽  
WJ Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Definition Of

(1) Total side fat (total dissected fat plus intramuscular fat) was examined in 23 bovine carcasses in four weight ranges. (2) The partition of fatty tissue between five depots revealed relative rises in intermuscular and subcutaneous depots and relative declines in intramuscular, kidney, and channel fats with increasing carcass weight. (3) Intermuscular and subcutaneous fats reached high levels relative to total side fat at different stages. Intermuscular fat rose quickly to c. 45.0% of total side fat at about 2.0 kg total side fat (c. 56 days) whilst subcutaneous fat reached 29.0% at c. 13.0 kg total side fat (c. 270 days). (4) Intramuscular fat did not show an increase relative to total side fat as carcass weight increased. Its contribution to total fat was greatest in the lightest sides and reached a minimal value at c. 13.0 kg total side fat, which it maintained thereafter. (5) All regressions of the weight of five fat depots on total side fat were highly significant (P < 0.01). (6) There appears to be a need for precise definition of fat distribution patterns in breeds and strains of cattle in order that carcasses of optimum composition might be produced.

PATTERNS OF CARCASS FAT DEPOSITION IN HEIFERS, STEERS AND BULLS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. BERG ◽  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. HARDIN ◽  
R. FUKUHARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat

Seventy-five young, full-fed, Shorthorn-sired cattle (36 heifers, 24 steers, 15 bulls) were slaughtered over a wide liveweight range (150–550 kg) to evaluate the influence of sex on the patterns of fat deposition. Growth coefficients for depot fat relative to half-carcass fat were homogeneous, and there were no differences (P > 0.05) among the adjusted means of depot fat at constant total fat. This indicates that depot fat partitioning among sexes is probably minor, provided comparisons are made at equal fatness. Total rate of fat deposition relative to muscle was similar for heifers and steers, but significantly (P < 0.01) lower for bulls. It is concluded that differences in fattening patterns among sexes result from a combination of fattening at a lighter weight of carcass muscle in heifers than steers and steers than bulls, and from a more rapid rate of fat deposition relative to muscle in heifers and steers than bulls. Relative to half-carcass fat, the rate of fat deposition was greatest in the subcutaneous depot in all sexes followed by intermuscular fat and finally body cavity fat. Relative growth of kidney fat was variable among the sexes, but it was generally similar to the subcutaneous depot. Relative rate of intermuscular fat deposition was greater in the forequarter than the hindquarter, while relative rate of subcutaneous fat deposition was similar in both the fore- and hindquarters.

Fat distribution in steer carcasses of different breeds and crosses. 2. Distribution between joints

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
P. R. D. Avis ◽  
R. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Distal Limb ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Stability

SUMMARYDissection data for 643 steer carcasses of 15 breed-type × feeding system groups were used to examine the distribution of intermuscular fat (IF) and subcutaneous fat (SF) depots between standardized commercial joints.The increase in weight of IF and SF in each joint relative to the corresponding depot weight in the side was examined using the allometric equation. Pooled within-group growth coefficients for both IF and SF were lowest in the distal limb joints increasing inwards to the joints of the rib and loin regions. They were highest for the thin flank joint.Group means for weight of IF and SF in each joint were adjusted to equal total IF and SF weight respectively using the pooled growth coefficients. Statistically significant but relatively unimportant differences were recorded between groups in the adjusted means for all joints tested. The largest differences occurred for the top piece and were 0·39 and 0·40 kg (in one side) for IF and SF respectively. The stability of regression equations between groups for predicting the percentages of IF and SF in the side from the respective percentage in each joint was also examined. Joints which gave the least precise predictions of IF (shin and leg) and SF (shin, leg and clod and sticking) had the most unstable prediction equations. The equations for the other joints differed little between groups.

scholarly journals Carcass and Primal Composition Predictions Using Camera Vision Systems (CVS) and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Technologies on Mature Cows

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1118
Author(s):  
José Segura ◽  
Jennifer L. Aalhus ◽  
Nuria Prieto ◽  
Ivy L. Larsen ◽  
Manuel Juárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Vision Systems ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cull Cows ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Computer Vision Systems ◽  
Total Fat

This study determined the potential of computer vision systems, namely the whole-side carcass camera (HCC) compared to the rib-eye camera (CCC) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technology to predict primal and carcass composition of cull cows. The predictability (R2) of the HCC was similar to the CCC for total fat, but higher for lean (24.0%) and bone (61.6%). Subcutaneous fat (SQ), body cavity fat, and retail cut yield (RCY) estimations showed a difference of 6.2% between both CVS. The total lean meat yield (LMY) estimate was 22.4% better for CCC than for HCC. The combination of HCC and CCC resulted in a similar prediction of total fat, SQ, and intermuscular fat, and improved predictions of total lean and bone compared to HCC/CCC. Furthermore, a 25.3% improvement was observed for LMY and RCY estimations. DXA predictions showed improvements in R2 values of 26.0% and 25.6% compared to the HCC alone or the HCC + CCC combined, respectively. These results suggest the feasibility of using HCC for predicting primal and carcass composition. This is an important finding for slaughter systems, such as those used for mature cattle in North America that do not routinely knife rib carcasses, which prevents the use of CCC.

FAT DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE AS INFLUENCED BY LIVEWEIGHT, BREED, SEX AND RATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Breed Group ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Group Sex

The effects of liveweight, breed group, sex and plane of nutrition were studied in 23 Duroc × Yorkshire, 42 Hampshire × Yorkshire and 27 Yorkshire × Yorkshire barrows and gilts fed either a low or high energy ration [2757 kcal digestible energy (DE)/kg and 15.3% protein, or 3652 kcal DE/kg and 19.9% protein]. They were slaughtered at 68, 91 or 114 kg liveweight. Nine barrows and 8 gilts of the same breed groups were slaughtered at 23 kg liveweight to determine carcass composition at the start of the experiment. Half-carcasses were divided at the 11th and 12th ribs and dissected into individual muscles, depot fats and bones. Fatty tissue was separated into subcutaneous, intermuscular and body cavity types of depot fat. As liveweight increased from 23 to 114 kg, a differentiation among depot types occurred. Fat distribution in 23-kg pigs was made up of 78% subcutaneous, 18% intermuscular and 4% body cavity fat. At 114 kg liveweight, subcutaneous fat was 84%, intermuscular fat 13% and body cavity fat 2.3%. Within each depot type, differential deposition between front and hind quarters was most noticeable between 23 and 68 kg liveweight. During this period, more of the intermuscular and body cavity fat was deposited in the front quarter, while a greater proportion of the subcutaneous fat was deposited in the hind quarter. Breed, sex and ration did not influence the percentage relationship among depot fat types but did within types. Thus, the fatter carcasses (produced by Duroc × Yorkshire pigs, barrows and high-energy-fed pigs) had a greater proportion of their intermuscular fat in the hind quarter than did the leaner carcasses (from Hampshire × Yorkshire and Yorkshire × Yorkshire pigs, gilts and pigs fed the low energy ration).

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE PATTERNS OF FAT DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. B. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Breed Differences

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

Evolution of various adipose deposits in growing rabbits and sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vezinhet ◽  
M. Prud'hon
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Perirenal Fat

SUMMARYThe importance of the different adipose deposits with respect to the total dissectible fatty tissue in growing rabbits and lambs was studied. Development of the subcutaneous fat in the lamb is late and occurs after birth. In contrast, the internal types of fat, such as the perirenal and pelvic fat, represent at birth an important percentage of the total fat. They tend to lose part of their relative importance between 0 and 250 days after birth. In the rabbit the situation concerning the development of subcutaneous and perirenal fat is inverted. For both species the intermuscular fat remains almost constant in relative importance during the whole growth period.After the period required for the establishment of the different fat deposits, we could observe in lambs, and to a smaller degree in rabbits, a relative growth which tends to become isometric with regard to the total fat deposits.

scholarly journals Testosterone therapy decreases subcutaneous fat and adiponectin in aging men

2012 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Frederiksen ◽  
K Højlund ◽  
D M Hougaard ◽  
T H Mosbech ◽  
R Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Testosterone Therapy ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Bioavailable Testosterone ◽  
Aging Men ◽  
Total Fat

ObjectiveTestosterone therapy increases lean body mass and decreases total fat mass in aging men with low normal testosterone levels. The major challenge is, however, to determine whether the metabolic consequences of testosterone therapy are overall positive. We have previously reported that 6-month testosterone therapy did not improve insulin sensitivity. We investigated the effect of testosterone therapy on regional body fat distribution and on the levels of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin, in aging men with low normal bioavailable testosterone levels.DesignA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on 6-month testosterone treatment (gel) in 38 men, aged 60–78 years, with bioavailable testosterone <7.3 nmol/l, and a waist circumference >94 cm.MethodsCentral fat mass (CFM) and lower extremity fat mass (LEFM) were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and thigh subcutaneous fat area (TFA) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Adiponectin levels were measured using an in-house immunofluorometric assay. Coefficients (b) represent the placebo-controlled mean effect of intervention.ResultsLEFM was decreased (b=−0.47 kg, P=0.07) while CFM did not change significantly (b=−0.66 kg, P=0.10) during testosterone therapy. SAT (b=−3.0%, P=0.018) and TFA (b=−3.0%, P<0.001) decreased, while VAT (b=1.0%, P=0.54) remained unchanged. Adiponectin levels decreased during testosterone therapy (b=−1.3 mg/l, P=0.001).ConclusionTestosterone therapy decreased subcutaneous fat on the abdomen and lower extremities, but visceral fat was unchanged. Moreover, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased during testosterone therapy.

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